After the corpse of the deceased is arranged, a soul-calling ceremony will be held. It is said that the soul of a guest who dies in a foreign land cannot find a way home. This soul will stay in a foreign land like his corpse, suffering endless misery. Nor can he enjoy the offerings of cigarettes, the offerings of food, and the salvation of scriptures. This lonely soul will become the most miserable hungry ghost, forever reincarnated in a different place, wandering for a long time, without any hope of reincarnation. Unless his family "calls the spirit" for him and makes him hear the voice that is looking forward to him, he can follow the voice and return.
A suitable day must be chosen for the soul-calling ceremony. On that day, the bereaved family will set up soul-calling flags or hang soul silk in front of the door. In some places, relatives even go to the rooftops to call for the souls of the deceased to come home. It is said that this is a legacy of the Manchus and other nomadic peoples. On the grassland, if you see a big flag erected in front of a tent, you will know which family has died, and everyone will come to express their condolences and help with the funeral arrangements. Later this became a common mourning custom among the Manchu people.
According to historical records, the ritual of summoning spirits originated very early. Some documents from the Zhou Dynasty say that relatives of the deceased should ascend the house from the front to call for the soul, holding the clothes of the deceased in hand and calling to the north. If the deceased was a man, they would call the deceased by name three times in the hope that the soul of the deceased would return to the house. clothes, and then come down from the back of the house and put the clothes on the body of the deceased. This clothes is also called "belly clothes". This "clothes" is worn by people, dyed with the fragrance of their skin, and has the dual connection of "body" and "breath"; the soul may be attracted by it and return based on the familiar smell or shape. It is said that in the past, almost every household of the Dai people prepared a "soul basket" for summoning the soul. When summoning the soul, they would put the deceased's clothes in the bamboo basket and put white rice and white thread on them, indicating that they wanted to bring the soul back.
Some soul-calling rituals have very professional characteristics, such as fishermen’s soul-calling. They have a special set of memorial customs. After a fisherman was unfortunately buried in the sea, because the body was often unable to be recovered, his family used a scarecrow to replace the body, put on the deceased's clothes, and set up a "mourning hall" at home. At the same time, at the seaside outside the village, Taoist priests are invited to summon the souls of the deceased. The soul-calling is carried out at night when the tide first rises. The relatives of the deceased go to the seaside and shout to call back the "ghosts" lost in the sea, and then they are summoned into the scarecrow and then buried. This soul-calling ritual is called "Tide Soul". Relatives must first set up a small "dipping platform" on the beach, and then in the evening, light incense candles in the tent, with a scarecrow in the middle and the birth date of the deceased on it. When the tide rises in the evening, the Taoist priests sit on the "dipping platform", ring the bells and cymbals, and recite incantations. At this time, piles of bonfires were lit in front and behind the "dipping platform". Someone was holding a bamboo pole with roots and a basket hanging on the top with a rooster in it. Facing the sea, following the Taoist priest's incantation, The bamboo kept shaking. There are also family members of the deceased, wearing sackcloth and mourning, holding lanterns with characters on them, calling loudly the name of the deceased: "Come so-and-so! Come so-and-so!" The voice is very sad. Then, a child or relative agrees: "Come on! Come on!" They call and respond until the tide rises, and then the Taoist priest guides the soul back home. On the next day, relatives put the scarecrow into the coffin and sent it to the mountain for burial.
After a person dies, the soul will of course leave the body. But where do we go from here in the vast underworld? So the next step is for a living person to "show the way" to him. "Guiding the way" means guiding ghosts on the way to heaven. In the world of the dead in some northern religions, the "return" of the dead requires the help and guidance of wizards. First of all, go up one path and continue walking forward, and there will be many forked paths. These are paths set up according to the different genders of the deceased. The souls of the dead walked on the road of their clan and had to cross a river where there were many bones. In this way, it is said that the river can be crossed safely.
[Edit this paragraph] Ancient text with the same name
Title: Soul Calling
Author: Qu Yuan
Period: Pre-Qin Literature
Dynasty: Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period
Genre of work: Fu
Text:
Calling the Soul
I am young and pure, so I am honest and honest. , The body is righteous but not unyielding.
The master is so virtuous, but it is filthy due to the vulgarity.
No one in the world can test this great virtue. I will suffer from the long-term separation and disaster.
The emperor told Wu Yang: "There is someone here, and I want to help him.
If the soul is separated, you can give it to him."
Wu Yang said to him : "The God of Dreams is very difficult to follow.
If I have to give it to him, I will not be able to use Wu Yangyan again for fear of being thanked later."
He then made a move and said: The soul is coming back. !
If you go away from your constant stem, why should you be in the four directions?
It would be unlucky to abandon the king's happy place and stay away from him.
The soul is back! You can't ask for more from the East.
Thousands of people grow up, but their souls only need a few.
In ten days, there will be more gold and stones.
They are all used to it, and their souls will be released.
Come back, come back! You can't ask for more.
The soul is back! The South cannot stop.
Carving inscriptions with black teeth, human flesh was obtained for sacrifice, and the bones were used as mounds.
The viper is Zhen Zhen, and the fox is more distant.
Nine male aphids come and go, swallowing people to benefit their hearts.
Come back, come back! You can't have sex for a long time.
The soul is back! The harm to the West is worse than quicksand thousands of miles away.
Whirl into the thundery abyss, the elk scatter and cannot stop.
Fortunately, I got rid of it, and it is more spacious outside.
Red ants are like elephants, and black bees are like silkworms.
The five grains will not grow, but some will be eaten.
The land is rotten and the people are asking for water but getting nothing.
There is nothing to rely on when wandering, and there is no end to the vastness.
Come back, come back! I'm afraid I'll leave some thieves behind.
The soul is back! The north cannot stop.
The mountains are covered with ice and the snow is flying thousands of miles away.
Come back, come back! It can't be longer.
The soul is back! You are supreme.
The tiger and the leopard pass through nine levels, and they peck at the servants more.
One man has nine poems, and he has pulled out nine thousand pieces of wood.
The wolves follow the eyes and come and go.
Hold people to shame and throw them into the abyss.
Death to the emperor, and then have to rest in peace.
Come back, come back! More afraid of danger.
The soul is back! You will never leave this secluded capital.
Tu Bo Jiu Yue, his horns are a little bit bigger.
If you have a bloody thumb, you will chase others.
It has a tiger head and a body like an ox.
These are all willing people, come back, come back! Afraid of causing disaster.
The soul is back! Get started in cultivation.
I hope you will be recruited, and you should go back first.
Qin bonfires are all in harmony, Zheng Mianluo is more.
Be prepared with all the equipment you need, always keep shouting and shouting.
The soul is back! More like my former residence.
There are many thieves and traitors in all directions.
It’s like setting up a king’s room, where you can be more quiet and comfortable.
The high hall is deep and the sill is more luxurious.
There are many terraces and pavilions, some of which are close to high mountains.
Internet user Zhu Su, the engravings are connected.
There is a protruding building in winter, and the summer room is colder.
The path of the river valley is restored, and the flow is more murmuring.
The light and wind turn to the sky, and the people admire the orchid more.
Entering the Sutra Hall, Zhu Chen is having a feast.
The temple is green and green, and the hangings are more beautiful.
The emerald beaded quilt is even more rotten.
Konah brushes the wall, and Luo Wei spreads his wings.
Compile and group Qijuan, and knot Qihuang.
The view in the room is more rare and strange.
Orchid paste bright candle, Huarong prepared.
On the 28th, I will wait for you, and I will give you some more shots.
The ladies of the Nine Marquises are more swift and numerous.
The grand banquet is different, but the palace is more full.
The appearance is similar to Shun Midai.
If you are weak and strong, you should be more intentional.
Beautiful appearance and good posture, better for the bridal chamber.
The eyebrows are wide and the eyes are bright.
His appearance is dull and his eyes are dull.
Leave the pavilion and repair the curtains, and have more time to serve the king.
The emerald curtains and jade tents are more decorated in the hall.
Red wall sand version, black jade beam.
Look up at the carved ink and draw dragons and snakes.
Sit in the hall and lean on the threshold, near the Quchi.
The hibiscus is the first hair, mixed with the lotus root.
The purple-stem screen has a more rippled literary edge.
The text is different and the leopard is decorated, and the emperor is better served.
Since Xuan Qian is low, he can walk more easily.
There are orchids and thin trees, and there are some qiongmu fences.
The soul is back! Why go further?
The family is from the Suizong family and eats more food.
Rice, rice, and wheat. Get some yellow rice.
Bitter, salty and sour, pungent and sweet.
The tendons of fat cows are more fragrant than those of fat cows.
If it is sour but bitter, Chen Wu Geng is better.
The 鹹鄄pao lamb has some pulp.
The bird is sour and the bird is fried, and the bird is fried.
It’s a bit unpleasant to see chickens and cockroaches exposed.
The honey bait is more delicious.
Yaojiang honey spoon, more real wine glass.
Take the frozen drink to make it cooler.
The wine is old and has some fine wine.
It’s okay to be respectful and return to your hometown.
The food is shameless, but the female music is better.
Chen Zhong played the drum and composed some new songs.
"Shejiang", "Cailing", carry forward "Lotus".
The beauty is drunk, and her face is more rosy.
Looking at the bright light, my eyes wavered.
The quilt is slim, beautiful but not surprising.
Lu Li has long hair and slicked back hair.
Twenty-eight people are in harmony, let’s get up and dance more.
If they are at odds with each other, they should be more careful.
There will be a wild gathering of yu and harp, and more playing of drums.
The palace was shocked and said "Ji Chu".
Wu Xi and Cai Yu played the role of Da Lu.
Gentlemen and women sit together in a mess without distinction.
Let Chen Xun form Zhen Ying, and the class will be more diverse.
Zheng and Wei Yao are playing, let’s do some miscellaneous things.
The conclusion of "Ji Chu" is the first to show off one's uniqueness.
In chess, there are six games.
The Cao Cao advance together, and the Qiu force each other.
When you become an owl, you will be silent, and your call will be white.
Jin made rhinoceros, which was a waste of time.
The clang bell shakes the ya, and the zither is shaken.
Entertainment and drinking are not wasted, and the days and nights are more peaceful.
The orchid paste is a bright candle, and the Huayu is a little brighter.
Written to my thoughts, Lan Fang is more fake.
People have their own strengths, and people work together to achieve their goals.
Drinking a lot of wine will make you happy, but you will have some fun first.
The soul is back! More like my former residence.
Luan said: As the spring comes, Miwu marches south.
The apples and apples are blooming, and the white peony is growing.
The road runs through the Lujiang River, with a long and thin left side.
Leaning against the swamp border and looking at Bo in the distance.
The green horses are tied together with the horses, and thousands of vehicles are gathered together. The hanging fire spreads out, and the mysterious face shines.
When the steps are right, lead the car to the right.
Dreaming with Wang Qimengxi, after class.
The king is coming personally, and I am worried about Qingsi.
Zhu Mingcheng comes at night and cannot be flooded.
The orchid is wandering along the path, and the road is gradually approaching.
The Zhanzhan River is full of water and has maples on it.
My eyes are thousands of miles away, and I am sad.
The soul returns, mourning Jiangnan.
Appreciation:
The author of the article "The Soul Conjuring" has different opinions in history. Sima Qian believed that it was the work of Qu Yuan. He said in "Historical Records: Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng": "I read "Li Sao", "Heavenly Questions", "Calling the Soul", and "Ai Ying", and felt sad for his ambition." Wang Yi said in "Chu" "Ci Zhang Ju" is considered to be the work of Song Yu: "The author of "Calling the Soul" is also the work of Song Yu. Song Yu pitied Qu Yuan and was loyal but rejected him. He was worried about the mountains and rivers. His soul was lost and his fate was about to fall. He pretended to write "Calling the Soul" "In order to restore his spirit and prolong his life, he exposed the evil in the four directions on the outside and admired the beauty of Chu country in order to satirize and admonish King Huai in the hope that he would wake up and return the favor."
It is somewhat surprising. The strange thing is that for a long time, most literati in the Han, Tang, Wei, Jin and Song Dynasties accepted Wang Yi's statement. It was not until the Ming Dynasty scholar Huang Wenhuan that he clearly refuted Wang Yi's statement in "Chu Ci Tingzhi·Ting Erzhao", and for the first time put forward the view that "Calling the Soul" was Qu Yuan's own call to the soul. Since then, works such as "Ci Leng" written by Lin Yunming of the Qing Dynasty and "Qu Yuan" written by modern You Guoen all support Huang Wenhuan's view, believing that "Calling the Soul" is Qu Yuan's own soul.
You Guoen pointed out that in ancient times, there were examples of people summoning their own souls. , as an example. In addition, the custom of summoning living souls is also spread among ethnic minorities. Volume 330 of "Wenwen Tongkao" quotes Song Fan Chengda's "Guihai Yu Heng Zhi" (not available today) to record local customs: "Family members returning from afar will stop at thirty miles." In addition, the family sends the shaman to carry a bamboo basket, take off the returnee's personal clothes, and return home as a guide." (In fact, this custom of welcoming the returnee has the objective of reducing return. The function of rural residents to introduce infectious diseases from outside).
In addition, some people think that the article "Calling the Soul" was written by Song Yu to summon the soul of the deceased King Qingxiang of Chu Qingxiang, or that Song Yu was writing the article to summon the soul of the seriously ill King Qingxiang of Chu Qingxiang. At the same time, among the people of Yuanxiang, there is still a story that Song Yu and Jing Chai came to the Miluo River to summon Qu Yuan's soul a year after Qu Yuan's death.
In fact, Song Yu and Jing Cha once summoned the soul for Qu Yuan, Song Yu or Jing Cha once summoned the soul for King Qingxiang of Chu, Qu Yuan once summoned the soul for himself, and Qu Yuan once summoned the soul for King Huai of Chu. , and these works of theirs may all be named "The Conjuring". However, as for the article "Chu Ci: Summoning Souls" that has been handed down to this day, it should be written by Qu Yuan when he was summoning the soul of King Huai of Chu.
First of all, Sima Qian clearly pointed out in "Historical Records" that Qu Yuan's works include "The Soul Calling". Secondly, soul-calling is a serious activity. Generally speaking, it is done under orders. The objects of soul-calling are the dead or those who are seriously ill. It can be seen from this that "Calling Souls" was written by Qu Yuan when he was ordered to summon the souls of King Huai of Chu. It was the last work written by Qu Yuan during his tenure as the Sanlu doctor. Furthermore, the life of the protagonist described in "The Conjuring" is not in line with Qu Yuan's identity and actual situation, but in line with the identity of the King of Chu.
We know that in 329 BC, King Chu Wei died. After reigning for 11 years, King Chu Wei’s son Xiong Huai succeeded to the throne as King Huai. 328 BC was the first year of King Huai of Chu. In 299 BC, King Huai of Chu entered Qin and was detained. He reigned for 30 years. Chu established Crown Prince Heng as King of Qingxiang. In 296 BC, King Huai of Chu died in Qin.
It should be noted that according to "Yi Zhou Shu·Posthumous Law Interpretation", Zhou Gongdan and Taigong Wang formulated the posthumous law. After the death of kings, princes and officials, their descendants should build temples and hold grand sacrificial activities. , and assign a title to the deceased based on his deeds and experiences during his lifetime. This title is called a posthumous title. King Huai of Chu is the posthumous title given to King Xiong Huai of Chu after his death. It was chosen by King Qingxiang and his ministers based on Xiong Huai’s deeds and experiences during his reign to express sympathy and memory.
The original meaning of "Huai" refers to the chest, which is extended to cherish, miss, care, return, comfort, surround, and come; the posthumous title "Huai Wang" for King Xiong Huai of Chu should be a metaphor for the tragic experience of Xiong Huai's death in Qin. of comfort.
This fully shows that after King Huai of Chu died in Qin, the State of Chu held corresponding formal sacrificial activities for him, and "Calling Souls" was part of the official sacrificial activities. Because King Huai of Chu was deceived into Qin, he stayed alone in Qin for three years, and finally died in Qin. His experience made the whole country of Chu mourn. Therefore, the activities of summoning the soul of King Chu Huai may have been carried out many times, and the most solemn soul summoning ceremony should have been when King Chu Huai had just died, which means that "Calling the Soul" should be written at this time.
In ancient my country, there was no concept of predecessors and future generations, nor the concepts of heaven and hell, only the concepts of immortal soul and gods and ghosts. The nature of the underworld and the hell mentioned in ancient China are not the same. The underworld refers to the world in the underground space, while hell is the place where souls are judged, punished and reincarnated. In fact, "The Conjuring" describes the nine levels of tigers and leopards in the sky and the nine realms of Tubo under the ground. There is no concept of heaven and hell. However, after Buddhism was introduced to China, Youdu was gradually given the function of hell, and there was also the Jade Emperor and the Heavenly Palace in heaven.
The so-called immortal soul means that the soul can exist independently from the body. When a person is sleeping, when he is seriously ill and in a coma, or when he dies, it is interpreted as the soul leaving the body, that is, the soul is separated from the body. To bring someone back to life, one needs to bring the soul back into the body. The so-called concept of gods and ghosts originally refers to the souls of people after death. Good souls are gods, and bad souls are ghosts (originally, ghosts did not mean bad things, but refer to the souls of ancestors). In addition, in addition to humans having souls, other natural objects also have souls, such as mountains with mountain gods and water with water gods. Around the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the original concept of ghosts and gods was deduced into the concept of gods.
In the customs of the Naxi people in Yunnan, my country, every family hangs a bamboo basket to store the souls of family members. When a girl marries to her husband's family, she must perform a witchcraft ceremony to transfer her soul from her mother's family to her husband's family. This means that the newlyweds have really arrived at their in-laws' house. According to local concepts, this ceremony is even more important than transferring household registration. When someone dies, a soul-calling ceremony must be held for the person. At this time, the purpose of soul-calling is no longer to return the soul to the body, but to guide the soul to return to the place where the ancestors lived. This is the true sense of returning to one's roots. For this reason, Dongba (shaman) of the Naxi people specially draws a "sacred road map", which contains the names of the places that the Naxi people pass through on their migration route. There are often as many as one or two hundred place names. When summoning souls, Dongba must face the deceased. The coffin walked backwards and read out loud in order. Taiwanese scholar Mr. Li Lincan (former deputy director of the National Palace Museum in Taiwan) once inspected the sacred road map of the Naxi people and found that the place names are all real, and the place names that the people migrated through in recent times can still be identified.
The spirit-calling customs of Chu State in Qu Yuan’s time were not necessarily exactly the same as those of the Naxi people today. However, the basic cultural connotation of soul calling should be the same, which is to guide the soul of the deceased to return to his hometown. This is very clear in "Calling the Soul", for example, "When the soul comes back, it is better to enter the cultivation sect. The workers wish to recruit the king, and the back is the first. The Qin camp is in full alignment, and the Zheng Jinluo is better. The recruiting tools should be prepared, and the Yongxiang is the best. The soul is the best. Come back, return to your former home." It describes the scene of the wizard walking backward, holding the bamboo basket containing the soul, and guiding the soul back to his hometown.
It is worth noting that the last sentence of "The Soul Conjuring" is "The soul returns, mourning Jiangnan." This is because the State of Chu was originally located in the south of the Yangtze River, so special emphasis was placed on the soul of the deceased returning to the south of the Yangtze River, which meant that the deceased did not die in the territory of the State of Chu. From this we can see that the soul summoned in "Calling Souls" can only be the soul of King Huai of Chu who died in the Qin Kingdom. In fact, the full text of "Calling Souls" is 282 sentences long, second only to "Li Sao" and "Heavenly Questions" among Qu Yuan's works. Obviously, it was written during a soul summoning for a very important person, and the person was not Chu Huai. No one belongs to the king.
The full text of "The Conjuring" can be divided into three paragraphs. The first paragraph is the prologue, the second paragraph is the main text, and the third paragraph is the epilogue.
The prologue first describes the cry of the soul of the deceased, in which "sorrow caused by long separation" may be thought to refer to Qu Yuan's exile, but it actually refers to King Huai of Chu's death in Qin. Next, it is described that God sympathized with the misfortune of King Huai of Chu and ordered Wu Yang to summon his soul. Then it is described that Wu Yang reluctantly accepted God's order on the grounds that his duty was to divine and interpret dreams.
This kind of opening statement makes people suspect that there is some kind of mystery hidden in it. Perhaps Qu Yuan is using Wu Yang to allude to himself. We know that ancient witchcraft is a very complex knowledge system with all-encompassing contents. Therefore, wizards must also have a division of labor in order to perform their respective duties and complete their jobs better. However, because Qu Yuan had an unusual monarch-minister relationship with King Huai of Chu, Qu Yuan reluctantly decided to summon the soul of King Huai of Chu himself. To this end, Qu Yuan relied on King Huai to entrust God with a dream, and then God commanded Wu Yang to achieve his purpose of summoning the soul of King Huai himself. In fact, in "Nine Songs", the work of summoning and collecting souls is undertaken by Da Siming. This should be the traditional custom of Chu State. However, Qu Yuan had served as the official of Sanlu for a long time. He was also an innovative wizard, scholar and politician. Therefore, he was able to innovate the soul-calling ritual and change it to "Wu Yang" to perform the soul-calling.
The content of the main text can be divided into two levels. The first one describes the dangers in the southeast, northwest, heaven and earth, and calls on the soul not to go to those places, but to return to its former home. The second describes the scene where the wizard guides the soul to return to his hometown, especially exaggerating the luxurious and comfortable life of the deceased in his former residence, such as "Lady of the Nine Lords" and "Full Man Palace", which is obviously a life that only a king can have.
The end describes the person who presided over the spiritual call, recalling the joyful scene when he and King Huai went hunting in the south in the spring; then compared with today, the road has been covered by weeds, and he looked into the distance thousands of miles away (should refer to King Huai) The guest died in the land of Qin), the heart of sadness for spring suddenly arose, and he sincerely issued the call of "the soul returns, mourning for Jiangnan".
Interestingly, there is a picture of a man (soul) riding a dragon and ascending to heaven unearthed from the Chu tomb in Zanku, Changsha, my country. There is a picture of a dragon and phoenix guiding people (souls) to ascend to heaven unearthed from the Chu tomb in Chenjiadashan, Changsha. The silk paintings unearthed from the Western Han Dynasty Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, depict the heavenly world, the human world, the underground world and other rich contents. All these show that during the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period, and the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Chu State of Chu paid special attention to the issue of the fate of the soul after death. This is why among hundreds of schools of thought, only the literati and scholars of the Chu State could write "Nine Songs" and "Calling Souls" , the reason for "Ultimate Move".
Changsha is the first place of the Chu Kingdom, and it is also the location of the ancestral temple of the Chu Kingdom’s ancestors. Therefore, the soul of King Huai of Chu after his death should be led to the ancestral temple. In other words, the ceremony to summon the soul of King Huai was held in Changsha, and Qu Yuan's "Calling the Soul" was also drafted in Changsha, and the concluding thoughts about the things he sees are also reasonable. At the same time, the experience of King Huai of Chu and the decline of Chu State also prompted Qu Yuan to have strong doubts about destiny, history, and witchcraft. It was under this circumstance that the manuscript of "Tianwen" was drafted.
[Edit this paragraph] Movie of the same name
When five daring students lived in an abandoned haunted house, various unexplainable strange phenomena continued to occur like a chain reaction. As the story unfolds, the dark secrets of each student are gradually revealed, and the line between reality and the afterlife is gradually blurred. Can they escape the shackles of the curse? Or will he be trapped in this haunted house forever and continue to deal with lonely ghosts?
[Edit this paragraph] Novel of the same name
Shu Yuyin, a 26-year-old female master of sociology, was writing a thesis on philosophy, religion and witchcraft. When she met the owner of the house— —a troubled billionaire, thus following him into his island villa. This is a villa haunted by ghosts. There are strange footsteps on the stairs in the middle of the night; there is the sound of a woman's instrument in the unused room. The unique emotional experiences of the hero and heroine are trapped in a series of suspenseful horror events.
The heroine found a human skull on a desert island, bumped into a hanging woman on the stairs, and even someone's stumps appeared in her body...