It has a long history. It was used in the Sui and Tang Dynasties' Nine-part Poem and the Tang Dynasty's Ten-part Poem "Qingle", which was called Jiegu at that time. With the development of opera art in Ming and Qing Dynasties, it is widely used in the accompaniment of local operas such as Kunqu Opera and Peking Opera. In Qing dynasty, it was also called drumming. "A General Examination of Qing Literature" contains: "Bangu, also known as drumming, is the first of all musical instruments, and it is very difficult to strike."
The drum is short and flat, made of hardwood such as colored wood, birch, Sophora japonica, Sang Mu, elm, beech or teak, especially rosewood and mahogany. It is made up of five thick wooden boards, with a thick drum frame and a thin bottom, a small inner cavity and a large bottom, and the cross section of the drum bore is splayed. In recent years, in order to save precious wood, colored wood or elm is often used as the outer ring drum frame, and the inner ring cavity near the drum center is made of rosewood or mahogany and embedded in the inner ring, which is called drum teeth.
The surface of the drum frame is high in the middle and low around, showing a slope shape. Wrapped with cowhide or pigskin, the leather edge is wrapped to the lower end of the drum frame. The periphery is fixed with three rows of nails, and the lower part is fastened with iron rings.
The surface of the drum is mostly wooden, and the drum surface vibrating in the middle is smaller. The drum part of Pi is called drum light, which is the part of percussion pronunciation. The pronunciation of the drum depends on the size of the drum and the tightness of the skin. Drum and drum have different specifications and sizes, but measured from the outside, the drum surface diameter is 25 cm and the drum edge height is 9.5 cm. Drum bore is divided into three types: large, medium and small. Small-caliber drums, with a diameter of only 5 cm, a height of 1 1.5 cm and a diameter of 23.5 cm, are mainly used to accompany local operas such as Peking Opera and instrumental ensemble. Large-caliber drum, with a drum diameter of 65,438+00 cm, a drum height of 65,438+065,438+0 cm, and a lower mouth diameter of 24.5 cm, is widely pronounced, bright and vigorous, and is mainly used for ten-drum solo or instrumental ensemble; The middle bore drum has a diameter of 8 cm, a height of 1 1.2 cm and a bore bottom diameter of 24 cm. Its pronunciation is between the big drum and the small drum, and it is mainly used to accompany instrumental ensemble, Yue opera and local operas in northern Shaanxi and Shanxi.
In the national opera band, banjo and Allegro are used together, and one person plays at the same time, occupying the position of conductor and leader. Players are called "drummers" and "drummers". Conducted the band with various drum gestures and percussion instruments. Together with clappers, it marks the rhythm of singing, accompanies various characters and movements of actors, adds flowers to the performance of gongs and drums, and sets off the stage atmosphere and characters. When playing banjo, the drum is hung on the wooden frame and struck with two rattan or bamboo drum arrows. Not only the pronunciation of the drum center and the drum edge is different, but also the pronunciation of the point arrow (drum arrow to beat the drum surface) or the whole arrow (flat drum surface) is different. There are skills such as doubles (holding arrows in both hands or alternately rolling), singles (beating drums with arrows in the right hand and clappers in the left hand), and boring beating (pressing the drum surface with the left arrow and beating the drum surface with the right arrow, making a dull sound). In folk instrumental ensembles, such as "Fan Shi Drum" and "Fan Shi Gong and Drum", all of them are played with the same drum and played by one person, which is dominant.
The Naxi people call banzhuo drum xianggu, which is slightly smaller than the small-caliber banzhuo drum used in Beijing opera. Used in cave music of Naxi nationality, played with single arrow. In the ensemble, it is usually played by the deputy conductor (Naxi people call it the deputy conductor). In Tujia nationality, it is used for string gongs and drums. Among the Dong people, it is used to attack bands.