Elegy is a variant of ancient elegy. Elegy is an ancient song to mourn the dead. As a way to mourn the dead, elegiac couplet is a funeral custom of Han nationality, which is popular all over the country. At first, poems, words, songs and other rhymes were used to express condolences to the deceased, and then gradually formed couplets to express them. Literati in the past dynasties mostly wrote elegiac couplets in the form of five words or seven laws to express their grief. Legend has it that elegiac couplets were written in the Song Dynasty. According to Lu You's Notes on the Old Xuegong, Zhao (Ding Shi) was seriously ill when he was demoted. The book wrote: Take a dustpan to the sky and make the mountains and rivers strong.
At present, elegiac couplet is still widely used in funeral activities, and has become a necessary thing in mourning. ?
1. The times and pertinence of elegiac couplet
The elegiac couplet is a special kind of couplet, which is specially used to mourn the dead. Therefore, writing elegiac couplets should not only be sincere, but also pay attention to the writing characteristics of elegiac couplets.
(1) The era of elegiac couplet. The elegiac couplet is a carrier that reflects social life and expresses people's thoughts and feelings. With the changes of the times, the contents of the elegiac couplet will also change accordingly, such as: "The silent string column is absolutely perfect, and the moon mirror on the Yao stage is empty", which is an elegiac couplet for husbands to mourn their wives in the old days, but it is a bit old-fashioned when used in modern times.
(2) The pertinence of elegiac couplet. Being an elegiac couplet has a strong pertinence, which should conform to the status, identity, sentiment and performance of the deceased, and even the thoughts and feelings here and now should conform to things and occasions. The elegiac couplet cannot be interchanged and universal, which should be the writing soul of elegiac couplet.
Such as holding Ding Ling:
Cut the willow spring breeze, and when the festival is poor, a song of mulberry will spread to Guangyu.
The dust is too beautiful to hurt the snowy night, and there are women in the mountains who shine for a hundred years.
2. The basic characteristics of elegiac couplet
The elegiac couplet belongs to a special couplet in the couplet. Therefore, when writing elegiac couplets, we must master the essential and formal characteristics of couplets, which is the key to writing elegiac couplets well.
The formal features of (1) couplets. Generally, the elegiac couplet consists of two sentences, the upper sentence is called the upper couplet and the lower sentence is called the lower couplet. No matter how long the elegiac couplet is (some are long, and the upper and lower couplets are composed of several crosses or even several crosses), no matter how short it is, it is always composed of the upper and lower couplets. The upper and lower couplets should be well matched and the order should not be reversed. The length of the elegiac couplet depends on the place where it is hung. The words that are too long are not eye-catching, and the words that are too short are empty. The size should be moderate and elegant.
(2) The formal characteristics of duality. Duality is to arrange and combine sentences with the same number of words and the same or similar syntax in pairs. Strict elegiac couplet requires not only the same number of words, the same syntax, but also the same part of speech and very neat antithesis. Example: In the rain, bamboo leaves contain beads and tears, while in the snow, plum blossoms wear Su Guan.
Now it is enough to write elegiac couplets with the same number of words and the same or similar syntax. It would be better if the part of speech could be relatively far away. If you can't do it, you don't have to. It is always bad to lose meaning because of words.
(3) the formal characteristics of horizontal and parallel. Couplets require a level face, which is from the perspective of tone, rhythm and rhyme. Although there are only two couplets, which are different from the antithesis in the middle of metrical poems, they don't have to rhyme strictly, but they must be rhythmic and even. Rhythm is the basic element of music structure, which is formed by the priority of sound movement. The so-called sub-rhythm means that couplets, regardless of their length, should be read smoothly, have a musical beat and be able to sing. Even if you don't watch or listen, just watching will give you a sense of pleasure. On the other hand, it is not a couplet if the length is different and the rhythm is disordered.
Mao Zedong took Cai Yuanpei away.
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Leveling is a sentence that emphasizes the beat, and the words are leveled. In China, Chinese has four different tones. In ancient times, there were four tones: flat, rising, going and entering. There is no entering tone in modern Chinese, which can be divided into flat tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone. For other tones, flat voice can be divided into flat voice and flat voice. In ancient times, the tone was flat, and it was awkward to go up, go and enter; In modern times, Yin Ping and Yang Ping are flat tones, while rising and falling tones are voiced. The ancients attached great importance to ping in elegiac couplet, using ping and ping, and ping and ping staggered; The unique artistic style of elegiac couplet is formed by the fixed tone of characters and the fixed frame of law. At present, the words used in elegiac couplets are even, and the relative tones of the upper and lower couplets are absolutely opposite, and some are generally opposite. It's good to do the opposite without destroying the content, but it's ok to do the opposite if you can't. It is not only unnecessary but also difficult to adjust the level of couplets by making metrical poems.
3. What is the general rhetoric of elegiac couplet? The elegiac couplet is a neat and beautiful couplet composed of square Chinese characters, and it is a unique Chinese writing style. The general practical style does not require literariness, but elegiac couplet is different, and its literariness and practicality are combined into one. Throughout the ages, there have been many elegiac couplets with excellent ideological content and artistic expression. One of the reasons is that they attach great importance to the rhetorical devices of couplets.
(1) Mosaic name. Is to embed the names of the deceased in couplets. There are many kinds of embedded names, which can be embedded at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence, and can also be embedded at the beginning and end of a sentence.
Example 1: Wear cologne.
The ancient road is not there, but the sword and claws stay in the rivers and lakes.
This is a crane-crowned lattice with "ancient" and "dragon" embedded at the beginning of the sentence.
Example 2: Ye Shengtao
Heaven and earth will last forever, and the spring will be recovered.
This is a honeycomb lattice, which embeds "Saint" and "Tao" in the sentence.
(2) allusions. It is to use ancient stories, folk customs or warnings with sources in elegiac couplets. The use of allusions in elegiac couplets can make couplets concise, vivid and meaningful.
Example 1: Kang Youwei helped the victims of the Reform Movement of 1898;
Yin Gan was tortured and Song Yue slaughtered in vain, which made me hate, and you are particularly excellent. When Mr. Zheng Xue was in primary school, I wanted to ask Wang Anzai?
The partisan struggle in the Han Dynasty and the talk of the Jin Dynasty revived the ancient times without thinking, and it is fierce today, just like the son Xu, hanging his eyes and watching the coach fly in.
This group used the technique of borrowing the ancient to satirize the present, killed Bigan and Yue Fei unjustly, and wrote that six gentlemen were killed by a bad king; Anger Cixi with the allusion of Fang Xiaoru demanding to be king; Write the brutality and corruption of the Qing dynasty with "the party in the Han dynasty was closed and the Jin dynasty was clear"; At the end, the story of Wu Zixu hanging his head abroad expresses the author's extreme grief and indignation. Kang Youwei's six couplets are complex, rich and profound, which is not comparable to ordinary straight couplets.
There are many uses of conjunctions, such as explicit use, covert use, anti-use, single use, combined use, etc. You can do it according to your own wishes, but you should be familiar with things and make them novel and not astringent.
(3) metaphor. It is to compare what you want to say with similar things, so as to express it more vividly.
Example 1: Holding Premier Zhou.
With painstaking efforts, the great revolutionary cause is like Mount Tai.
The ashes are scattered everywhere, and the kindness in the deep sea moistens people's hearts like dew.
This couplet compares the great revolutionary cause of the leader with the towering Taishan world, which has made great contributions to future generations, and uses nectar to moisten people's hearts to compare the leader's proletarian revolutionary feelings and infinite love for the people. The metaphor is apt, shocking to read and unforgettable for a long time.
4. How to make elegiac couplets The writing form of elegiac couplets is the same as that of couplets. Write the first couplet, and then write the second couplet. The upper and lower couplets should be written with indomitable spirit. The size of words depends on the length and number of couplets. Some long couplets can be written in two columns, but the second column must be much shorter than the first column, which is also called "Longmen couplet" like Longmen. When writing "Longmen couplets", we should pay attention to the fact that the couplets must be written from right to left, with the right side long and the left side short; The bottom line must be written from left to right, long on the left and short on the right.
Writing elegiac couplets can be divided into two parts: the first part falls in the upper part, but it can't be flat-headed with the first word in the upper part, but it should be 1 to 2 words lower; The next paragraph is in the second couplet, but it can't be higher than the previous paragraph, and it is generally 1 to 2 words lower than the previous paragraph, even lower if it is a poor paragraph (single paragraph). Of course, in some specific occasions, you can also not sign. The font for writing elegiac couplets can be block letters, running script, running script, official script, seal script and so on. , but it is best to be able to identify them.
The elegiac couplet can be written on a long white newspaper or on a long white cloth (silk). Scrolls and scrolls are different from scrolls written to mourn the dead. They are mourning gifts to be hung in families, mourning halls, memorial services or places to say goodbye to the dead. ?
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As a mourning gift, scrolls and scrolls are written to mourn the dead, which is different from scrolls. They are used to hang in families, mourning halls, memorial services or farewell to the dead.
1. Pull the handle
Most of them are independent, also known as "rites". The handle is usually made of a whole piece of silk, or it can be mounted into a shaft with paper paste, which is called "ritual shaft". For the convenience of hanging, the handle is generally vertical, and the words on it are written straight.
Opening width
Bundling is also a kind of book clamping, which is different from dressing in that it is hung horizontally, while dressing is hung vertically. The words on the canvas are generally written horizontally.
Banners and inscriptions on banners are informal and unlimited in words. Some only write one word: "drink", some have many words, but often four words are the most. You can use fixed words or write appropriate words yourself, but you should pay attention to the fact that words are used for mourning and giving gifts. In terms of wording, we should express our feelings directly, be sincere and concise, praise but not praise, mourn but not sorrow, and have the meaning of praise and sorrow.
3. Make the handle and the width of the handle
There is no certain procedure for making the handle and the width of the handle, which can be large or small according to local conditions; Fonts can be open and feasible, which is completely determined by the sender; You can also use black and white paper or black and white paper instead of paper. The handle is hung vertically and written directly, and the words must be written in three parts from right to left; Stretching is a horizontal writing method, and the text should be written in three parts from top to bottom.
The first part, write down the name of the deceased and add a eulogy (also called the upper paragraph) on the right hand side of the handle (the top side of the handle);
In the second part, there are mourning words written in the middle. Generally, commemorative words should not exceed the previous paragraph and the next paragraph, and the word spacing should be consistent. Don't want this part either; ?
The third part, write the name, identity and time of the person who sent the basket and the basket on the top and bottom of the left hand side (the bottom of the basket).