About Song Ci. What are homophones, homophones and homophones?

This is a special way to use ci. Among the three poetic styles of Qu and Fu, Qu's "lines" are confused by researchers as "quotations", but in fact they are different. The research on leading words was put forward in the Southern Song Dynasty, but there has been little research, and it has been focused on the works of a single author, or only a few phenomena have been put forward unilaterally. No one has ever called it "Tang and Song Ci". Therefore, there are different opinions on etymology, name, definition, word number, position, sentence pattern, tone, part of speech, word style, function and function, grammar, common words and so on. Those aphorisms need to use "quotations" in those positions, which should belong to the problem of word rhythm; However, except for 198 commonly used vocabularies compiled by Long Yusheng (Long Muxun), the rest are not marked. Previous research on thesaurus only used a few materials, because it involved a huge amount of statistical analysis, and human resources were not competent. In this study, computer is used as an auxiliary tool to establish electronic files of words and thesaurus with the scope of "Tang and Song Ci". Check the meter of each word one by one. When most of the words in the same epigraph are used in the same position, you can determine the position where the epigraph should be used, and mark the meter of the epigraph accordingly. Then, the position and characters of all the materials in Tang and Song Ci should be marked with the spectrogram containing the beat mark of the epigraph, so as to develop a tool for automatic marking and use by computer. And try to explore the correlation between the word head and music, hoping to draw a clear conclusion for the study of the word head through the study of the text of Tang and Song Ci. Parts of speech and grammar involve semantic issues, which are limited by space and will be discussed in another article later. Key words: Tang and Song Ci, headword, ci spectrum, ci style, ci tune, automatic tools. This study is based on Tang and Song Ci, with a total of 24,226 works. 377. There are 2849 pronoun versions in Tang and Five Dynasties. Song Ci was edited by Taiwan Province Publishing House, 1.983, 1.00, the third edition of newly revised punctuation words (20558). Taiwan Province Yuanyuan Publishing House, 1982, 1982, Supplement to the Whole Song Poetry, with 440 words as the base, Su Shi's poems with 379 words as the base, and Xue's Annotation as the base, An Sanqin Publishing House, 1998, the first edition of Dongpo Annotation. 302 words belong to two poets. Among the 626 words copied, 309 words were deducted, and the total number of Tang and Song poems after deducting repetition was 23,909. However, because it is a reprinted work, it is impossible to judge who the author is, so the follow-up statistics of this study are 24226 Tang and Song Ci poems. 377. There are 144 poets in Tang and Song Dynasties and 1528 poets in Song Dynasty. Excluding the characters of 35 poets in the novel, 18 poets who rely on fairy tales, and 35 poets who rely on poets' words in Yuan and Ming Dynasties, a total of 1440 people. In addition to the 152 epigrams that appeared repeatedly in the Tang, Five Dynasties and Song Dynasties, a total of 1459 epigrams were used. According to Liang Qixun's Complete Balance of Ci Poetry, "In the 26th year of Kangxi (1687), Wan wrote 20 volumes of Ci Poetry, with 660 notes. Later, Xu added a pentatonic. * * * has 875 tones. "Duzhu" was written in Tongguang. In the last 80 years, probably no one can compose a new piece of music by himself. The number of 875 tones should be accurate. " [2] After the tone is produced, later generations may change the tone name to produce homophones, or increase or decrease the number of words and syntax. But there is a difference between homographs and homographs .. How many homophones are there? There are 1670 kinds of Lexical and its supplements, and 1380 kinds (including homophones) are included in Song Ci Dictionary. How many shades and styles are there? Are those homophones? Are those aliens? All need further research and comparison to find out. 2. No matter from the musical function or rhetorical function of Tang and Song Ci, the research motivation of "Zi Ling" occupies a very important position. Compared with other themes of Tang and Song Ci, poets and poets have seldom studied Zi Ling. Documentary records and predecessors' research on Zi Ling can be divided into five types: 1. As described in the word notes, such as Shen Yifu's. Second, the neutral interpretation of dictionary reference books, such as Dictionary of Song Ci edited by Wang Zhaopeng and Liu Zunming and Interpretation of Words and Nouns edited by Shi Zhecun; Third, in the study of Ci, when it comes to meter, they are all discussed in several lines or paragraphs, such as (Long Muxun's) An Introduction to Ci and Qu, Zhu Chengping's "A Course of Metric Poetry" and Tao and Zhuge's "A History of Ci in the Northern Song Dynasty"? The second chapter is Liu Yong's ci style and the prosperity of slow ci, Wang Li's "Chinese Poetry Method", Wang Zuobang's poems and Chen Zhenhuan's common sense of reading ci. Fourthly, when discussing the characteristics of Ci in the research works of Ci, it is divided into several lines or paragraphs, such as The Evolution of Ci and Ci Style from Late Tang Dynasty to Northern Song Dynasty by Sun Kangyi and On Poetry by wu shichang? About reading Gao Yougong's China Classical Literature Research Collection Ci? The position of this poem in the poetic tradition, Collected Works of China Classical Literature Studies? The beauty of ci style, etc. 5. Indicate the position of the leading words in the word-dividing metrical book, such as Long Muxun's "Rhyme of Tang and Song Dynasties"; 6. Publishers of single papers, such as On the Lexicon by Jiang Zhelun, Zhang's Lexicon, Liu's Lexicon, Liao's Study on the Grammatical Function of a Word in Liu Yong's Ci by Grammatical Analysis, my humble work Discussion on the Research Methods of Ci in Song Dynasty by Information Technology [3] and Wang and Zhao Fuyong's Poetic Style. Therefore, the viewpoints discussed by Cai Songyun and Shi Zhecun can not fully present the whole picture of the dominant discourse. For example, Cai Songyun and Shi Zhecun think that "leading words are generally used in long tones, while minor words are less, and quotations and synonyms are also less used." [4] However, according to the statistical results of this study, the proportion of leading words and neighboring words is very high. Sun Kangyi believes: "Liu Yong is the founder of the Song Dynasty." [5] According to the statistical results of this study, although Liu Yong is the founder of Lingzi, he is not a pioneer. Before Liu Yong, even the pronouns of Tang and Five Dynasties appeared the usage of leading characters. In the article "Discussion on the research methods of using information technology as a word title in Song Dynasty", this paper synthesizes the previous discussions from ten aspects: name, number of words, position, sentence pattern, tone, part of speech, source, style, function and function of words, and grammar. Wu shichang (1908- 1986), a modern scholar, put forward the viewpoint of "supporting words": "Long tones are sometimes rhyme-dense, and one rhyme can support four or five sentences ... Slow words often lead to the following two four sentences, five or even six sentences with one or two words, or support the above two four sentences with two or three words. Moreover, it also combines the practice of law and fu, which is a genre of overtone interlining. Knowing this evolution track, you can know all the loose sentences, reserved sentences or compound sentence in slow words like the back of your hand. [6] Wu Wen extended the concept of leading words to supporting words. And give examples of "quoting two one-character four sentences, two one-character four-character overlapping sentences, two one-character five sentences, two one-character six sentences, two two-character six sentences, two three-character four sentences, two three-character five sentences and two four-character three sentences". Thirteen kinds of syntax, such as taking two five words and three sentences, taking two five words and four sentences [7], and the words "two six words and one word, two four words and two characters, two four words and four characters, two four words and five characters, two four words and six characters, two three words and six characters, two three words and seven words and two words and four words" Professor Gao Yougong talked about wu shichang's concept of accepting characters and made the following comments: "Mr. Wu greatly expanded the concept of accepting characters. Moreover, he put forward the concept of subterfuge ... These concepts are naturally used in the field of long tune. Personally, I think there may be no real introduction and excuse in the poem. But the hierarchical structure mentioned above is actually the relationship between sentences and couplets. Leadership and support are the best ways to describe this phenomenon. Therefore, according to the coexistence and continuation of this progressive and connecting link, each epigraph has formed its own uniqueness. [9] Gawain's comments not only analyzed Wu Wen's viewpoint of "accepting words", but also put forward the function of "accepting words" and analyzed the definition of words more clearly. Professor Gao Yougong also put forward in the summary of his speech in "The Beauty of Ci Style": "Why is the long tune big and long?" So the most important thing is the application of the word "[attending]", which is based on the application of this word. "[1 1]", as far as bookshelves are concerned, its pivot lies in one-word ridicule and three-word ridicule. "[12] These syllogisms are further described from the perspective of the function of words. In this way, the previous discussion and research are inevitably biased. This paper attempts to make a comprehensive survey of the above-mentioned problems of receiving words within the scope of Tang and Song Ci with the help of the ability of analyzing and counting a large amount of data by information tools. However, due to the huge number and limited time and space, this paper only discusses the source, location, words, sentence patterns, tones and moods of the words used. Although the details are different, it is generally believed that the word lead is a rhetorical device for writing words. Used at the beginning of a sentence (with a comma and a rhyme as the dividing point, hereinafter referred to as "sentence group") or a group of sentences (with a rhyme as the dividing point, hereinafter referred to as "sentence group"), it plays the role of "semantic turning, connecting the preceding with the following", and also takes into account the musical needs of words. Although not every word, sentence or sentence group, it is really difficult to deal with it by manpower. In this study, the computer is used as an auxiliary tool to extract letterhead. There are two methods: 3. 1 mark the letterhead position of the epigraph list, and then extract the letterhead with a computer program. Theoretically, the letterhead belongs to the word list. When extracting sentences with letterhead by computer, as long as the letterhead position of each word board with letterhead is clearly marked, the data can be extracted by computer program, which saves the time of manual sorting. For example, epigrams such as "There is something good nearby", "Flying magpies at night", "Picking mulberry seeds" and "Taicheng Road" are very neat and can be extracted by programs. However, computers can only process regular data, and can't judge exceptional cases, so there are the following difficulties in actual implementation: (1) Traditionally, apart from Long Yusheng's Rules of Poetry in Tang and Song Dynasties, only 198 kinds of words were included in the phonology of Tang and Song Dynasties, of which only 69 kinds of words contained leading words. [14](2) Although the position of the leading word is specified in the word spectrum, the poet may not completely follow the rhyme when filling in the words, and the computer cannot judge the exception. Take "fishing" as an example. The first sentence of the tone of this word is the leading word. But the first word in the first sentence of Jiuqu is not the dominant word. [15] The sentence patterns of the first seven words in Jiuqu are exactly the same, but the last two words are different. (3) The same epigraph has different forms, such as orthography and case changes, and the number of words and syntax of the two words are different, so the computer cannot judge. This is a beautiful thing, but the Yangtze River is speechless and flows eastward. I can't bear to climb to the top and look far away. I can't bear to look at my hometown, but I can't accept my own ideas. I've been sighing for years, so why stay? I miss my beauty and makeup, but I miss it several times. Sky knows how to get back to my boat. I struggled to get to know me and leaned against the dry place. Ye Mengde's "Klang Ganzhou" "The old capital is lost in the shore grass, looking at the long Huaihe River, still around the lonely city. I miss the youth of martial arts, Lan Zhi's hair and Ge Jiyun's cross. I sat watching the arrogant soldiers crossing the south and boiling the waves at whales. I expected Dongshui, and I succeeded. I have been in Bagong Mountain for thousands of years, and I am still on the cliff, holding my majesty. Man/Yun Tao is breathing. Listen to Huanzheng alone. " (Page 766) These two words have the same epigraph, but their syntax is different and their dominant position is different. (4) The manuscript on which this research is based may not be completely correct. For example, some words are inconsistent with the word spectrum because of negligence in proofreading when printed. As a result, the computer can't extract the leading information according to the leading position marked by the word spectrum, such as Tang Guizhang's New Punctuation, Liu Xueji and He Xinlang's Calling for a Boat and Fishing Crane (2435 pages); Fang Li Qian and Man Fang Ting: A few lines of geese cut off Bai Ou cigarettes (2494 pages); Wu Yong (He Xinlang): "People who live in Furong Garden hate incense and are lovely." (page 25 12); He Xinlang, Wang Yi: "When I died, I knew that I had lost my country and hated it, but it was still like words. "(3298 pages)." "Candle", "hair", "smoke", "near" and "language" all rhyme, and the period is mistaken for a comma. There are many examples of this misuse of punctuation marks. For the first three, it is necessary to determine the word spectrum of each epigraph and the usage of prefixes in those sentences. It is a big project to confirm the word spectrum. First of all, it is difficult to determine the definition of prefix. 3.2 It is difficult to infer the location of the prefix through grammar. Poems are mostly two-word, and most of them are odd sentences with five or seven words. The syntax of five-word poems is two or three, and seven-word poems are mainly two, two and three. As far as poetry is concerned, unless proper nouns are used, the first two sentences of the poem, such as Li Bai's "Emei Mountain Moon Song Send Yan Monk to Beijing": "The moonlight in front of the Yellow Crane Tower is white, and Emei guests suddenly see it. The wind blows westward to Chang 'an. "'Yellow Crane Tower' and' Emei Mountain' are the first three words of the sentence; Or when using allusions, there may be more than three words at the beginning of the sentence. For example, Lu Lun's "Send Yang Liwei Zhai": "Flowers bloom in Panxian County, and Meijiahe comes." "Meijiahe" is a three-dictionary story, but how was Han Shu compiled? Besides, the first two words of the poem are mainly two words. As far as words are concerned, the shortest number of words in a single sentence (sentence) is one sentence and the longest is eleven sentences. One sentence, two sentences, cross sentences and eleven sentences only appear in a few kinds of epigrams, and the number of three to nine sentences is the largest. [17] Their syntax is as follows: four sentences: the upper two sentences and the lower two sentences; Five sentences: up two down three, up three down two, up four; Six sentences: up two down four, up four down two, up three down three; Seven words: up three times four, up four times three, up six; Eight-character sentence: three times five, four times four, seven times seven, two times six; Nine-sentence structure: three times six, four times five, five times four and six times three. The syntax of the first sentence is odd: three sentences above one times two, five sentences above three times two, six sentences above three times three, seven sentences above three times four, eight sentences above six, three times five, seven sentences above three times six, nine sentences above five times four. Don. In the existing research, one of the conditions for the definition of single-word prefix is that "the first word of a sentence or sentence group starts with a single word", so the probability that the first word of an odd-numbered sentence is a prefix is very high. Therefore, we can infer the location of prefix according to grammar, set these two conditions with the help of the rules of prefix location, and extract prefix data through computer programs. The above difficulties are related to the form (case) of ci. It also involves the definition of leading words. Because the word spectrum does not clearly indicate the leading words, the lyrics of literati may not completely conform to the law. If the leading word is used at the beginning of a sentence, but the word does not conform to the conclusion of previous studies: "The tone of the leading word is falling or silent, and the parts of speech used by the leading word are adverbs, verbs, conjunctions, adjectives and prepositions. "Or is the prefix used inconsistent with the previous definition of prefix? Or is there a mistake in the definition of tone and part of speech in the previous study? If there is an error, what is the correct definition? In view of the deficiency of previous studies on Zi Ling, this study attempts to test whether the previous studies are correct in the scope of all Tang and Song Ci. According to the above analysis, the problems encountered include several parts: first, the data is huge and depends on computer assistance; Second, the documents left by predecessors did not indicate the position of the title; Third, the lyrics of the predecessors may not follow the rules; Fourthly, there are homophones in epigrams, and some epigrams are divided into positive and abnormal cases, which increases the difficulty of judgment; Fifth, is the definition of the protagonist correct in previous studies? The problem of word meter is easy to solve, but difficult to define. This study attempts to solve these problems from the following aspects, and re-examine the previous research on it with the scope of all the word inscriptions of Tang and Song Ci. 4. Methods and Steps of Checking Inscriptions with Computer-Aided Programs (1) First, Tang and Song Ci was established in the form of columns (author, inscription, word order and ci text). The program calculates the total number of words in each word and the number of words in each sentence (this is the sentence pattern of words). Secondly, put the same epigraph together. If the same epigraph has works of different styles, we can check the total number of words and the number of words in each sentence, and then arrange the works of the same epigraph with different styles together. (2) The leading words are part of the meter, and their positions should be clear and regular. Its efficiency is ten million times that of manual treatment. However, because most of the existing word spectrum documents are not marked with prefixes, and the definitions of prefixes are incomplete, the words may not completely conform to the rules, so some preliminary work needs to be done manually before being submitted to the computer for processing. The method of this study is to arrange all electronic documents of Tang and Song Ci in the same order as word labels and word styles, and each word label takes a word. First, manually mark the position of the prefix as a single word. The other variants with the same epigraph can be marked by computer programs in a manual way, which can save a lot of human labor time. (3) Then, the sentence group marked with the position of the single word is extracted by the program, and all the data of the sentence group containing the single word in the Tang and Song Dynasties can be obtained. A single word is not necessarily a leader, and the words filled in by the poet are not necessarily completely in line with the law. The computer can't judge it, so it needs to be checked again manually. Manually distinguish words from guide words, and establish a guide word database. (4) Sort out the data obtained in step 3 according to the fields such as "author", "epigraph", "first sentence", "citation vocabulary" and "citation group". (5) Program the data in step 4 with the tone of "guiding words and vocabulary" and locate it in the position of sentence group. As mentioned above, there are one to eleven word-type sentence patterns, and the rhymes of Tang and Song poems are mostly two-character cases. The syntax of odd-numbered sentences, whether it is the upper sentence or the lower sentence, can be further subdivided into 2 1 and 12. If these words appear at the end of a sentence, they will definitely not be leading words, but if they appear at the beginning of a sentence (sentence) and the syntax is only one or two, is the first word a leading word? For example, Huang's "He Xinlang": "Ask Jiang Xiang how many years have passed, only you can see." (Supplement page 57) The first sentence is odd, and the syntax is upper three (ask Jiang Xiang) and lower four (how many years have passed). The above three can be further divided into one (question) and two (Jiang Xiang). The inscription "He Xinlang" is full of words in this position. For example, Shi Dazu's "Que Qiao Xian": "If you think skillfully, you should let go of acacia, and your tears are less than Yinwan." (page 2339) The first sentence is an odd-numbered sentence, and its syntax is the upper four (cleverly put acacia) and the lower three (acacia), and the lower three can be further divided into one (acacia) and two (acacia). The word "such as" appears in the next sentence, which is convenient. It is assumed that the single word at the beginning of a sentence with the same epigraph and the same position is the leading word, but the next three sentences are excluded because they have no fixed syntax. (1) three sentences: refers to three words as a sentence independently, such as Liu Yong's qu: "The dragon head flies, the river is at night, and the smoke waves are long." It's hard to make peace without brocade. If you can't break the goose, Ran Ran will fly to Tingzhou. You will think about it for a long time. ○ I don't know how many meetings there were at the beginning. When it was difficult to get together, it turned into rain and hate clouds. It hinders the pursuit of travel. Every time you climb a mountain near the water, you are worried all your life, but after a long silence, you go downstairs. The word "forbearance" is also a sentence group. (2) The sentence group of the three-three sentence pattern: such as "More Leakage" in the text: "Yuxiang, red candle tears. Partial photos of Qiu Si in the painting gallery. Fine eyebrows, residual clouds on the temples. Cold night. Sycamore tree Three nights of rain. No way to leave love is bitter, a leaf, a voice. The empty steps drip to the light. The clouds on the temple are incomplete. "It's all three three sentence groups. (3) The sentence group of the three-three sentence pattern: Su Shi's "Water Tune Song Tou": "Turn to Zhuge Pavilion, low household, don't sleep." (4) Sentence group of Sansan sentence pattern: Xin Qiji's "The Head of Six National Anthems": "Chunfeng Road, red brocade, Lv Yun, leaning over the porch. Whether it is a sentence group or a sentence group combined with other words, the single word at the prefix is not used as a guiding word, but as a single word. Three words separated by "funny" (pause: ",") in word spectrum or word formation are used to indicate that the tone pause is not a complete sentence, and these three words must be combined with the following phrases to form an independent and complete sentence. Unlike the above three sentences, these three sentences have different headers. Liu Kezhuang's Magnolia Slow: "Ernong welcomes the new and sends the old, which is more like waiting for you to clear the contract" (2608 pages); Xin Qiji's "Man Jiang Hong": "The Tao is today, I love my family, full of flowers." (1, page 954). In the above examples, "but looking back", "like a gentleman" and "Tao is today" all use pause to express the pause of a sentence, not a single three sentences, but can be further divided into one or two sentences. If you move to the first word: "But, looking back at the vast sea and sky", "Like, who is more worried about you?" And "Tao, I love my family now", the meaning of the word will be clearer, and the characteristics of the first word will be better highlighted. The syntax of other words in these three tones is the same, so they are considered as leading words. 409 sentences, according to the above analysis, among the 45,409 sentence groups, 27 144 sentences are classified as leading words, and 18265 sentences are classified as single words. The following will define the leading words of 27 144 sentence group as the leading words of Tang and Song Ci, and then take these as these. 5. 1 epigraph and poets who use it. Previous studies show that Liu Yong was the first poet in the Song Dynasty. In fact, poets before Liu Yong used it when they wrote lyrics. According to the statistics of Tang and Song poets in Tang and Five Dynasties 144 and Song Dynasty 1528, 943 writers used it in lyrics. Ghost Fairy 1), 20 writers in Tang and Five Dynasties and 923 writers in Song Dynasty. Twenty writers in the Tang and Five Dynasties (in chronological order) used 40 kinds of epigrams with epigrams, and there were 10 kinds of epigrams with a long tune of 9 1 0 (head, jade belly, farewell clothes, etc.). Among 59-90 characters, there are 15 tones and 15 rhymes below 58. The number and number of epigrams used are as follows: before Liu Yong in Song Dynasty, there were 17 authors, 7 authors used epigrams (in chronological order), and there were 12 kinds of epigrams. There are 7 kinds of long-tune epigrams above 9 1 word (Dolly, Liuzhou, He Xinlang, Qi Tianle, Nian Nujiao, Lei Fang Xun and Man Jianghong), 2 kinds of intonations of 59-90 words and 3 kinds of poems below 58 words. The number of protagonists and epigrams used are as follows: Before Liu Yong, 27 authors used protagonists (including Dunhuang) in lyrics. 12 Species before Liuyong in Song Dynasty, and there is no overlap between them. The epigrams used in the Tang and Five Dynasties include: Denggao Cup, Immortal, Taichang Drink, Narcissus, Shuilong Drink, Jade Embrace Belly, Bamboo Branch, Wuyinzi, Bubugan Palace, Hechuan, Jinfutu, Nangezi, Taifurun, Houtinghua, Ren Yue in April, Gonghate Spring, Screen Hate, Consignment Clothes and other epigrams used by Liu Yong before the Song Dynasty: Liuzhou. Feng Yansi: 1 14 Que, 2 Que were used, accounting for1.75%; Li Xun: 54,65,438+0, accounting for 65,438+0.85%; Li Yu: Among 52 words, 3 words were used, accounting for 5.77%, and the percentage of these poets was lower than that of Liu Yong. Liu Yong's ci is 2 19, and 142 is used, accounting for 64.84%. Among Yan Shu's 144 words, 23 words used leading words, accounting for 15.97%, and later Su Shi's 379 words used 62 words, accounting for 16.35%. Among the words 167, 84 words, accounting for 50.30%, Zhou Bangyan 187 words, 9 1 words, accounting for 48.66%; Among Xin Qiji's 629 ci poems in Southern Song Dynasty, 233 ci poems used the leading role, accounting for 37.04%. Liu Yong is a poet with the highest proportion of simultaneous pronouns.