Bury the body of a loved one: an evening gift
In the first half of the funeral, the bodies were disposed of in small gatherings and large gatherings and put into coffins. The theme of the second half of the funeral is to bury the coffin. "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" says: "Bury people and hide them." The purpose of burial is to hide the body. In ancient times, there was no burial system. People usually abandon the bodies of their loved ones in the wild and cover them with firewood. "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" said: "Ancient burial was paid for thick clothes, so holding a bow can kill birds." Because the bodies of relatives are often bitten by birds and animals, the children can't bear it, so they stay next to the bodies and drive away the birds and animals with slingshots. According to legend, the Yellow Emperor buried his remains in coffins, which reflected the evolution of civilization.
The first sentence of the scripture "Xi" is "Xi". The ancients preferred the first two words as the title of the article, so the next funeral was named "Xi". "Self" is self, and crying at night is after crying at night. After the episode, I lost my family and cried at the funeral. After crying two days before the funeral, the funeral home began to arrange the funeral.
I. Mourning after the funeral
After the funeral, undertaker was heartbroken and lived in a funeral home built against the wall outside the door. At night, he lay on a straw mat, using clods as pillows, and his head and waist were puzzled. I miss my dead relatives all the time, and I cry when I am sad. There is no time for day and night, and I don't say anything unrelated to the funeral. Is to drink porridge, cook a handful of rice in the morning, cook a handful of rice at night, don't eat vegetables and fruits, love filial piety, and have no mind to think about the taste of food. Undertaker travels in a simple wooden funeral car: the top cover of the car body is made of white dog skin that has not yet grown into long hair, the covers at the back and sides of the car are made of cattail, and the whip for driving the car is made of cattail stems; The weapon bag is made of dog skin, the pin at the hub end is made of wood, the guide rope and halter for boarding the car are made of rope, and the drill bit is made of wood; The mane of the driving horse is not trimmed. The same is true of a car that has lost a spouse, except that the curtains in the car are made of great cloth.
On the first day of every month, the boy should follow the person who withdrew the sacrifice to the room with the broom in his left hand and the end up. Before setting the sacrificial mat, the original sacrificial mat had been removed. The boy swept away the dust in the room and left the garbage in the southeast corner of the room. When the sacrificial mat was set up, the boy picked up the broom, hung it at the end, leaned toward himself, and followed the candlestick out of the room. Yan's daily necessities, morning and evening meals and bath water are all prepared in Yan's bedroom.
Second, the funeral.
The funeral was held at dusk, and two candles were lit outside the funeral palace for lighting. The coffin is still half buried in the cave in the hall. The men and women who lost their homes acceded to the throne and cried outside the door day and night. In order to avoid noise, everyone present at this time should stop crying.
After paying tribute to the guests attending the funeral, the mourners walked into the funeral palace door and boarded the throne of his royal highness. Then, a company issued a cry of "happiness" three times in a row to alert the god of the dead; He shouted "funeral" three times in a row, telling the souls of the deceased that they were about to leave. Men and women began to wail. I wish you take out the inscription engraved with the name of the deceased in front of the cave and insert it on the "weight" in the court. Cry for the loss of the Lord, no matter how many times. After some companies slowly carried the coffin out of the cave, some companies wiped the coffin with a promising cloth and covered it with small folding clothes.
The deceased must report to his elders every time he goes out before his death, which is the so-called "going out must report". At this time, people have passed away and will be buried in the cemetery, but before leaving, they should say goodbye to the ancestral temple to express their last filial piety. This ceremony is called "pilgrimage temple" or "pilgrimage ancestor". This is a more humane treatment, so the Book of Rites Tan Gong said: "It is also a mourning period and a filial piety to the deceased." His mourning clothes left his room, so he went to Zuko Temple.
In ancient times, due to different status, the number of temples was different: seven temples for emperors, five temples for princes, three temples for doctors and two temples for scholars. The second scholar temple refers to the father temple (or your temple, Kao temple) and the ancestral temple. There is a difference between a staff sergeant and a corporal, and so is the temple system. The sergeant has a ancestral temple, and the corporal has a ancestral temple, which is called the ancestral temple. Therefore, the corporal can go to the temple in one day, while the staff sergeant must go to your temple first and then to the ancestral temple the next day, which can be completed in two days.
"West lixi" is a corporal's funeral, so undertaker began to arrange the funeral after crying two nights before the funeral, and went to worship his ancestors the next day before being buried. If it is a staff sergeant, the funeral will be arranged after crying three days before the funeral, leaving two days for the father temple and ancestral hall in the middle.
Third, Chao Zu
The coffin was moved from the burial palace to the ancestral hall with an instrument called "coffin axis". The shaft is slightly like a rectangular wooden frame, but there is a roller in front and a roller in back. In the procession of moving coffins, the inscribed "heavy" is at the front, followed by sacrifices, candles and coffins, followed by candles and torches, and finally the bereavement of the owner and his relatives. Undertaker ranks, male in front, female in the back; Both men and women are in the order of intimacy with the deceased, with relatives in the front and sparse in the back, because the coffin is in the front.
After arriving at the ancestral temple, the coffin cannot be carried from the steps of Ji Lang to the church, because this is the only way for the temple owner, that is, the father and ancestors; You should go to court from the west steps to show that you are still on the path of the son of man. The sacrifice is placed under the hall first, and the coffin is displayed in the hall after it is finished. After the funeral, follow the coffin to court. Then the woman went to class, facing the east station. The masters acceded to the throne under the East Order. The coffin should be placed between the two pillars of the main hall, because this is the position of the venerable one. Then adjust the direction of the coffin to face north and put the coffin on the prepared bed. The mourning platform goes to the east side of the coffin and faces west. "Heavy" is placed in the atrium as it is in the funeral palace. Some companies first removed the old offerings from the hall, and then set up a new one in order to move to the ancestral hall. This is the so-called "ancestor worship". The mourners cried in the class, then bowed to the guests in the next class, and then cried at the steps. The bereaved wife and her relatives who have made great achievements stand on the Dongtai steps facing west.
Cars, roads and carts used by the deceased were displayed in the court. Because the coffin faces north, the shaft should face north. They are now the place where the soul depends, so they are collectively called "soul cars" after the Han Dynasty. The crossbar in front of the bus is covered with light-colored deerskin, and there are shields, rocket launchers, leather reins, leather coats and flags on the bus. Tassels, halter ropes, and halters decorated with shells are all hung on the scales. The deceased had royal clothes on the road car when he was in court or traveling in Yan State; When hunting in the wild, there are hemp fibers and hats on the bus.
Then bring in the driver's horse, whose tassels are decorated with ribbons of three colors. People stand on both sides of the horse, and the rider stands behind the horse with a whip. Undertaker cried three times, and then the man led the horse out of the temple. Then, the guests go out, undertaker to the door.
Fourth, decorate the hearse.
So he put the coffin on the hearse in the hall and wept for the loss of his master. After the coffin was tied, a company moved the newly laid ceremonial board to the west of the coffin, covered it with towels, and then decorated the hearse.
There are dead people in the coffin, and it will be rejected by passers-by when it is transported to the cemetery, so it needs to be decorated. The overall design of the coffin is like a house, which is divided into two parts. The upper part is called "Liu", and the base part is a rectangular wooden frame that covers the coffin. A house covered with cloth and shaped like a spire on a willow tree is called "Waste" and is very literary. The front, left and right sides of the willow are surrounded by bamboo pipes, which are called "pools", just like slipping under the eaves. According to the Book of Rites, the doctor's first-class coffin was decorated with fish made of copper sheets hanging by the pool. When the hearse goes forward, Tong Yu shakes back and forth, feeling like "the fish is brushing the pool". In recent years, fish-shaped copper pieces can be seen occasionally in the stalls of Beijing folk cultural relics market, which should be the hanging fish in the tombs of Zhou Dynasty. Sellers don't know what it is, so their bids are often low. The lower part of the coffin decoration is called "wall", which means that the front and left and right sides of the coffin are surrounded by cloth and called "curtain"; At this time, there is a "pool" in front, which is shaped like a house. Buttons connecting the top of the coffin with the surrounding white cloth, one in the front and the other in the left and right, red in the front and black in the back. The dome of the roof is covered with red, white and blue, and there are no shells hanging around it. There are two ribbons on each side of the coffin.
There are "curtains" on the left and right sides of the coffin, and "leads" are tied to both sides of the car. See below for the purpose of the curtain and the lead.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Chen
Ming ware refers to objects buried with people, so the ancients said it was a "hidden object" and later people called it a "buried object". Ming ware is not a practical appliance, so it is rough and evil. "Book of Rites Tan Gong" says that "bamboo is useless, tiles are tasteless, wood is not clumsy, harps and instruments are uneven, and bells and gongs are not rotten", but bamboo and pottery cannot be used, and wood is used. The reason for doing this is not to bully the ignorance of the deceased, but to save manpower and material resources. The Book of Rites talks about the public: "Confucius said, for those who are bright, they know how to get lost, and they don't need to prepare things." Alas! The deceased used the tools of the living. It is not dangerous to use martyrdom. " It can be seen that Confucius thinks that being buried with objects is as sad as being buried with the living.
At this time, the display of funerary wares is to prepare for burial. The funerary wares are displayed on the west side of the bus. The specific location is: take the southern end of the westernmost line as the statue, put a line out from west to east, and then turn in the opposite direction. From northern Yin Yin: two reed bags wrapped in mutton and tapir; Millet, millet and wheat have three dustpans. Three jars: vinegar, sauce and ginger and cinnamon. Two clay pots: wine and wine respectively. Each container has a wooden frame, and the mouth of the container is blocked. There are also the daily necessities of the deceased, as well as musical instruments and armor, helmets, shields and arrow racks, walking sticks, bamboo hats and pheasant fans used in Yan's residence. Bows and arrows are new. Although the parts are complete, the workmanship is poor, as long as it can be opened. There are four arrows in close-range shooting and four arrows in conventional shooting, and the feathers are very short.
Sixth, ancestral drinks
When the ancients traveled, they had the habit of offering sacrifices to the road gods. In the seventh year of Zuo Zhuan, Lu wanted to go to the State of Chu, dreaming that Lu Xianggong was his "ancestor" and was going to sacrifice to Lu Shen. Similar records are also found in other documents, such as the "ancestor of the Han Dynasty" in The Book of Songs, Daya Hanyi, and the "ancestor of Zhongshan Fu" in The Book of Songs, Daya Yingmin, all of which are gods.
Before the coffin leaves, there should be ancestors' sacrifices. After the coffin was positioned between the two coffins in the hall, undertaker sent the guests out. At this time, people and craftsmen were pulling coffins between the east and west steps under the hall. May the offerings of ancestor worship be displayed in the south of the funeral, facing the front of the hearse in the west, and covered with towels.
So he moved the ancestral wine to the west of the hearse and mourned according to the prescribed ceremony. A company turned the hearse to the south, indicating that it was about to drive. She stamped her foot and cried, and moved a little south to the place where she faced the belt in front of the coffin. The woman went down to the hall and ascended the throne between the east and west steps. So, turn the car around, officially start, and make a wish to put Mingjing on the "Yin" (see later). Some companies will change the direction of "heavy" to face south. When the sun sets, my ancestors drink wine and I weep for my Lord. At this time, the driver was brought in again, just like the first time. So the guests left and undertaker was sent to the front of the temple. After the secretary asked about the date of burial, the owner went in and returned to his original position.
Seven, funeral things.
Before the funeral, the monarch and Dr. Qing gave money, silks, horses and other things to help the deceased bury the coffin.
The funeral gifts sent by the monarch's envoy are: a bundle of black and light yellow silk and two horses. Giving a horse is a gesture to help the bereaved pull the hearse. After the horse was led into the door, it was displayed on the south side of the heavy wood in the courtyard. Put the silk on the left side of the hearse and get out. Jia received silks, and Shi led the horse out of the temple.
In Qing dynasty, doctors and scholars should send messengers to send property to help the funeral. The messenger's entourage led the donated horses into the temple gate, placed them in the south of the "heavy" and placed silks on the left side of the hearse.
Mourning brothers can give funeral aid or sacrifice. People who are familiar with each other at ordinary times only send things to help the mourners, not to offer sacrifices. People who are familiar with the deceased can give both funerary objects and funerary objects; People who are familiar with the living can give funerary objects as well as property to their owners. The mourner ordered the person to record the items presented by the guests on the board, and the funerary wares were recorded in the simple book. In recent decades, archaeologists have found many replicas of funerary wares in various places.
After the funeral procession leaves, the list of additional funeral items should be read out. At this time, only mourners and their spouses can wail. If others can't help crying, they should admonish each other. The stone reads the list on the woodcut, and the assistant can sit and count the chips. Everyone cries.
Eight, big drinks
On the day of burial, at dawn, the sacrifices of the great funeral will be displayed outside the gate in advance. Funeral service is designed to bury the remains, so it is also called funeral service. This is the last libation for the dead, so it is especially grand. The specifications of the sacrifice exceeded all previous offerings of wine. According to etiquette, the specifications of the ceremony are three special sacrifices. At this time, it was upgraded to the first class, adopting the specifications of five small prisons, one for sheep, one for tapirs, one for fish, one for wax and one for fresh animals. The sacrifices displayed on the east side of the hearse are four beans and four barns. Four beans contain beef stomach, clam meat sauce, pickled sunflower and snail meat sauce respectively. There are dates, rice cakes, chestnuts and dried meat in the four barns. In addition, there are food and wine.
The funerary wares collected last night should be exhibited again at this time. When introducing the guests attending the funeral, the mourners worship in the temple and cannot leave the coffin.
In order to formally display the sacrifices of the big burial ceremony outside the gate to the court, the company first removed the sacrifices displayed yesterday, which were located in the northwest of the hearse. Then the five tripod outside the door was carried in from the outside and set near the "heavy". The four beans are arranged in a square shape: the beef stomach is in the southwest, the mussel sauce is in the north, the pickled sunflower is in the east, the snail sauce is in the south, and the beans are in the south, turning in the opposite direction; The four barnacles are also arranged in a square: dates are in the south of snail meat sauce, rice cakes are in the south, chestnuts are in the east of rice cakes, dried meat is in the north of chestnuts, and barnacles in the north are respected and turn in the opposite direction. Girls in pairs, from south to north, girls in the south are honored and don't change careers. The rabbit's nest is built in the east of the cave. Water and wine are to the west of the water.
Nine. introduce
After the funeral ceremony, the funeral procession is ready to go to the cemetery. A company carried the "heavy" from the center of the temple gate, then pulled the horses and chariots out of the door, arranged the car and waited for the departure. Then, the sacrifice was removed. A company took off the towel covering the sacrifice, tied the lower ends of the hind legs of the sheep and tapirs in the tripod into "buds" and prepared to take them to the cemetery. The so-called bud is a round basket made of reed grass. According to etiquette rules, a scholar can only use two bracts. Fish, wax and fresh animals in other pots are not serious animals and need not be put into buds. Then the extractor, the wormwood pad and the urn are taken out in turn.
Introduction is an important ceremony in the funeral. 1998, a 90-year-old man died in Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea, and his family was buried in the Confucian forest. Yin, also called "Qi" or "Qi", is the rope that pulls the hearse. When the hearse began to go to the grave, it was called "French sound" to send the mourners and lead the car forward. "Book of Rites Under Tan Gong" says: "Those who hang themselves for burial must be guided, and those who follow the coffin must be guided." It can be seen that quoting is the behavior of relatives and friends to "entertain" the funeral. Funeral guidance is a common etiquette in ancient times. For example, Zuo Zhuan has been shown to the public for 30 years: "The funeral of the Jin Dynasty was organized by your predecessor between our cities." Du Pre-note: "Hey, pull the rope." Funeral ceremonies must be attended. "
The practice of quoting is widely spread, and it is a way for people to express friendship and remember the past. Today, we can still see its legacy at the funeral. Now attending the memorial service, when sending flowers, the word "Wan" is usually written at the end of the ribbon. Probably few people will think that the word "Wan" here is the common word "Wan". "So-and-so pulling" means pulling a cart in ancient times. Knowing this truth, it is not difficult for us to understand why the couplets mourning the dead are called "elegies", the mourning fabrics are called "handfuls" and the songs sung at the funeral are called "elegies".
The road to the cemetery is doomed to be bumpy. In order to prevent the coffin from tilting and overturning, "shawls" have been tied to both sides of the coffin when decorating the hearse. The shawl is a red or black silk belt. Each shawl is held by two undertaker. When the hearse shakes, it is pulled hard to keep balance. How much you wear means different identities. The son of heaven wears six on one side and twelve on both sides. Doctors wear four on one side and eight on both sides; Two layers on one side and four layers on both sides. Therefore, at the funeral of monks, a total of eight monks stood on both sides of the car with shawls to keep the coffin stable.
After the hearse set off, undertaker and his relatives followed, crying. When leaving the palace gate, the bereaved thought that the bodies of their loved ones were getting farther and farther away from home, and they felt sad and began to cry. On the way to the funeral, hearses can't be parked on the road unless the monarch sends someone to help with the funeral. This festival is arranged when the hearse arrives at the city gate of the state capital. The monarch sent Zaifu to present a bunch of black and light yellow silk. After Zaifu gave orders to the monarch, he mourned, bowed and bowed down. Zaifu boarded the hearse and put the silks into the coffin curtain. After the funeral, the hearse and the undertaker moved on.
X. implementation.
The funeral procession came to the tomb, where buses, carts, cars and funerary utensils were arranged on both sides, with the owners facing west and the women facing east. In order to keep quiet and ensure the safety of the coffin, men and women are not allowed to cry at this time.
The next coffin is called "flat". In order to prevent moisture, we should first lay a piece of cloth called "Yin" at the bottom of the tomb. There are fragrant herbs such as Mao Xiu and vanilla in the middle of the fungus. There are five pieces of wormwood: the lower three pieces are placed horizontally and the upper two pieces are placed vertically.
Then carry the coffin out of the car, take off the coffin ornaments, and then tie the coffin. In the literature, it is often confused with the "cited" mentioned above and called "cited". Peng refers to the rope used to put down the coffin. It was originally a rope used to hang the coffin out of the cave in the burial palace. At this time to carry the coffin, undertaker must hold the coffin, and then slowly put the coffin into the grave. In ancient times, the number of funeral ceremonies was strictly graded. According to the Book of Rites, there were six emperors, four princes and two doctors. According to Zheng Xuan, a Confucian scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were about 1000 people in the arms of the Six Emperors. Four governors, holding 500 people; There are two doctors and three hundred people holding them; It can be seen that the scene is quite grand and there is no record of the number of scholars. The number of all mourners present will certainly not exceed 300 of the doctors. After the coffin was buried, undertaker wept bitterly, presented five silks in black and light yellow to the deceased, bowed down to the coffin, and then stood up and wept bitterly. After the sacrifice, the bereaved and the bereaved pay homage to the guests who came to attend the funeral, and then cry in their places.
Some companies put funerary wares, weapons and musical instruments next to coffins; Then put willows, walls and other coffin ornaments on the coffin; Then put the "bud" with meat and the "valley" with millet, millet and wheat between the coffins. When the decoration is finished, put a "fold" on the coffin first. Fold is a large wooden board with several square holes in the middle, which is slightly like a pane, with three vertical and five horizontal. The function of folding is to support the filler above and prevent the coffin from being crushed. After the picture frame is folded, it is covered with mats to prevent dust from falling into the tomb. Adding wood to the anti-pad, the function of wood resistance is to know that the soil is pressed down. Its structure is the same as the fungus at the bottom of the coffin, and it is also horizontal and vertical. This means that the number of days is three, the rank is two, and people are buried in heaven and earth. Finally, fill the grave and tamp it.
By the way, the ancient "tomb is not a grave", and there is no protruding soil on the cemetery, which is called a grave by later generations. According to the Book of Rites Tan Gong, it was Confucius who first built a mound of earth for burial. Confucius lost his father in his early years and his mother died many years later, so Confucius buried his parents together in a place called Fang. Confucius traveled around the world all the year round and was called "the man of the southeast and northwest". In order to accurately mark the location of the grave so that he can pay tribute from time to time, he piled a four-foot seal on the cemetery. This is the earliest tomb seen in the literature.
After the coffin is buried, the clothes on the bus, road car and car will be brought back to the coffin. When he came back from the funeral, he didn't take the car away, as if he felt that the soul of the deceased was going home.
XI。 Cry prevention
After the funeral, the etiquette of mourning men and women returning from the tomb to the ancestral temple and the mourning palace is called "anti-crying" The ancestral temple is the place where the deceased led his family to carry out various sacrificial activities before his death. Now the hall is still there, but the people are gone, and my heart is extremely sad. The Book of Rites vividly describes the feelings of bereavement at this time: "Giving is joy, looking forward to it is joy, and chasing is joy; It cries, but if the emperor wants it, he has to. So, it is the same desire to send, but it is also the same suspicion. No need, just look at it when you get started, look at it in class, and look at it when you enter the room. Death is lost! Never see it again! " Therefore, crying broke out and mourning stopped. After undertaker entered the temple gate, he walked to the temple from the west steps and stood facing the east. The host faces the East Station in front of the west steps below the hall. When the lady was introduced, the men cried, and the lady went to class from the steps. After the widowed daughter entered the hall, she entered the room, stamped her feet and cried, then left the room, boarded the throne on the steps, and wailed with the men in turn until she stopped crying.
The guests who came to mourn came to the hall, and one of the elders went to the hall from the west steps to comfort the mourners and said, "This is a helpless move!" " The bereaved could not bear to give priority to the Lord immediately, so they bowed to the east of the Lord. The elders went down to the mourning hall, went out with other guests, sent the mourners to the door, bowed again, thanked them for coming to the funeral and personally attended the anti-crying ceremony.
Then, the bereaved men and women went to the burial palace, which was the residence of the deceased before his death and where the funeral stopped before his burial. Now there is no one over the funeral, and everyone is moved by this scene, crying and mourning each other.
After the ceremony, the brothers of the same family first went out to mourn the Lord. Then when the masters go out. Undertaker closed the door of the funeral home and bowed to all the owners, so everyone went back to their respective funeral homes.