Analysis:
Introduction of Ancient Currency in China (Currency in Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period)
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the slave society in China collapsed and the feudal society was gradually established. The change of production relations has promoted the development of social economy. Due to the differences in political, economic and cultural development and habits in different regions, the diversity of monetary forms in this period was formed. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, besides cloth coins, there were knife coins, ring coins, ant nose coins and gold.
First, empty cloth coins
Except Qi and Chu Dynasties, cloth coins were widely used in the Spring and Autumn Period. The early cloth coins were large in shape and had no words. Later, there were many characters of numbers, places, branches, currencies or currency values.
Empty cloth coins in the Spring and Autumn Period are:
Empty shoulders, pointed feet, big cloth, empty cloth at the foot of Kubinashi Wenbu flat shoulder bridge.
This kind of empty cloth has one or two place names, as well as discipline and people.
"Gao" empty cloth: "Gao", the place name, that is, in the Spring and Autumn Period, in the northeast of Jincheng County, Shanxi Province.
"Zhou" is empty cloth: "Zhou", the place name, namely Pingzhou, belonged to Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period and stopped in Shanxi today.
"Liu" empty cloth: "Liu", the place name, that is, Tunliu, belongs to Jin, in Tunliu County, Shanxi Province today.
"Stone" empty cloth: "Stone", the place name, namely Shiyi, belongs to Jin, in Qixian County, Shanxi Province today.
"Tong" empty cloth: "Tong", the place name, namely "Tong", namely "Tong", Jinyi, in Qinxian County, Shanxi Province.
"Rain" empty cloth: "Rain", a place name, is written in Shandong Province, that is, Shandong and Jinyi, in Lucheng County, Shanxi Province.
"Wu" is empty cloth: "Wu", the place name, that is, Yushan, belongs to Jin and is in Yuxiang, Shanxi Province today.
"Wisdom" empty cloth: "Wisdom", the place name, namely Zhicheng and Jinyi, is in the border county of Shanxi Province today.
"Ji" empty cloth: "Ji", place name, Jinyi, in Jixian County, Shanxi Province today.
"Wen" empty cloth: "Wen", a place name, belongs to Jin, in Wenshui County, Shanxi Province today.
"Lei" empty cloth: "Lei", the place name, namely, Jin, is in Licheng County, Shanxi Province.
"Lu" empty cloth: "Lu", that is, Jin, is in the southwest of Huoxian County, Shanxi Province.
"Hou" empty cloth: "Hou", place name, that is, today's Wuzhi County, Henan Province.
"South" empty cloth: "South", place name, Di Wei, now Nanyang, Henan.
"Yu" empty cloth: "Yu", the place name, is in the northwest of Qinyang, Henan Province.
"Wu" empty cloth: "Wu", place name, Zhao Yi, in the north of Henan Province.
"Gan" empty cloth: "Gan", that is, ganden, and the place names, that is, Handan and Zhao Yi, belong to Hebei.
"Xiang" empty cloth: "Xiang", place name, Chunqiu Zhengdi. Southwest of Yichuan County, Henan Province.
"Stone" is a blank cloth: "stone", the place name, that is, "general history". See the explanation above.
"Zhen" empty cloth: "Zhen", that is, its place name is to be tested.
"Ge" blank cloth: "Ge", written by Wu Province.
"Wood" hollow cloth: "Wood", that is, wooden door, place name, belongs to gold.
"Shang" empty cloth: "Shang", the place name, that is, Wu and Jinyi in the Spring and Autumn Period, is in Jiexiu County, Shanxi Province today.
"West" empty cloth: "West", that is, the western capital, the place name, originally belonged to Jin, and later to Zhao.
In addition, there are ●, Shang, Song, Mao, Yue (or Shi Lu), Yang, Fu, Cheng, Wei, Tu, Mu, Wang, Yu, Yi, Gong, Fei, Zhu, Gong, Xiao, Liang, Ju, Yi, Song, Jing and Wen. The textual research and interpretation of some of these words need to be studied, and whether the textual research and interpretation quoted in newspapers are accurate is still open to question. There are one to ten numbers in the cloth, among which "four" and "nine" are not seen. The main branches of the discipline are C, E, Xin, Ren and Gui. Those who support discipline and land have children, such as Mao, discipline, Wu and Wei.
There are also some oblique shoulders in the hollow cloth, such as (old interpretation of Sanchuan Jinhua or Qi Jinhua), Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Wu and so on.
Second, flat cloth coins
The lightweight and miniaturization of short cloth have further developed, becoming the first flat but not empty flat cloth, and the crotch has deepened. In its evolution process, it can be divided into pointed foot, square foot and round foot. Body shape also develops from small to large.
Various shapes of plain cloth are introduced as follows:
Pointed foot cloth
"Jinyi" refers to foot cloth: "Jinyi" means Jinyang. Zhao Yi in the Warring States Period, now Taiyuan, Shanxi. There are two kinds of cloth, the small one is called "brocade board", but there are also some without words. Half is two pieces, and one piece is big.
"Foot cloth:" Clothes "is short for Yang. Yang people, place names, Qin land. In today's western Linru County, Henan Province. This kind of cloth also comes in two sizes.
"Christophe Wen" refers to the foot cloth: "Christophe Wen" is now interpreted as "Wenyang", which may be inaccurate. Christophe Wen is a country of Lu, later a country of Qi, and his hometown is in the northeast of Ningyang County, Shandong Province. Qi uses a knife without cloth. Wen Yang should not mean this. Wenyang pointy foot cloth also has two sizes, and the words on the back have the same meaning as above.
"West Capital" pointed cloth: "West Capital", place name, Zhao Yi in the Warring States Period, now Xiaoyi County, Shaanxi Province.
"Zhongdu" refers to Zubu: "Zhongdu", a place name, originally belonging to Jin and later to Zhao, so the old city is in the northwest of Pingyao County, Shanxi Province.
"ganden" refers to Zubu: "ganden" is the abbreviation of Handan, which belongs to Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period and then to Zhaodu. The old city is now in Handan, Hebei.
"Yuxiang" refers to Zubu: "Yuxiang", place name, Zhao Yi Yuci in Warring States, Yu Yi in Jin Dynasty, and Yuci in Shaanxi Province today.
"Lishi" pointed foot cloth: place name, Zhao Di during the Warring States Period, in present-day Shaanxi Province.
"Pingzhou" refers to Zubu: "Pingzhou", a place name, is now interpreted as Tiqi, in Laiwu County, Shandong Province. Qi doesn't need cloth, so this explanation is not accurate.
"Pingzhou" refers to Zubu: "Pingzhou", place name, Wei Yi, in the west of Jiexiu County, Shanxi Province.
"Shop" pointy cloth: "Shop", place name, in present-day Shanxi.
"New Town" pointy cloth: "New Town", place name, Zhaoyi. Historical Records Qin Benji: "In the third year of King Xiang of Zhuang, Meng Xiang attacked Zhao Xincheng." In the southwest of Shuo County, Shanxi Province.
"Wu 'an" refers to Zubu: "Wu 'an", the place name, Zhao Yi in the Warring States Period, in present-day Henan.
"Pishi" refers to Zubu: "Pishi", the place name, Wei Yi, and the old city is in Hejin, Shanxi.
"Changge" refers to Zubu: "Changge", a place name, Zhengyi, located in the northeast of Changge County, Henan Province.
"Qiu" refers to the foot cloth: "●" Obviously, the name of "Xianqiu" is in the southwest of Wuzhi County, Henan Province.
"Shangqiu" pointy cloth: "Shangqiu", place name, Song Guodu, near Kaifeng, Henan Province today.
"Holly" refers to Zubu: that is, the name of Huoguo, which is located in the southwest of Huoxian County, Shanxi Province and was destroyed by Jin.
"Yu Ban" refers to Zubu: "Yu" means Yu, the place name, in the northwest of Qinyang County, Henan Province. "Half" means half, and the explanation is the same as before.
"Zhongyang" refers to Zubu: "Zhongyang", the place name, Zhao Yi, which is Zhongyang County, Shaanxi Province.
"● Yi" refers to Zubu: "● Yi", and the place name "●" is a variant of Guo, that is, the location of the northern country, which was destroyed by Jin. The land is in today's Pinglu County, Shanxi Province.
"●" Pointed cloth ":the word" Lin ",the place name, namely Lishi County, Shanxi Province.
"Mountain" refers to Zubu: "Mountain", the place name, namely Yuci County, Shanxi Province, originally belonged to Wei and later to Zhao.
"Foot cloth:" Yang ",the place name, that is, in Taigu County, Shanxi Province. "Hua", the name of the currency.
Zi Shi refers to Zubu: Zi Shi, a place name, belongs to Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period and Zhao in the Warring States Period, which is located in Shanxi today.
"Wei" refers to Zubu: "Wei" is a Korean with a place name in Hanyi, hancheng city, Shaanxi Province.
"Wuping" refers to Zubu: "Wuping", a place name, Zhao Yi, near Wen 'an County and Fenyang County in Hebei Province.
There are many kinds of flat-shouldered pointed foot cloth, such as brocade ● half, shell, sloping mountain, ●, handprint, rice and so on.
Square foot cloth
Flat-headed square ruler cloth was the most widely circulated cloth coin in the Warring States period. According to the different shapes, it can be divided into flat-headed square cloth, coarse cloth and small square cloth.
1. Square foot cloth with flat head and acute angle: Square foot cloth with flat head and acute angle is an early type of square foot cloth, which spread from the late Spring and Autumn Period to the early Warring States Period. It is characterized in that the top of the flat head has two acute angles protruding to both sides. This kind of cloth is rarely handed down from generation to generation, and there are not many. There are probably the following kinds:
"Gong" square ruler cloth: "Gong", the place name, that is, kilometers, Song land.
"Chui" square ruler cloth: "Chui", place name, now north of Cao County, Shaanxi Province.
"Nie Jin" square ruler cloth: Some people interpret it as "Nie Yin". "Nie", place name, Jinyi, is in Wuxiang County, Shanxi Province today.
"Lu's Nie Jin" square ruler cloth: "Lu", a place name, is located in the east of Baoji County, Shaanxi Province. There are two place names on this coin, which is quite puzzling.
2. Roll cloth: Roll cloth is characterized by flat head, square feet, round hips and square and heavy shoulders. Qian Wen has a lot of words, and his content is organized and valuable.
"Jinyang No.2", "Jinyang No.1" and "Jinyang No.1" are all "Jinyang", the place name of Zhao Yi during the Warring States Period, which is now Taiyuan, Shanxi. "Sugar", monetary value. Two, one and a half are numbers, and two grains are equal to two grains, which means four and a half grains.
Anyi II, Anyi I and Anyi Half: Anyi, the place name, the old capital of Wei, is located in Xiaxian County, Shanxi Province. See the explanation of Qu.
Liang Er Lu, Liang Yi Lu and Liang Bu: Liang is the capital of Liang and Wei. During the Warring States Period, Wei moved from Anyi to Daliang, and his hometown was Kaifeng, Henan. See the previous explanation of "Qu".
"Yu Yi Luan" and "Yu Ban Luan" cloth: "Yu", the place name, is now Yuxiang, Shanxi Province. See the previous explanation of "Qu".
"Yi" and "Semi-Yi" cloth: "●", place name, Zheng Yi, later belonging to Korea, in Dengfeng County, Henan Province. The interpretation of "Qu" is the same as before.
The cloth of Fu Shu: "Fu Fan" means Pu Fan and Wei Yi, now in the north of Yongji County, Shanxi Province. The interpretation of "Qu" is the same as before.
Anyin cloth: Anyin, place name, Zhao Di, near Anyang, Henan.
"Fen" cloth: "Fen", place name, Fenyang cloth also belonged to Zhao during the Warring States period, located in Fenyang, Shanxi Province today.
"Liang Chong" is in his twenties and fifties. "B:" Liang ",the place name, as explained above." ● "Weight or monetary unit. All Qian Wen means: "Liang Erbu is 50 yuan, and one is low." Liang Chong regards one hundred pieces of cloth as "cloth", which means "Liang Yi regards one hundred pieces of cloth as a" cloth ".
"Liang Zheng is still a hundred times ●" B: Same as above.
"200 pieces on the beam-side ●" cloth: meaning: "200 pieces on the beam-side are one piece ●".
3. Small square feet of cloth
Small square ruler cloth is a kind of cloth coin which was widely circulated during the Warring States period and has been circulated to this day. Its characteristics are flat head, flat shoulders, square feet, square crotch, small and thin, neat Qian Wen and multidisciplinary place names.
"Anyang" small square ruler cloth: "Anyang", place name, Zhao Yi, in today's Anyang, Henan.
"Yang Zhai" small square ruler cloth: "Yang Zhai", place name, Wei Yi, in the southeast of Xingyang County, Henan Province.
Small square ruler cloth of Yiyang: Yiyang, a place name, Hanyi, in present-day yiyang county, Henan Province.
"Yin and Yang" small square ruler cloth: "Yin and Yang", place name, in Yiyang County, Henan Province today.
"Yang" small square ruler cloth: "Yang", namely Pingyang, is located in Linfen, Shanxi Province today.
Small square ruler cloth of Pingyang: Pingyang, place name, Zhao Yi, in Linfen County, Shanxi Province.
"Yuyang" small square ruler cloth: "Yuyang", Jindi, in Pinglu County, Shanxi Province today.
"Jinyang" small square ruler cloth: "Jinyang", place name, Jinyi, in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province today.
"Christophe Wen" small square ruler cloth: "Christophe Wen", whose place names are Wenyang and Ludi, is in the northeast of Ningyang County. (See the explanation of "Christophe Wen" on the pointed cloth)
"Zhao Yi" square ruler cloth: "Zhao Yi", place name, Zhao Di, in Yuxian County, Hebei Province today.
"Wuyi" small square ruler cloth: "Wuyi", place name, former site of Shanxi, Jiexiu in Shanxi today.
"● Yi" small square ruler cloth: "● Yi", place name, Jin old place, in Huoxian County, Shanxi Province today.
"Yeung Yi" small square ruler cloth: "Land, place name, former site of Jin, Shaanxi Province.
"Qi" small square ruler cloth: "Qi", place name, former site of Jin, in Taiyuan, Shanxi.
"Pingyi" small square ruler cloth: "Pingyi", place name, Zhao Di, in present-day Hebei.
"Zhong Yi" small square ruler cloth: "Zhong Yi" is suspected to be "Zhongdu", Zhao Di, in Pingyao County, Shaanxi Province.
"Mercury City" small square ruler cloth: "Mercury City", place name, Handi, in Dengfeng, Henan Province today.
"Qi Shi" small square ruler cloth: "Qi Shi", the place name, that is, Yixian County, Shanxi Province.
"Pishi" small square ruler cloth: "Pishi", place name, Wei Yi, in today's Shanxi Hejin.
"Man Xunzi" is a small square cloth: "Man Xunzi", the place name, in the southeast of Luoyang, Henan.
"xiang yuan" small square ruler cloth: "xiang yuan", place name, Zhao Yi, which is now Xiangyuan County, Shanxi Province.
"Beiqu" small square ruler cloth: "Beiqu", the place name, is in the northeast of Jixian County, Shanxi Province.
"Chu Nu" small square ruler cloth: "Chu Nu", place name, belongs to Jin, in Shanxi Province.
"Nie" small square ruler cloth: "Nie", the place name, Jin, in Wuxiang County, Shanxi Province today.
"Zhongdu" small square foot cloth: see "Zhongdu" for pointed foot cloth.
"Shop" small square foot cloth: See "Shop" with pointed foot cloth.
"low pier" small square foot cloth: see "low pier" of pointed foot cloth.
"Fen" small square foot cloth: For pointed foot cloth, see "Fen".
"Copper cymbals" is a small square ruler cloth: "Copper cymbals" is written by the province of copper cymbals, belonging to Jin, in Qinxian County, Shanxi Province.
"Lu" is a very small square cloth: "Lu" means Lu, the country name, which was destroyed by the State of Jin and became the land of the State of Jin, in Lucheng County, Shanxi Province today.
The "strange elephant" is a small square: the "strange elephant" was originally a small country, which was destroyed by gold and returned to gold.
"Lailu" is a small square ruler cloth: "Zhe", that is, to come to Yi, suspected to refer to Li, a small country, and then to Shanxi, the land is in the southwest of Shanxi.
"Mufu" small square ruler cloth: "Mufu", that is, wooden doors, place names and brocade clothes.
"Long Xunzi" has a small square ruler cloth: "Long Xunzi", that is, the eldest son, the place name, Jinyi, and the eldest son is in Shanxi today.
Small square ruler cloth of Tunliu: In the Spring and Autumn Period, Tunliu was a city in Chi Di, which was destroyed by Jin and belonged to Tunliu in Shanxi today.
"Chang 'an" small square ruler cloth: "Chang 'an", place name, Zhao Yi.
Gong Li: "Gong Li" refers to Gong and Zheng Yi in Huixian County, Henan Province.
"Plain" box: Zhao has, or has been fiefdom.
"Feng" small square ruler cloth: "Feng", a place name, is located in the east of Yan County, Shaanxi Province.
"Juncus Juncus" Square Foot Cloth —— Interpretation of the pointed foot cloth "Juncus Juncus"
"Du Gao" small square ruler cloth: "Du Gao", the place name, belongs to Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period and Wei in the Warring States Period, in the northeast of Jincheng County, Shanxi Province.
"Ma ● Lu" small square ruler cloth: "●" is a province of clothing. "Lu" is written for the province, the place of residence. Zhao Wen, the king of Hui, named Zhao She as Ma Su, which means the fief of Zhao Jun.
"Pingyin" small square ruler cloth: "Pingyin", place name, in the east of Mengjin County, Henan Province.
"Xin Li" small square ruler cloth: ""is Xin, the place name, originally belonging to Guo.
"Ghost Xunzi" small square ruler cloth: "Ghost Xunzi", place name, in the Spring and Autumn Period, later returned to Jin.
"yaoyu" has a small square ruler cloth: "Yu" is written in the province, while the Hui people think that "Yu" is written in the words of suburban provinces. Then "Yu Xiang" means "Yu Xiang Cape", which was cast in the suburbs of Guo Yu. Yu Yucheng's hometown is in the west of Qinyang County, Henan Province.
"Flat circumference" small square foot cloth: interpretation of "flat circumference" of pointed foot cloth.
"Zhu Yi" small square ruler cloth: or, country name, in the south of Zou County, Shandong Province.
"Shangqiu" Small Square Foot Cloth —— Interpretation of "Shangqiu" Pointed Foot Cloth
"Tile" small square ruler cloth: namely "tile", place name, Zhoudi, in Yichuan County, Henan Province today.
"Li Cheng" small square ruler cloth: "Li Cheng", the country name, is in the northern part of Ningyang County, Shandong Province.
"Gao" small square ruler cloth: "Gao", place name, Jin, in Qixian County, Shanxi Province.
"Tan" small square ruler cloth: "Tan", place name, Zhoudi, is in the west of Luoyang today.
"Lai" small square ruler cloth: "Lai" comes, that is, Zhengdi, in the east of Yingze County, Henan Province.
"Mubei" small square ruler cloth: see "Mufu" above.
"Pingbei" square ruler cloth: that is, "Pingyi", see the above explanation.
"Purple Stone" Square ruler cloth: "Purple Stone", Warring States Zhao Di, Shaanxi. This cloth has a "half of Z", that is, two pieces are equal to a "Z".
"Nie Yin" small square ruler cloth: See the previous explanation of "Nie Jin".
"Ning" small square ruler cloth: "Ning", a place name, was the land of Yiqu in the Spring and Autumn Period, and later returned to Qin, located in the northwest of Ning County, Gansu Province.
"Bao" small square ruler cloth: "Bao" is also the national territory of Yiqu.
"Tai" small square ruler cloth: "Tai", the country name, is located in the southwest of Wugong County, Shaanxi Province.
"Gao Lian" small square ruler cloth: "Gao Lian", place name, Jinyi, in Baixiang, Henan Province today.
"Fuyi" small square ruler cloth: "Fuyi", the place name, is in Lueyang, Shaanxi.
"Wei Yi" small square ruler cloth: "Wei" was written by Sister Sheng. Sister States are everywhere. The land is in the north of Qixian County, Henan Province.
Small square ruler cloth is still beneficial to Chang, Li, Ge Lu, He Lv, Lang, Wang, Wang Yi, Zhuo and Harm.
Among the coins in circulation during the Warring States period, there is also a special shape, with flat shoulders, long body, square feet and holes in the head. Qian Wen is a four-character coin, which is interpreted as "extraordinary cloth as a gift" and "extraordinary cloth as a gift", and now it is interpreted as "money as a gift" with the words "ten products" on the back. There is also a foot shaped like two square feet, connected together, and the face and curtain are two words. Some people constantly interpret noodles and curtains as "four pieces of cloth should be transformed into ten pieces", and the existing interpretation is "four dollars should be transformed" These two kinds of cloth are few in quantity.
Three-hole cloth and round feet
Three-hole cloth has a hole in its head and feet, so it is called three-hole cloth or three-hole cloth. This kind of cloth coin was the currency of the Qin Dynasty at the end of the Warring States Period, with a special shape and few handed down from generation to generation. There are words on the face of the coin and heavy words on the back, such as two, Zhu (later baht) and so on.
Southern Tang (or Luyang) is a three-hole cloth: Southern Tang, the place name, Zhao Yi of Warring States.
"Anyang" three-hole cloth: for the explanation, see the article "Anyang".
In addition, there are Shangbi Xiangyang, Bi Xia Xiangyang, Shangzhuan, Xiazhuan, Qi, Beijiumen and Lin.
Third, knife coins
Knife coins evolved from bronze knives, which may have originated in fishing and hunting areas and later developed in developed areas of commerce and handicrafts. Qi, Yan, Zhao and other countries all use knife coins, and they also use cloth coins. Knife coins can be roughly divided into the following categories.
1, Qi Dao: Qi Dao is the currency of Qi State, with large size, neat production and beautiful characters. In Qian Wen, people usually call "Seven Roads" according to the number of words.
Qi Liuzi Dao: This is a rare and precious Dao coin handed down from generation to generation. Exquisite production and exquisite writing fully reflect the superb level of culture, art and casting technology in the Warring States period. There are some explanations for the six characters in the currency, such as "making the country rich and strong", "making the country rich and strong ● legalized", "making the country rich and strong" and "making the country rich and strong". So far, no consensus has been reached. Some people interpret "founding a country" as a place name, while others interpret it as "expanding territory and building a country".
"Qi Fahua" three-character knife: the words on the back are Han, Niu, Sheng, Ping, Gong, C, Da, Shang, Shi, Tu, An, Fang, Xing, Dao, Culture, Dagger, Qi, Mu, Liang, Yi, Yue, Jin and Mi.
"Legalization of Qi" has four characters: Yue, Hua, ● Fennel, Ge, Qi, Shang, Shi, Er and so on.
"Qizhihua" three-character Dao: This Dao has been handed down from generation to generation very rarely, and the back text is bi and Wen.
"Legalization of provincial ink" knife: made by Jimo of provincial ink and Jimo of Qi State (now Pingdu, Shandong Province). On the back, there are words such as Anbang, Daxing, Gong Yue, Kyrgyzstan, Shanghai, China Airlines, Company and so on.
"Legalization of saving ink" knife: same as above. There are earth, people, gas, me, VII, VIII, X, Bi, Shang, ●, IX, Yue, Da, Hua, Si and so on.
The sword of "Anyang legalization": "Anyang" originally belonged to the giant, and later to the Qi. "Historical Records Six Kingdoms Table" "Qi Xuanwang cut Ju and Anyang in forty-four years." There are words such as Hua, ●, Yue, Shang, Gong, Bi, I, Er, ● and Ba. There is a star on the word, and there are three stripes on the star.
Full Dao: Boshan County, Shandong Province has many excavations, so it is also called "Boshan Dao". Boshan area belongs to Qi in ancient times, so it is called Qi Dao Coin. Because there is a word "Ming" on the knife, it is called "full knife". Most people recite one word, and some recite two words or more. Some words have yet to be explained. There are some words behind, such as covariant, covariant, covariant and covariant, which can also be proved to be one of the strange ways.
Pointed knife: Pointed knife is an early type of knife currency, with a sharp head. This kind of cutter head is particularly sharp and has no money. Some people call it a needle knife, and its circulation time is in the Spring and Autumn Period. Generally speaking, a sharp first knife is much thinner, smaller and simpler than a neat knife. There are many words, such as: Fei, Cheng, Compilation, Tu, Yi, Culture, Mu, Yun, Sheng, Yu, Ye, Shang, Zhong, Xia, Shui, Wang, surname, Jing, Yue and the numbers one, two and three. , and few characters, with signs.
2. Ming Dow: It is named after the word "Ming" on the blade, which also means "Zhao", "●" and "Ju". Ming Dao has two shapes: one is that the handle and blade are bent like chin, so it is also called "chin folding knife". The other is slightly curved, so it is also called "round folding knife". This kind of knife coin is mainly unearthed in Hebei, which is generally considered as Yan currency, and some people think that Zhao also uses this kind of knife coin. The words on the back of the knife are Gong, Hua, Gan, Shang, Xia, Zuo, Ji, Xing, B, Ren, Gui and Liang. Some words are unknown.
3. Round-headed knife: This kind of knife is a kind of knife coin in the late Warring States period. Both sides of the cutter head are round, so it is called a round-headed knife. It is also called a straight knife because the connection between the blade and the handle is almost straight and slightly curved. There are some words on the knife, some with words, and some with words as follows:
"ganden" round-headed knives: "ganden", namely Handan and Zhao Di. There are ●, knife, six, eight, ten and so on. At the back, there are no words.
"White" round-headed knife: "white", the word of white province, refers to white people, Zhao Di. On the back, there are words such as one, two, five, six, seven, ten, one, two, one, twenty-four, people, factories, fish, culture, fields, B, and some without words.
"White man" round-headed knife: same as above. There is a word "two" on the back.
"Bai Cheng" round-headed knife: "Bai Cheng", place name.
Small straight knife: the blade is straight and small, which is the knife coin at the end of the Warring States period. There are only "Jinyang", "Jinyang" and "Jinyang" in Qian Wen.
Fourth, ring money.
Ring money is a currency evolved from the spinning wheel of textile tools, and some people think that it is evolved from rings or knife coins decorated with jade rings and stone rings. Its shape is round, with a hole in the middle, which is easy to carry, count and break, so it eventually became the direct ancestor of square hole round money in China. During the Warring States period, except Chu, other countries either cast money in the ring first or later. The early money rings were large in shape and had no words. The hole is round first, then there is Guo, and there is casting. At the same time, it is gradually developing in the direction of light and small. Introduction is as follows:
The word "yuan" rings money: "yuan", the place name is Changyuan, which first belonged to Wei, then to Zhai, then to Jin, and now to the west of Yuan County, Shanxi Province. This currency is thought to have been minted by Yuan in the Spring and Autumn Period.
The word "Gong" rings money: "Gong", a place name, belonged to Wei during the Warring States Period, and is now in Huixian County, Henan Province.
The word "Lin" rings money: "Lin", the place name, see the previous explanation.
"Different Yin" is money: the old explanation of "benefiting Yin" is now read from "A General Examination of Ancient Currency in China". The land is located in Xinzheng and Mixian County, Henan Province, which is the land of Zheng.
"Lishi" ring money: "Lishi", the place name, see the previous explanation.
"Long board and one wall": For the explanation of "long board", see the article "Long board" above, and one wall is the monetary unit.
"Common Red Gold": An Interpretation of the Illustration of Ancient Money in Past Dynasties: "Tun" is pure, and the common copper is pure red, so it is called common red gold.
"Common formula": the second word to be tested.
"Eastern Zhou" and "Western Zhou" Qian: "Eastern Zhou" and "Western Zhou" are place names. In 44 1 year BC, Zhou sealed his brother in Henan, a fenced commons in the northwest of Luoyang, called the Western Zhou Dynasty. In 357 BC, King Hui of Zhou made his youngest son's class public, which was called the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in the northeast of Luoyang. The Eastern and Western Zhou Dynasties were located in the direction of Luoyang, the capital of Zhou Dynasty, but not in history. The "Eastern Zhou" money was cast by the monarch of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and the "Western Zhou" money was cast by the monarch of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Anzang: To be tested.
"Ming Hua" and "Ming Si": both are Yan Huanqian. Round square hole.
"Semi-ring": "Semi-ring", a monetary unit, means half of a ring.
"Bayihua", "Bayihua", "Bayihua" and "Bayihua": Yi Bei, currency name. "Hua", monetary unit. Numbers dominate money. This money is round and square.
"A bead weighs one or two. Twelve "old interpretation:" It weighs one or two dozen beads ". This coin also has "one bead weight 12. 13" and "one bead weight 12. 14", which is interpreted as Qin Huanqian.
"Two steroids": "Steroids", weight unit, 6 baht per steroid, 12 baht for two steroids, that is, half two. This money has a round square hole, which is also a A Qin coin.
Five, the ant nose money and money
Ant nose money
Ant nose money is the copper coin of Chu State, and it is the advanced form of Beibi. Because of its shape and inscription, it is also called "face money". There are several inscriptions on "ant nose money", some of which are interpreted as "left", "●", "gold" and "Zhu", while others are interpreted as "six Zhu".
China is not only the first country to use metal coins, but also the first country to use precious metal-gold as currency. Precious metals are easy to be separated, stored, carried, small in size and long in mass, and are ideal coin materials. "Ying City" is the earliest gold coin in China. "Ying City" is a place name and the capital of Chu State. "In this word" is a unit of weight. In addition to "Cheng", there is also "Chen Cheng".