Quotations include: introduction, quotation and quotation.
Introduction is to quote proverbs, aphorisms, proverbs and folk songs that are not in books to strengthen the persuasiveness of the article.
Example: There is a proverb in the State of Chu: "It is better to keep promise in one season than to get a hundred gold." (Biography of Historical Records and Ji Bu)
Quoting is quoting historical stories when writing.
Ex.: In the past, it was carried with Yongqu, and Confucius adapted to Chen; Shang Yang was chilling because of his fine sword; Si Yuan changed color with his son: shame since ancient times. (Sima Qian's Letter to Ren An) ―― Three Historical Stories
The quotation is from the book.
Second, metaphor.
It is equivalent to a metaphor in the modern sense, including simile and metaphor.
Similes often use ru, si, si, si, si and so on.
This is easy to understand, so I won't give an example.
Third, agency.
This means that authors often borrow words that have some internal relationship with things as titles instead of using their proper names.
Three common pronouns:
1. Use the attributes and characteristics of things to refer to it.
For example: because fat (food) is not enough? Thin and warm (expensive clothes) is not enough for body and body? ("Mencius Qi Huan Jinwen Shi Zhi")
2. Replace the private name with the common name.
Example: the wealth of mountains and seas (the product of mountains and seas) (Taizifang, Galand, Luoyang)
3. Use the special name pan-generation name
Example: Elegance (generally referring to traditional excellent poems) has not been written for a long time, but who will fail me? (Li Bai's "Antique")
Pay attention to the difference between general reference and metaphor.
Fourth, parallel mention.
Refers to two related things juxtaposed in one sentence.
Example: Smart eyes and ears. (Biography of Hua Tuo in the Later Han Dynasty)
In fact, you are alert and sober.
V. Intertextuality
Also known as intertextuality, or intertextuality for short, its characteristic is that contextual meanings echo each other and complement each other.
Example: pine and cypress are planted in the east and west, and phoenix trees are planted in the left and right. (Jiao Zhongqing's wife/peacock flies southeast)
In fact, conifers and phoenix trees are planted in the east, west, north and south, not east and west, but left and right.
Exaggeration of intransitive verbs
It is equivalent to the current exaggeration.
Like "Three thousands of feet with White Hair", I won't give specific examples.
Seven, inversion
Different from the inversion sentence in classical Chinese syntax, it is not worthy of recognition and is not mentioned.
Eight, euphemism
It means not telling the truth, deliberately putting words euphemistically and implicitly to avoid vulgarity, taboo, offense, etc.
Examples: convenience (defecation), mountain collapse (emperor's death), etc.
Question 2: What are the commonly used figures of speech in Chinese? Better give an example. 1. Metaphor (1) Metaphor is characterized by metaphor. That is to grasp the similarities between two different things and compare one thing with another. Generally speaking, the structure of metaphor should be composed of three parts, namely, ontology (the object to be compared), vehicle (the object to be compared) and figurative words (the symbol of figurative relationship). The key of metaphor is that A and B must be essentially different things, and there must be similarities between A and B, otherwise it cannot be established. (2) The type of metaphor (1) simile. The typical form is: A is like B, and ontological vehicles all appear, which are connected by metaphors such as "image, image, as if, as if". For example, harvested crops are piled up like hills to keep a stable temperature. 2 metaphor. The typical form is: A is B. Ontological vehicles all appear, with no figurative words in the middle. They are often connected by "yes", "becoming" and "becoming". For example, the square is a sea of snow-white garlands, and monuments have been piled into snow-white hills. 3 metaphor. The typical form is: A generation B. Without ontology, it directly describes the vehicle. But it is different from metonymy. Use metonymy to get the relevant points of two things, and use metaphor to get the similarities of two things. For example, "catching sparrows with eyes closed" and "blind people touching elephants" are careless, boastful and content with a little knowledge. This extremely bad style still exists among many comrades in our Party. 4 metaphor. Use several metaphors to compare the same ontology from different angles and with different similarities. For example, look, are those girls in windbreakers who come by bike dancing, red butterflies, green parrots or blue peacocks? (3) The function of metaphor is mainly to turn plain into vivid; Or turn abstruse into simple; Or abstract into concrete; Or turn verbosity into conciseness. (4) The following situations, although there are words such as "like" and "as if", are not figurative sentences. She is very much like her mother in character. It's dark, as if it is going to rain. She seemed to hear her heart beating violently. Many touching figures have emerged in our time, such as Xu Honggang and Li Xiangqun. Characteristics of analogy (1) According to imagination, things are described as people, abstract concepts as people or things, or people as things and things as other things. Its form is: things are humanized, or people are materialized, or things are materialized. (2) the type of analogy ① personification (writing things as adults). For example, the green grass on the soft mud is oily and swaying underwater. (2) simulacra (writing people as objects or writing A as objects B). For example, when I got outside the house, my mother had already greeted me, and then my eight-year-old nephew Honger flew out. (3) The role of metaphor The correct use of metaphor increases the vividness and vividness of language, which not only makes readers have a vivid impression on what they express, but also has a strong feeling for it, thus causing resonance. 3. Metonymy (1) The characteristics of metonymy do not directly say the real name of the thing to be said, but borrow the name of something closely related to people or things to replace it. ⑵ Types of metonymy ① Characteristic ontology. For example, the beard roared. (2) Substance replaces noumenon. For example, wood tied with rope is straight, and gold is sharp. ③ Logo generates ontology. For example, who would have expected to fall into the hands of "three heads" or something? This is not wrong! (4) Famous works. For example, we should read more books about Lu Xun. 5 nicknames instead of yourself. For example, Chai Lu Explosion, let's make a fire! ⑥ proper name generalization. For example, a thousand readers have a thousand Hamlets. ⑦ The concrete generation is abstract. For example, don't take a needle or thread from the masses. 8 Part replaces the whole. For example: sing low eyebrows and don't write, and the moonlight shines like water on the skirt. (3) The function of metonymy is simple and complicated; Replace the virtual with the real; Replace ordinary with odd numbers; Exchange things for feelings. It can arouse people's association and make the expression receive outstanding images, distinctive features and concrete and vivid effects. 2. Exaggeration (1) is characterized by pursuing a certain performance effect and expanding or narrowing the original things reasonably and intentionally. It is required that the foundation and basis of life should not be lost when using it, and that it should not be exaggerated all over the sky and give people a sense of reality. (2) Type of exaggeration (1) Enlarge exaggeration. For example, I still have a good heart, even if I die nine times, I have no regrets. (2) reduce exaggeration. For example, Wuling makes waves, and Wumeng takes mud pills. 3 exaggerate in advance. For example, if you don't drink, you will get drunk first, your eyes will bleed and your heart will turn to dust. ⑶ The function of exaggeration is helpful to highlight the essence and characteristics of things, clearly show the author's emotional attitude towards things and increase the vividness of language. 5. Duality (1) The characteristics of duality Two phrases or sentences with the same or roughly the same number of words, the same or similar structure, and related or opposite meanings are symmetrically arranged together. (2) Types of duality ① According to ...
Question 3: How many books do you recommend about ancient rhetoric in China? General understanding of Wang Yi's rhetoric. China Cultural Service 1948.
Rhetoric originated from Lu Wangdao. This book is China's first scientific rhetoric work, which opens up a new realm of rhetoric research. Dajiang Bookstore was first published on 1932, and later reprinted many times. Shanghai People's Publishing House printed the revised edition at 1976.
Yang Shuda's Chinese Rhetoric and Classical Chinese. Formerly known as China Rhetoric. Published by Shanghai World Bookstore 1933. 1955 was renamed "Rhetoric of Classical Chinese in China", which was published by Science Press in 65438+February. Reprinted by Zhonghua Book Company 1980.
Zhao keqin's views on rhetoric in ancient chinese. The Commercial Press 1983 March Edition, Horizontal Edition.
Examples of rhetoric in Zhang Wenzhi's ancient books. Zhonghua Book Company 1937 September 1st edition. 65438+ China reprinted in September, 0996.
Question 4: Rhetoric 1 and intertextuality in ancient Chinese are not common in modern Chinese.
Also known as intertextuality, intertextuality sees meaning. It refers to the rhetorical way that the words in the corresponding positions in the preceding and following sentences penetrate and complement each other, and only by understanding each other can their meanings be clarified. For example, in Wang Changling's poem "Out of the Great Wall", there is a saying that "the moon passed through Qin, and people did not return on the Long March". That is, the "bright moon" in the Qin and Han Dynasties and the "Guan" in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
2. let's go.
A method of comparing similar, related or opposite viewpoints or things to highlight a certain viewpoint or thing. Guo, a painter in the Song Dynasty, said: "The mountain wants to be high, but the exhaustion is not high; Smoke locks its waist and its height. Water is far away, exhaustion is not far, and resistance is far away. "
Question 5: What are the rhetorical devices in ancient Chinese? The main rhetorical devices are: antithesis, metaphor, personification, metonymy, exaggeration, parallelism, repetition, symbol, sleepover, sustenance, contrast and so on. Metaphor can be divided into simile, metaphor, metonymy, compound metaphor (also known as metaphor), inverted metaphor (also known as reverse metaphor) and anti-metaphor. Sketch, analogy (also called analogy), avoiding repetition, changing use, layering, filling (also called contrast), setting off (divided into positive contrast and negative contrast), inverted text, inverted sentence, reduplication, reduplication, truthfulness (also called Julian and thimble), duality (also called duality and parallelism), renovation, repetition and repetition. Overlap, separation, sharing, sharing, calling, intertextuality, intertextuality, conversion, palindrome, demotion, metonymy, rhetorical questions, ambiguity, parallelism, couplets, descriptions (also divided into imitation, imitation), tapestry, connection, exaggeration, warning, and so on. Words that are not replaced are called overlapping or repetition (pay attention to the difference between the two).
Question 6: What are rhetoric, rhetoric and rhetoric? What is rhetoric, rhetoric, rhetoric?
Various dictionaries and linguists have different views on the definition of rhetoric, but the basic energy is the same.
Modern Chinese Dictionary describes rhetoric as "polishing words and using various expressions to make the language express correctly, vividly and powerfully". Rhetoric is "various rhetorical methods, such as analogy, duality, parallelism, etc." Rhetoric is "a part of linguistics, which studies how to make language expression accurate, profound and vivid". (See page 14 16 of the revised edition of Ancient Chinese Dictionary published by the Commercial Press.)
The explanation of Ci Hai is: "Rhetoric is an activity to express what the author wants to express properly by using various Chinese materials and various expression techniques according to the theme situation." "Rhetoric is rhetoric." "Rhetoric is a discipline of linguistics, which studies how to properly express thoughts and emotions by using various Chinese materials and various expressions according to the topic situation. It reveals the order of rhetorical phenomena and the system of rhetorical viewpoints, and people use and invent various rhetorical methods to properly express what they want to express. " (See page 242 of the condensed version of Ci Hai)
Zhang Zhigong, president of China Rhetoric Society, said: "Rhetoric is a working process of carefully selecting language materials according to certain goals when using language." (See "Rhetoric and Rhetoric Teaching" published by Shanghai Education Press, page 3)
Hu Yushu, a professor at Fudan University in Shanghai, pointed out in the revised edition of Modern Chinese: "Rhetoric is the law of using appropriate means of expression to adapt to specific situations and improve the effect of language expression." "Rhetoric is a science to study this law." (See Modern Chinese, page 428, published by Shanghai Education Press)
Professor Huang Borong of Lanzhou University pointed out in the fifth chapter of Modern Chinese: What is rhetoric? It refers to all methods and means to enhance the expression effect in a language, that is, the object of rhetoric research; The second is that people use various methods and means to enhance the effect of language expression in language practice, that is, rhetorical activities of speaking and writing. Rhetoric is the comprehensive application of phonetics, vocabulary and grammar in all aspects of language, which is closely related to the three elements of modern Chinese and is a branch of language science. (See Modern Chinese, pp. 475-477, published by Gansu Nationalities Publishing House)
Zhou Bingjun and Li Weiqi, professors of Hunan Normal University, said: "Rhetoric is to use various linguistic means to improve the expressive force of language and enhance the expressive effect of language. Rhetoric is a science that summarizes the history of rhetoric, studies the means, methods and applications of rhetoric, and summarizes the rules of rhetoric. " (See Rhetoric, page 3, published by Hunan People's Publishing House)
Qin Wang, an associate professor at Xiangtan University, said: "Rhetoric has three meanings. First, it refers to people's deployment and choice of language elements and expressions. This is an action or sport. Second, it refers to the system of various forming factors and expression systems in language works. This is a language phenomenon that has been adjusted and processed. The third is rhetoric discipline. ..... Rhetoric is a science that studies the methods and laws of how to improve the effect of language expression. " (See "Introduction to Rhetoric" on page 5-7)
Li Yude believes: "Rhetoric has three meanings. We say' writing an article requires rhetoric', and this' rhetoric' refers to rhetorical activities; It is said that' this article is very characteristic in rhetoric', and' rhetoric' here refers to rhetorical phenomena; If' everyone should learn grammar and rhetoric',' rhetoric' here refers to rhetoric. "
(See Newly Applicable Rhetoric, page 1, published by Beijing Publishing House)
1The Chinese Grammar and Rhetoric Dictionary published in June, 988 explains that:
Rhetoric refers to the method, skill or rule of using language in order to express specific ideological content and adapt to specific topic situations. For example, "Maotai never touches his lips, and people get drunk three points first." In order to describe wine, it seems unreasonable to use the technique of "exaggerating in advance", but it is very vivid. This is rhetoric. Chen Wangdao's The Origin of Rhetoric said: "Rhetoric is originally a means of expressing feelings." Equal to this idea. According to the topic situation, the activity of using language methods, skills or rules to appropriately express specific ideological content. That is, the activity of adjusting language. The explanation of "Xiu" in Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi in Han Dynasty is: "Decoration"; Another interpretation of "Ci": "The lawsuit is also based on" sound disorder ",which is still reasonable." "Koo" means "sin", and "managing Koo" means arguments and lawsuits. In modern times, "rhetoric" refers to the adjustment and modification of words and phrases. The Origin of Rhetoric says: "Rhetoric is a solution of adjustment or application, rhetoric is an explanation of words, and rhetoric is an adjustment or application of words." (See Dictionary of Chinese Grammar and Rhetoric, p. 443rd. > & gt