Old Summer Palace
It was mainly built in the last years of Kangxi and Yongzheng, and by the end of Yongzheng, the landscape group had spread all over the park for 3 thousand mu. During the Qianlong period, the park was built and renovated many times. The main landscape groups in the park include the famous "Forty Scenes of Yuanmingyuan" (i.e. aboveboard, diligent and virtuous, Jiuzhou Qingyan, hazy moonlight, natural picture scroll, Bitong Academy, Ciyunpu Lake, upper and lower skylight, apricot blossom spring pavilion, frank as Gu Hanjin, Changchun Xianting, Wanfang Anhe, Wuling Spring scenery, long mountains and waters, long moon and dark earth, and eternal kindness). Siyi Bookstore, Fanghu Scenic Area, Bathroom, Pinghu Qiuyue, Pengdao Yaotai, Xiushan Mansion, Juedong, Qin Jing Qin Ming, Han Xu Langjian, Boda Dagong, Zuoshichaoliu, Quyuan Fenglian, Shendong), as well as Zibishan Mansion, Algae Garden, Ruofan Pavilion, Wenyuan Pavilion and other major garden buildings at that time, there were about 600 plaques, which was the highest among royal gardens at home and abroad.
Changchun garden
It was founded in Qianlong 10 (1745), and when 175 1 officially set up the general manager of Guanyuan, the main scenic spots of Guanyuan West Road were basically completed, such as Lianhuaitang, Hanjingtang, Yulinglongtang, Siyongzhai, Haiyue Jinkai, Dequan Pavilion and Liu Xiangzhu. Later, Ganyuan Garden and Xiaoyou Tianyuan Garden were built one after another. The eastern scenery of the park (Yingqingzhai, Ruyuan, Jianyuan and Lion Forest) was built on a large scale during the thirty-first to thirty-seventh years of Qianlong, including Xiyanglou Scenic Area, and Changchun Garden * * * covers an area of one mu. About 200 garden buildings are hung with plaques.
Qichunyuan
Earlier, it was originally a mansion given by Yun Xiang, Prince of QIA. It was built in the last years of Kangxi, and was later given to Fu Heng, a great scholar. In the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong (1770), it was officially incorporated into the royal garden and named Qichun Garden. The scope at that time did not include its northwest. In the fourth and sixteenth years of Jiaqing, there were two gardens in the west. One was Xishuang Village, which became a prince, and the other was Zhuang Jing and Princess Han Hui Garden. After large-scale repair, reconstruction and addition, the garden began to have a scale of 1000 mu and became one of the main gardens of the Qing emperor. At this time, Yuanming Sanyuan is in its heyday. Jiaqing first wrote the poem "Thirty Scenes of Spring Garden", and then more than twenty scenes were created one after another. At that time, the famous landscape groups were Fuchuntang, Qingxiazhai, Hanqiuguan, Shengdongshi, Siyi Bookstore, Chunzezhai, Fenglinzhou, Weizaotang, Zhonghetang, Bixiang, Chikuling, Xiyushan Building, Yanyulou, Hanhui Building, Chengxintang and Weizaotang. There are more than 100 garden buildings with plaques. Qichunyuan Palace Gate was built in the 14th year of Jiaqing (1809). Because it was built more than half a century later than the Grand Palace Gate of Yuanmingyuan and the Second Palace Gate of Changchun Garden, it is also called the "New Palace Gate" and has been in use ever since. Since the early years of Daoguang, Fuchuntang area of Huayuan East Road has been rebuilt as a place to support the Empress Dowager. But the scenery of Yuanxi Road has always been the garden residence of Daoguang and Xianfeng emperors. After the destruction of 1860 Park, it was renamed Wanchun Garden when it tried to rebuild during the Tongzhi period.
Xiyanglou
In order to pursue all kinds of fun, the Qing emperor also introduced a European-style garden building in the northern boundary of Changchun Garden, commonly known as "West Building", which consists of more than ten buildings and gardens, including Heqi, Hangqiao, Flower Array, Bird Cage, Fang Mao, Haiyan Hall, Yuan Yingguan, Dashuifa, Waterscape, Hangshan and Hangqiang. The planning began in the 12th year of Qianlong (1747) and was basically completed in the 24th year (1759). It was designed by western missionaries Lang Shining, Michelle benoit and Wang Zhicheng and built by craftsmen in China. The architectural form is Baroque style in the late Renaissance of Europe, and the garden form is Rainotte style. However, it also absorbed many traditional techniques of gardening and architectural decoration from China.
The main body of the West Building is actually an artificial fountain called "Water Method". It is characterized by a large number, great momentum and strange ideas. It mainly forms three large fountain groups, namely, Harmony and Curiosity, Haiyan Hall and Dashuifa, which are quite interesting.
Heqi: It was the first building built in the autumn of the 16th year of Qianlong. The main building is on the third floor. There is a large seawall fountain in the south of the building, which consists of bronze geese, bronze sheep and humpback grouper in the west. On the left and right sides of the building, the octagonal hall extends from the curved corridor, where Chinese and western music is played.
Haiyan Hall: It is the largest palace in the West Building. The main entrance of the main building faces west, and there is a big pool in front of the steps. Twelve bronze statues of animal faces (rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, chicken, dog and pig, belonging to the China Zodiac) are arranged around the pool in a figure of eight. They spray water for one hour (2 hours) day and night, and the twelve constellations spray water together at noon. This elaborate design of replacing the western nude statue with the bronze statue of the zodiac is really a masterpiece of combining Chinese and western. Originally, it was a European portrait of naked women, but Qianlong felt that naked women did not conform to the customs of China, so he changed it to the zodiac, made of bronze.
Dashuifa: It is the most spectacular fountain in the West Building. The building is shaped like a stone niche, similar to a doorway. There is a big lion head spraying water below, forming a seven-layer water curtain. There is an oval chrysanthemum fountain in front and back, and a bronze sika deer in the center of the pool. The antlers spray water eight times. Two servants kept ten bronze dogs, and sprayed water from their mouths, shooting directly at the deer, splashing layers of waves. Commonly known as "hunting dogs for deer." On the left and right sides of Dashuifa, there is a huge spray tower, which is square and has thirteen floors, and the top spouts water columns. There are eighty-eight copper pipes around the tower, all of which spray water together. At that time, the emperor was sitting opposite watching the water method and looking at this group of fountains. Magal, the British envoy, and the Dutch envoy both "admired" the wonders of water law here. It is said that if this fountain is fully opened, it will be like a flash flood. It is said that people in the vicinity have to gesture when they speak, and its spectacular degree can be imagined.
The flower bed is a garden that imitates the maze of Europe. Its main feature is that the brick wall carved by four-foot tall figures is divided into several mazes, so it is called "Wanhua Array". In its heyday, every Mid-Autumn Festival night, the Qing emperor sat in the circular pavilion in the center of the array, and the ladies-in-waiting held lotus lanterns made of yellow colored silk to find a way to fly, and the first one could get the reward of the emperor. So it is also called yellow flower array or yellow light. Although the diameter distance from the entrance to the central pavilion is only more than 30 meters, it is easy to enter and exit, and it is easy to walk into a dead end. The Qing emperor sat on a high place and looked around at the lotus lanterns, which made him feel happy.
The whole scenic area of Xiyanglou is no more than one fiftieth of the total area of Yuanming Three Gardens, only a small part. But it is a successful attempt to imitate European gardens in China. This plays an important role in the history of gardens in China and the history of garden exchanges between the East and the West. Its construction has aroused strong repercussions in Europe. A Western European missionary who witnessed it spoke highly of the West Tower: it combines beauty and interest in one place, with all kinds of magnificent and peculiar fountains that people can imagine, the largest of which can keep pace with the fountains of Versailles and St. Croix's Church. The missionary concluded that Yuanmingyuan is also the Palace of Versailles in China.
Yuanmingyuan is a treasure house, which contains rare cultural relics such as celebrity calligraphy and painting, secret room classics, Zhong Ding treasures, gold and silver jewelry and so on, and concentrates the essence of ancient culture. Yuanmingyuan is also a garden of exotic flowers and plants, with millions of rare flowers and trees. There is also a western-style garden scenic spot in Yuanmingyuan. The most famous "watching water method" is a western-style fountain, a flower maze and a western-style building, all of which have the style of Italian Renaissance.
The second opium war, also known as the war between Britain and France. 1856, Britain captured pirates on the China Roya in Huangpu, Guangzhou, under the pretext of Guangdong navy.
Send troops to attack Guangzhou. France also invaded under the pretext that the French Catholic priest Marais was killed in Xilin, Guangxi. 1857, the British and French allied forces captured Guangzhou.
1858, the British and French fleets attacked Dagukou with the support of the United States and Russia. Dagubao fell and the British and French forces invaded Tianjin. The Qing government sent an imperial envoy Jia Liang,
Vashana signed the Tianjin Treaty with representatives of Russia, the United States, Britain and France. In the same year, Russia forced the Heilongjiang general Yishan to sign the "Hui Yuan"
Treaty. 1June, 859, Britain, France and the United States led a fleet to shell Dagu on the grounds that they were refused to change their contracts in Beijing. Shi Rongchun, the magistrate, led the defenders to fight back, sinking and injuring the enemy ship 10.
Ship, killed nearly 500 enemy troops, seriously injured the British fleet commander Herbert, Shi Rongchun died. 1August 860, 18000 British and French troops landed from Beitang and occupied Tianjin.
In September, the Qing army defeated the British and French allied forces at Baliqiao in Tongzhou, Beijing. Emperor Xianfeng and Cinuo of the Qing Dynasty left Beijing and fled to Chengde. 10 year 10 month 18 day, British and French allied forces occupied Beijing and looted it.
Robbery and burning of Yuanmingyuan (see burning Yuanmingyuan). The British and French allied forces burned and looted in the suburbs of Beijing for nearly 50 days, and the royal gardens in the suburbs of Beijing, such as Yuanmingyuan, Qingyi Garden and Jingming Garden (jade
Quanshan), Jingyi Garden (Xiangshan) and Changchun Garden were all set on fire. The Qing court appointed Yi Xin as the plenipotentiary, responsible for the Sino-British and Sino-French peace negotiations and the signing of the Beijing Treaty. 1 1 month,
Russia also coerced the Qing government to sign the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty. China paid huge reparations and lost a large area of territorial sovereignty.