Perhaps when you search for Zhu Yuanzhang’s portrait, you will find that Zhu Yuanzhang is basically painted with a pig-loin face. Does Zhu Yuanzhang really look like this? Of course, Zhu Yuanzhang did not have a camera at the time, so we have no way of knowing what he looked like. However, judging from the ancient portraits, can it be regarded as a true portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang? Maybe you can find some little secrets. There are many descriptions of Zhu Yuanzhang's appearance in history, which may be relatively close.
"Liao Fan and Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang face to face" is a very interesting scene in Jiang Wen's movie "The Evil Will Not Suppress the Right".
Does Zhu Yuanzhang really have a "pig loin face"?
It has nothing to do with "deliberately vilifying the Qing Dynasty"
The 13 portraits of Zhu Yuanzhang from the Ming and Qing Dynasties have been kept in the palace and passed down from generation to generation. These portraits can be divided into two different faces.
One is a full moon, kind-hearted and peaceful, one is in the prime of life, one is in old age, one and two. The other one has a long forehead, a garlic-like nose, and a protruding forehead, which is quite strange. It is the "Pork Loin Face Portrait" commonly known as "Pork Loin", with eleven pictures. There is no historical data to explain why the former is the official "standard image" of the Ming Dynasty and why the latter is hidden in the Nanxun Hall of the Qing Palace.
The two handed down portraits of Zhu Yuanzhang have distinctive features.
There is a widely circulated saying that Zhu Yuanzhang's historical image of "pig loin and pig face" was a deliberate vilification created by the Qing Dynasty in order to attack the Han people.
This kind of speculation is naturally untenable. These two different historical images appeared as early as the Ming Dynasty.
For example, Hans Zhang, an official who was active during the Jiajing and Wanli years of the Ming Dynasty, recorded such a personal experience in his book "Dreams in the Pine Window":
Yu said : "Yu is a human being. When he enters the Wuying Hall, he must be cared for by the second ancestor. The hairy face, big eyebrows, straight nose, and long lips are like a full moon, which must be full of feet, which is very different from the folk image. According to legend, the statue of Taizu was killed Several people, the latter was saved. I don’t know that the image of the latter was handed down by the Italian people.”
The portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang seen in Wuying Palace has “big eyebrows, straight nose and lips.” "Long, with a face like the full moon, it must be full", obviously referring to the official image mentioned above. "Very different from the folk image", revealing a strange portrait similar to "pig loin and pig face", which had been circulated among the people at that time.
Fan, another official who was active during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, recorded a similar personal experience in the book "Quwei News":
"There are two Mao Zedongs in the Wuying Palace. His true appearance: a man in his prime, with a black beard, more than an inch long, a slightly long and plump face, a very white complexion, and different eyebrows. When he is old, he must have silver hair on the sideburns, a plump round face, and a beautiful color. Because I know that the dragon’s chin and beard are all outstretched, and the scars on the face are fake.”
In other words, the standard portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang enshrined in Wuying Hall during the Jiajing and Wanli years of the Ming Dynasty. There are two statues, one in the prime of life and one in old age. These two portraits have survived to this day. Like Hans Zhang, Fan also saw another popular image of Zhu Yuanzhang, that of "dragon's chin and beard covered with scars".
The original and old version of the standard portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang
Zhang Xuan, an official who was active in the Wanli and Tianqi years of the Ming Dynasty, also left an interesting passage in his book "Suspicious Yao" Records:
"When my father ordered Dian Dian, he copied the royal appearance of the Qian Mansion, the dragon-shaped campus, and the left cheek with twelve black spots. It was very powerful, as secular as the world, and seemed to be true; and in Province, only the royal identity of the second ancestor of Koniz is hidden within the government. Emperor Kaonomi is also a beautiful husband, with a beard as silver as silk, and it doesn’t matter if he has twelve black spots on the dragon-shaped campus.”
People in Ming Dynasty call my grandfather "the first eldest father". In other words, around the Heji period
To sum up, Zhu Yuanzhang's "pig loin face" had become widely popular among the people in the middle and late Ming Dynasty at the latest. On the contrary, as the official standard image of the "beautiful husband" version, its scope of dissemination is still quite limited. The argument that "the Qing Dynasty deliberately vilified" is obviously not true.
So, what kind of portrait is closer to Zhu Yuanzhang’s true appearance?
The origin of the "Standard Portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang"
In Zhu Yuanzhang's time, there was no photography technology. To identify the authenticity of his portrait, we can only rely on historical data.
First, let’s briefly sort out the “Standard Portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang”, which is the origin of the strongest disciple and SF in the two portraits of the full moon and good eyes in history.
Official information from the Ming Dynasty,
“The dragon’s beard is long and gloomy, but the strange bones on its neck are hidden to the top, the sky is majestic, and it looks like a god.”
This inscription was authenticated by Zhu Di, Taizu of the Ming Dynasty. "Long beard and long ao" refers to the long and lush beard on Zhu Yuanzhang's cheeks; "Dignity of heaven, looking like a god" means that Zhu Yuanzhang's overall image is dignified and majestic, like a god. All in all, it looks very good and very impressive.
What is more difficult to understand is the expression "the strange bones on the neck are hidden on top". "Xiang" is the back of the neck. There is a "strange bone" on the back of the neck that extends along the back of the head to the top of the head. This one cannot be displayed in the "Official Standard Portrait" because these portraits are all "crown-front portraits" and the back of the head cannot be seen.
"The dreamer put a wall on the object, and then there was a slight pain in the flesh, and he suspected that he was sick. With the medicine, there was no test, and then it became a bone, which is very different.
"
God placed the jade jade on Zhu Yuanzhang's neck in a dream, causing Zhu Yuanzhang's neck to swell up with a slight pain. The medicine failed to cure it, and the jade finally turned into bones. This kind of story It is for political service, so it cannot be taken seriously. But Zhu Yuanzhang had an illness on the back of his neck, which may have affected the shape of his head.
The monument of filial piety. "Huang Gao tasted the paintings in the collection and wrote about the royal appearance, which was not in line with his purpose. Those who have realistic brushwork think they will be rewarded, and the same goes for browsing. Once I find what I want, there's a little more to it than meets the eye, and I'm delighted when I see it. I still ordered a few copies to the kings. The cover meant something, but I couldn't possibly know. ”
When Lu Rong was born, Zhu Yuanzhang had been dead for nearly 40 years. Zhu Yuanzhang’s capital was Nanjing. During the Hongwu period, painters who were called into the palace to “write royal faces” such as Zhao Yuan, Shen Xiyuan, and Chen Yu The Chen Yuan brothers were mostly from Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Lu Zengguan was appointed as the right official to participate in politics in Zhejiang. His "realistic brushwork" is difficult to appreciate in Jiangsu and Zhejiang painting circles, and "slightly out of shape, with a Mu Mu expression". "But he was able to win the favor of the emperor, which seems to indicate that Zhu Yuanzhang's true appearance was not outstanding, and some artistic rendering was required to become a "standard image."
However, the two "standard portraits of Zhu Yuanzhang" that have been handed down to this day It may have been formed during the Zhu Di era. According to the records of "Yin __" published in the third year of Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, after the Jingnan Incident, Chen Yuan, a Zhejiang painter who had entered the palace to "paint imperial portraits" for Zhu Yuanzhang during the Hongwu period, was summoned to Beijing. Redrawing the standard image of Zhu Yuanzhang:
“In the fourth year of Yongle, there was a temple disaster and Mao’s portrait was lost, called Yuanhua. From a distance, I was thinking, as if I was born, my ancestors were right, and I didn't feel the tears. "
"Chen", Volume 45, 0755-79000, the third year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty. The photo is
When Zhu Di ascended the throne, the standard portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang hidden in the palace had been destroyed This is also recorded in the official history book "Yin" during the Yongle period. This book tried its best to exaggerate the "legitimacy" of Zhu Di's crusade against Emperor Wenjian, and tried its best to slander him. One of them was to frame him for destroying Zhu Yuanzhang's standard image. :
"He became more and more arrogant and burned both Emperor Taizu Gao and Queen Gao Xiaoci. "
Wang Chongwu annotated the cover of this book 0755-79000, published by the Commercial Press in 1948.
This kind of record is naturally untrustworthy. Wen Jian was the successor personally designated by Zhu Yuanzhang during his lifetime. Burning the standard statue of Zhu Yuanzhang would not do any good to Wen Jian. It was precisely because it was difficult to win the trust of future generations that another official history book, "History of Mingzhou Painting", which was written later than "History of Mingzhou Painting", deleted the above record.
But in the early years of Yongle, "Pictures and Treasures" was a published work after all, and it was political propaganda covering the whole country. Since the book promoted Emperor Wen Jian's burning of Zhu Yuanzhang's standard image, naturally, after Zhu Di ascended the throne, there were The standard image of Zhu Yuanzhang is "called to be redrawn". The upper limit is December of the second year of Yongle, and the lower limit is August of the fourth year of Yongle. It is recorded that Chen Yuan was summoned to Beijing in the fourth year of Yongle. Redrawing the standard portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang. This overlap in time may not be a coincidence.
The above are some important historical materials related to the standard image of Zhu Yuanzhang. Here is a brief analysis of the authenticity of the "standard portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang"
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Zhu Di performed plastic surgery for Zhu Yuanzhang
As mentioned before, Hans Zhang, an official who was active during the Jiajing and Wanli years of the Ming Dynasty, had the opportunity to visit the standard portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang in the Wuying Palace. He found that in the standard portrait. Zhu Yuanzhang's appearance is dignified and peaceful, which is very different from the popular "pork loin and pig face"
In addition, Hans Zhang also made a very important discovery in Wuyingtang:
"Chengzu's face is like Zumao, but he has a lot of beard in his room, two strands hanging down to his belly. "
"DaLei" means similar, and "Yi" means cheek. Hans Zhang found that the standard portraits of Ming Taizu Zhu Di and Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang in the Wuying Hall, apart from their beards, They are simply carved from the same mold.
Because the standard portraits of the two people have been handed down, today we can directly check whether Hans Zhang’s records are true, as shown below:
< p>Comparison of the standard portraits of Zhu Yuanzhang and Zhu Di and his sonAlthough one is a frontal portrait and the other is a side profile, it is easy to see the face shape, eyebrows, eye sockets, eyes, nose, mouth shape, The ears are almost identical. The only difference is the beard. It is normal for the father and son to have similar looks. However, it is relatively rare for them to be slapped in the face.
In the early years of Yongle, in order to prove the overthrow of Wen Jian, In order to seize the legitimacy of the throne, Zhu Di used the book "Chen Family Genealogy" to forge his own life experience, changed his mother to Queen Ma to gain the status of "eldest son", and borrowed the words of a fortune teller to exaggerate that he was the emperor based on his appearance. The original text is as follows:
“Face, beautiful mustache, extraordinary manners. Good-natured people look at each other. Privately, people say: the dragon's face is the watch of heaven, the phoenix is ??the seal of the day, and the pupils are the dragon, the emperor is truly at peace. "
Also in the early years of Yongle, Zhu Di ordered people to re-edit the "Qian Family Genealogy", in which the description of "a person with extraordinary appearance" appeared; in the "Xiaoling Divine Merit Stele" appeared The description of "long beard and long col" and "majestic eyes of heaven".
To sum up, the following three things can obviously no longer be regarded as pure coincidences, but as a kind of interlocking operation:
1. Through the publication of "Fengtian" In the book "Jing Nan Ji", Zhu Di described his appearance as "weird, beautiful, and bearded".
2. By revising "Fengtian Jingnan Ji" and writing "Xiaoling Shengde Stele", Zhu Di characterized Zhu Yuanzhang's appearance as "seven flavors" and "long beard and long hair".
3. During the Hongwu era, under the call of Chen Yuan and other old painters who participated in "writing the imperial appearance", they came to Beijing and re-erected the monument
Let Zhu Yuanzhang's appearance and publicity The appearance of Zhu Di in the context is highly similar, which proves that Zhu Di looks like an emperor, which should be the core purpose of this operation. When Zhu Yuanzhang raised troops to destroy the Yuan Dynasty with cloth, his appearance has been "proven" to be that of an emperor. If Zhu Di's appearance is highly similar to Zhu Yuanzhang in core features, then naturally, Zhu Di also has the appearance of an emperor.
In other words, the "Standard Portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang" was created by Zhu Di and does not represent Zhu Yuanzhang's true appearance.
So, what does Zhu Yuanzhang look like? Is he a "pig loin face"?
The origin of "pig loin face"
It can be seen that the earliest record of Zhu Yuanzhang's "pig loin face" was the book "Fengtian Jingnan Ji" written by Yuan Zhongche, a famous fortune teller in the Ming Dynasty.
In the book, the borrower "Iron Pipe Man" described Zhu Yuanzhang's appearance like this:
"Gong Ming has a very good appearance, with dragon pupils and red phoenix eyes, the sky and the earth are opposite each other, and the five mountains are included. The sun and moon are beautiful and empty, and the auxiliary bones are inserted into the temples. The sound is loud and expensive. "
In surgery, "tian" refers to the sky, which is the forehead, and "ground" refers to the pavilion, which is the chin. "Heaven and earth are relative" means that the forehead and chin protrude forward at the same time, forming a distant relative shape. This face shape is called "shoehorn face" or "pig loin face" in folk custom.
Appearance description of Zhu Yuanzhang
The picture below is quoted from Yuan Gong, the author of "Records of Ming Taizu". The red box has determined the specific positions of the sky, the earth, the sun angle, the moon angle, and the accessory bones. Comparing this picture, it is not difficult to understand what is meant by the saying "the sun, the moon and the sky are clear, and the bones are attached to the temples."
The location map of facial nouns
As for the "Five Mountains", the specific location in "Fengtian Jingnan Ji" is as follows:
The location map of the Five Mountains
The so-called "five mountains are attached to each other" means that these five parts of the face are all in a state of inward attachment, which is roughly equivalent to the commonly known "face does not grow".
The record in Yuan Zhongche's "Fengtian Jingnan Ji" deserves attention because he and his father Yuan Xun served Zhu Di at the same time and were deeply trusted by Zhu Di. In the eighth year of Yongle's reign, Yuan Xun passed away. "To mourn for him," he was given 600 banknotes for funeral arrangements and ordered Yao to write an epitaph for him. According to the epitaph written by Yao, Yuan Xun described his face like this when he met:
"Dragon-shaped and phoenix-shaped, the sky is vast and the earth is vast, the sun is bright and the sky is broad, the dragon's beard has double pupils, and his two elbows are like The shape of the flesh mark is like a dragon walking like a tiger, and it is like a bell. It is the god's longevity and the son of peace. At the age of forty, it must be longer than the navel, which is the throne."
This record of Yao is consistent with "Fengtian". Emperor Yuan Xun described by Yuan Zhongche in "Jing Nan Ji" is similar, but the latter has more content. Among them, the most eye-catching is the addition of "Fu Xi Guanding". As mentioned before, in the "Holy Monument of Xiaoling" authenticated by Zhu Di, there is also a paragraph
Yuanxun Zhu Xiangdi in Yuanche's "Records of Taizu"
Yuan Zhongche's " "Fengtian Jingnan Ji" was published in the second year of Jingtai and 53 years after Zhu Yuanzhang's death. According to the preface of the book, there are some words, such as "Those who learn from others should learn from others", which should be private accounts.
Then, a set of interesting contradictions emerged:
1. In the official written materials formed during the Zhu Di era, the core features of Zhu Yuanzhang’s face are exactly the same as those of Zhu Di, and the portrait materials also prove it. at this point. But
2. Yuan Xun and Yuan Zhongche, as Zhu Di's most trusted physical therapists, inevitably participated in Zhu Yuanzhang's plastic surgery work. However, in the unofficial information "Records of Taizu" written by Yuan Zhongche, the image of Zhu Yuanzhang is inconsistent with the official information from the Yongle period. In this book, Z
It is worth noting that both Yuan Xun and Yuan Zhongche were born in Yin County, and the painter Chen Yuan who was called to the north to repaint the standard portrait of Zhu Di and Zhu Yuanzhang was also from Yin County. When Chen Yuan came to Beijing, Yuan Zhongche and his son were also doing physiognomy for Zhu Di. They had the opportunity to learn Zhu Yuanzhang's true face from Chen Yuan. Yuan Zhongche retired to his hometown in 1439 and lived in Yin County for twenty years. In 1451, he wrote the book "Ancient and Modern Knowledge". During his stay, he also had enough opportunities to learn about Zhu Yuanzhang's general appearance from Chen Yuan's descendants. He is Zhu Yuanzhang's "Iron Pass Taoist", but I'm afraid it's just an excuse.
Up to now, all the "pig loin and pig face" portraits of Zhu Yuanzhang in Nanxun Hall have one obvious characteristic: the clothes are completely irregular, and the face is deformed to the extent that a human should, such as the following This one.
Zhu Yuanzhang’s face is deformed beyond normal imagination.
Obviously, these portraits are definitely not painters like Chen Yuan who were called into the palace to "paint the royal appearance". At least these people will not draw the wrong dress shape. They should be painted by folk painters based on folk rumors. This folk rumor undoubtedly originated from Yuan Zhongche's "Liu Zhuang Xiang Fa" -. Take Figure 11 as an example.
This ugly Zhu Yuanzhang can completely satisfy the written expression of "Liuzhuang Xiangfa":
"The dragon has red and phoenix eyes, the sky and the earth are opposite, the five mountains are attached, the sun and the moon are beautiful, and the bones are in the temples."
In short, Yuan Zhongche and his son learned about Zhu Yuanzhang's true appearance from some channels. First, they used physiognomy terms to deal with appearance based on the principles of physiognomy, forming a physiognomy language. Some folk painters painted realistic portraits of Zhu Yuanzhang based on these facial features and language. In this process of "translating the portrait into the language of physiognomy, and then translating it back to the portrait", Zhu Yuanzhang naturally turned into an ugly man with a very exaggerated "pig loin and pig face", which did not look like a normal person at all. human beings.
So, what does Zhu Yuanzhang look like?
Probably, he is a slightly ugly person with a slightly concave face and protruding chin and forehead. He will never be as ugly as a human being, and he will never be as "beautiful as a husband" as the "standard image".