Papaya is also called apple and papaya. It is a perennial deciduous shrub of Rosaceae. Location: Sichuan, Hubei, Anhui, Zhejiang and other places. In addition, Hubei, Fujian, Shaanxi, Shandong, Yunnan and other provinces also produce. Use fruit as medicine. Fruit contains saponin, flavonoid, vitamin C, malic acid, tartaric acid and other organic acids. It also contains peroxidase, oxidase, pectin and so on. It tastes sour and warm. It has the functions of relieving cough and spasm, clearing away heat and relieving summer-heat, promoting diuresis, relaxing muscles and tendons, activating collaterals and resolving dampness in stomach. Can be used for treating bacillary dysentery, acute gastroenteritis, lumbago and leg pain, numbness, diarrhea and abdominal pain, and beriberi swelling and pain.
I. Morphological characteristics
Plant height is 2-3 cm. Branches spread out, hairless. There is a straight thorn about 2 cm long on the branch; Branchlets purplish brown or dark brown, glabrous. Simple leaves alternate; Petiole length is about 1 cm; Stipules kidney-shaped or half-moon-shaped; Leaf blade leathery, ovoid to ovate, oblong, acute at the apex, wedge-shaped at the base, and sharply serrated at the edge. Flowers open leaves first, and pedicels are thicker than 3-5 clusters; Calyx tube bell-shaped, 5-lobed at top; Petals 5, reddish or white; Stamens are numerous; Styles 5, connate at base.
Pear fruit, 5 rooms, each room has many kinds of seeds. The seeds are flat and in the shape of the Yangtze River Delta (Figure 15-8).
Fig. 15-8 morphological diagram of wrinkled papaya.
1 .flowers 2. Flowers 3. Petals 4. fruit
Chaenomeles (Chou in sinensis)koe hne, also known as papaya, is also widely cultivated everywhere. Location: Shaanxi, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi and Guangxi. In addition, it is also produced in Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou and Sichuan. The main difference between this species and wrinkled papaya is that the branches are spineless; Stipules ovate-lanceolate, membranous, with glandular teeth at the edge; There are spiny serrations at the edge of leaf blade, and glands at the tip and petiole; Flowers are solitary and then open in leaves; Sepals dentate, reflexed; The fruit is dark yellow and woody. After drying, the epidermis does not wrinkle and the edge of the cut surface does not curl.
Second, biological characteristics.
Papaya likes warm and humid climate and has low requirements for soil. It can be planted in warm places in the south of China, and it needs moist soil and plenty of sunshine.
Third, cultivation techniques.
Land selection and land preparation
Choose sunny, fertile, moist and well-drained land for farming. In patch cultivation, holes can be opened according to the row spacing of about 1.5m and the hole spacing of about 1m, and one plant can be planted in each hole. It can also be planted around fields, hillside fields and houses. When planting, 5- 10 kg compost or manure mixed with soil can be put into each hole as base fertilizer. After planting, it can be combined with weeding in spring and autumn every year, applying decomposed compost, soil miscellaneous fertilizer or human manure in the open ditch around the tree, and covering the soil after application.
(2) Breeding methods
Propagation by seeds, ramets or cuttings.
1. Seed propagation
(1) 10 or so, the seeds of papaya are mature. Pick the fruits, take out the seeds, pick out the plump and robust seeds, and sow them in the seedbed with the row spacing of115-20cm. The next spring, the seedlings were transplanted when the height was 50-60 cm. (2) Soak the seeds in warm water for two days from the beginning of March to the end of March, then take them out, put them in a box, cover them with a wet cloth, place them in a warm place for one day and one night, and then plant them. They can emerge from late April to early May and be transplanted when the seedlings grow to 50-60 cm high. The transplanting time is generally in the spring and autumn of each year, preferably in spring. The hole spacing is 70-150-200 cm, the row spacing is150-200 cm, and the hole depth is 30-40 cm. Put 3-5 kilograms of decomposed manure in each hole and mix it with soil to make base fertilizer. Plant 2-3 seedlings in each hole, put them into a triangle, then cover the soil, and lift the seedlings slightly after covering the soil to stretch their roots, which is practical. After survival, apply rare human excrement or soil miscellaneous fertilizer once, and then cultivate the soil once. At seedling stage, crops such as corn or wheat can be intercropped, which can not only increase income by using land, but also provide shade for the survival of seedlings.
2. ramet propagation
Papaya has shallow soil layer and strong tillering ability, and many seedlings grow from the roots every year. Around March, young roots can be dug up from the roots and transplanted with fibrous roots. This method is simple, early flowering and high survival rate. This method is generally used for breeding.
3. Cutting
In February and March of spring, the tender branches of papaya seedlings are cut off and inserted into the seedbed; The row spacing between plants is the same, and then transplanting is carried out after survival.
(3) Site management
1. intertillage weeding
After transplanting, intertillage and weeding are combined with fertilization twice a year in spring and autumn to loosen the soil and eradicate the surrounding weeds. When loosening the soil in winter, it is necessary to cultivate the soil to prevent freezing and keep warm.
Step 2: Topdressing
Fertilize once before flowering in spring. First, the trees should be ditched, and each plant should be burned with about 5 kg of marl and soil miscellaneous fertilizer, or about 10 kg of human excrement, so as to promote the growth of branches and leaves and facilitate flowering and fruiting.
prune
Pruning can increase the output of papaya. Pruning was carried out from February 65438 to March the following year. Adult trees are pruned once a year, and diseased branches, dead branches, old branches and over-dense young branches are pruned, so that the trees are empty inside and round outside, and there are many flowers and fruits. You can also cut down old trees, let old roots grow seedlings, cultivate new plants and update them.
(4) Pests and diseases and their control
1. Leaf blight
(Septork sp。 )
At the beginning of the disease, brown spots appeared on the leaves, which gradually expanded into dark brown. In severe cases, the spots are densely covered with all leaves, which leads to the death of leaves. This disease occurs all year round, especially in July and August. Control methods: (1) Clean the garden in winter to reduce the source of overwintering bacteria; (2) At the initial stage of the disease, 1∶ 1∶ 100 bordeaux solution can be sprayed for prevention and treatment.
2. The transparent moth and the oval moth of almond harm the tender branches, making the leaves yellow and shrink, and in severe cases, they will fall leaves and fruits. When it occurs in April-May, it can be controlled by spraying 40% omethoate with 800- 1000 times solution or soaking with 10 times tobacco lime water solution.
3. peach borer
(peach borer)
It is an important pest of papaya. The fruit setting of larvae and the discharge of feces from column holes directly affect the yield and quality. There are 2 generations in the north and 4-5 generations in the south. Overwintering with mature larvae in the fruits or stems of other host plants and pupating in the following spring. Prevention and control methods: pick up the fallen fruit and treat it centrally; Don't plant host plants such as corn and sunflower around the papaya garden, and remove the stalks of corn and sunflower in winter to reduce the source of overwintering insects; Spraying 2.5% triamcinolone acetonide for 3000 times during the initial incubation period to control larvae.
4. Monochamus alternatus
"Anoplophora China"
Larvae eat near the root of papaya main stem and occasionally eat side branches. Outside the excrement outlet, damaged plants affect the tree potential, and branches are easy to break in strong wind. Prevention and control methods: kill adults in sunny days; Fill the wormhole with cotton dipped in 80% dichlorvos emulsifiable concentrate, seal it with mud and poison the larvae; Trial release control of Cerambycidae.
Fourth, harvesting and processing.
Seeds.
Papaya can blossom and bear fruit about 4 years after transplanting. When papaya ripens around the end of 5438+ 10, fruits and seeds can be picked and planted.
(2) Harvest
From mid-July to early August, the papaya skin is harvested when it is bluish yellow. Picking too early, drying speed picking too late, poor quality. Choose sunny days when picking, and don't hurt the fruit or fall to the ground when picking.
(3) processing
Cut the picked papaya into two halves with a copper knife, and spread it thinly on a bamboo curtain to dry without removing the seeds. When basking in the sun, put your back in the sun for a few days first (upward). When the color turns red, turn it over and dry it thoroughly. Dry with slow fire in rainy days. In some places, papaya is boiled in boiling water for a few minutes, then taken out and dried in the sun for a few days. When the skin is slightly wrinkled, use a copper knife (do not use an iron knife, otherwise the section will turn black), cut it straight into two sides and dry it. If it is rainy, it can also be roasted with slow fire. Excessive firepower can easily loosen papaya and reduce its quality.