▲ Ancient agriculture
1, farming method-iron plow Niu Geng
(1) During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, iron farm tools and Niu Geng were used;
(2) After the Han Dynasty, the iron plow became the main farming method in Niu Geng;
③ The setting of Qu Yuan's plows and plows in Sui and Tang Dynasties;
2, the basic model-small-scale peasant economy
① Formation time: Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period
② Reasons: A, the appearance of Niu Geng, an iron plow, improved social productivity; (fundamental) b, the establishment of private ownership of feudal land;
③ Features: A, family is the production and living unit; B, combined with the cottage industry; C, self-sufficient natural economy
④ Status: It has always dominated the ancient economy of China;
3. Land system
(1) primitive society-land belongs to the clan commune.
② Slave society (Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties)-"Jing Tian system" (state ownership of slave land)
(3) feudal society-feudal private ownership of land
First, in the Spring and Autumn Period, Lu's "first tax acre" actually recognized the legitimacy of private land;
B. During the Warring States Period, Shang Yang, the State of Qin, reformed and established the feudal private ownership of land in legal form;
4. Agricultural policy
(1) emphasize agriculture and restrain business.
① Beginning: Shang Yang's political reform in the Warring States Period.
② Evaluation
1. Protect agricultural production, maintain social stability and consolidate feudal rule;
B, in the late feudal society, the normal development of industry and commerce was restrained, and the growth of capitalist bud was hindered;
(2) Restrain land annexation
① Land equalization system (Northern Wei-Tang Dynasty) ② Fish Scale Atlas (Ming Dynasty, the basis for determining land ownership and tax collection)
▲ Ancient handicraft industry
Classification characteristics and status achievements
Government-run handicrafts (1) are directly operated by the government and concentrated in large workshops.
(2) The products are circulated without any cost, and are used by emperors. Before the middle of the Ming Dynasty, iron smelting was always the dominant handicraft industry: drainage in the Eastern Han Dynasty; Steel casting method in the Southern and Northern Dynasties;
Porcelain making
Silk weaving: Ming and Qing dynasties entered its heyday;
Folk handicrafts (1) are privately run.
(2) After the mid-Ming Dynasty, there were more products for private consumption than government-run handicrafts, which dominated in the middle and late Ming Dynasty and capitalism appeared.
As a sideline of farmers, cottage industry products are used for tax payment and household consumption.
▲ The emergence of capitalist sprouts
① Time: In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, in some folk handicrafts in Jiangnan;
② Reasons: the development of social productive forces and commodity economy;
③ Signboard: "Machine users contribute, machinists contribute, and the value is calculated by the day".
④ Essential characteristics: capitalist employment relationship;
▲ Ancient commerce (commodity economy)
Performance of stage development
The commercial prosperity in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was broken.
The development of Qin and Han dynasties was difficult, and they began to emphasize agriculture and restrain commerce.
The commercial development of Sui and Tang Dynasties and the development of rural fair trade: cabinet workshops and flying money came out; Yang Yiyier; Guangzhou foreign trade port
The Song Dynasty enjoyed unprecedented prosperity. Commercial tax has become the main source of fiscal revenue; The development of the city has broken the limitation of time and space; A famous commercial town appeared; The popularity of words and characters; Along the River During the Qingming Festival
Meta-commerce prospers international commercial metropolis: metropolis; The largest port in the world: Quanzhou
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the commercial prosperity of cities and towns made a large number of agricultural and sideline products become commodities; Long-distance trafficking trade; Shanxi merchants and Huizhou merchants.
▲ The closed-door policy of the sea ban.
① Time: Ming and Qing Dynasties
② Reasons: A. Defending the enemy in the early Ming Dynasty; B, in the early Qing dynasty, in order to cope with the anti-Qing struggle in the southeast coast; C, the Qing government thought it was unnecessary to trade with foreign countries;
③ Evaluation
A, hindered the development of overseas markets, inhibited the primitive accumulation of capital, and hindered the development of capitalism;
B, cut off the contact between China and the outside world, and make China fall behind the world trend.
The change of China's modern economic structure and the tortuous development of capitalism.
▲ Changes in the economic structure of modern China.
① Reason: the invasion of foreign capitalism.
② Performance
A, the gradual disintegration of natural economy b, the birth of modern enterprises (Westernization Movement) c, the birth of national capitalism (19c60,70d).
▲ The tortuous development of national capitalism
③ Develop the curriculum (refer to the previous handout)
④ Characteristics
First, the capital is small, the scale is small, and the technical force is weak; B, the regional distribution is uneven, mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas;
C, the industry distribution is unbalanced, mainly concentrated in light industry, and has never formed a complete industrial system;
⑤ Obstruction factors
The nature of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society determines that national capitalism will inevitably be oppressed by imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism in its development process;
⑥ Enlightenment: A, the road of saving the country by industry is not feasible; B, national independence is the premise of the country's prosperity;
Unit 4 Building Roads in Socialism with Chinese characteristics
▲ Transitional period (1949-1956, developing productive forces and reforming production relations simultaneously)
(1) recovery of national economy (1949- 1952)
② Three major transformations (1953 ——1956)
A content: socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce; Private ownership-public ownership
B, significance: establish a socialist economic system and formally enter socialism;
③ The first five-year plan (1953 ——1957): laid a preliminary foundation for socialist industrialization;
▲ Ten-year exploration period (the period of building socialism in an all-round way, 1956— 1966)
① The Eighth Congress of the Communist Party of China 1956 * * *: Correctly analyze the main contradictions and main tasks;
② The Second Session of the Eighth National Congress 1958: Put forward the general line of socialist construction.
③ The Great Leap Forward 1958: It violated the objective economic laws;
④ People's Commune Movement 1958: Exceeded the development level of productive forces;
⑤ Eight-character policy 196 1
A. Background: The Great Leap Forward and people's communalization caused serious economic difficulties.
Content: Adjust, consolidate, enrich and improve.
C meaning: the national economy has been restored and developed.
▲ During the Cultural Revolution (1966— 1976)
197 1 year and 1975, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping reorganized their national economies and promoted economic recovery and development;
▲ Period of reform and opening up (1978 to present)
1, Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee 1978
2. Economic restructuring
① Contents:
Rural areas: household contract responsibility system (1978 Sichuan and Anhui)
B. Cities: the reform of state-owned enterprises to enhance the vitality of enterprises 1984
Objective: To establish a socialist market economic system.
A,1at the beginning of 992, Deng Xiaoping's "Southern Talk" proposed to do a good job in the socialist market economy;
B 1992 10 The 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward that the goal of China's economic system reform is to establish a socialist market economic system;
C. 1993 The Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee established the basic framework of China's socialist market economic system.
D, 1997, the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward that public ownership should be the main body and various forms of ownership should develop together;
3. Opening to the outside world
A special economic zones-coastal open cities-coastal open areas-inland areas
B, multi-level-all-round-wide field
▲ The stage of reform and opening up
(1) The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee became the starting point for implementing reform and opening up and opening up the road to Socialism with Chinese characteristics;
(2) Deng Xiaoping's "Southern Talk" and the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China marked a new stage of China's socialist reform, opening up and modernization.
③ The development and opening-up of Shanghai Pudong became the focus and symbol of China's reform and opening-up in 1990s;
Unit 5 Changes of Modern Social Life in China
▲ reason
① The invasion of foreign capitalism ② The establishment of new China ③ Reform and opening up.
▲ Performance (see previous handout)
① Material life A, basic necessities of life B, transportation, communication tools C, and mass media-four major media.
② Social customs
A, the Revolution of 1911, changing feudal habits (such as abolishing foot binding, cutting braids and changing clothes, calling each other comrades and shaking hands). )
B, reform and opening up, a new way of life (environmental protection, health, tourism, etc.). ).
Unit 2 Formation and Development of the Capitalist World Market
▲ Formation and development process
1, the new route is opened-the prototype begins to appear.
The root cause: the development of commodity economy in western Europe and the emergence of capitalist bud;
② Process
③ Influence
I. Going to the World
First, the world is increasingly becoming a whole;
B, the embryonic form of the world market centered on western Europe began to appear;
B stands for Europe
First, it triggered the commercial revolution, and the trade center moved from the Mediterranean coast to the Atlantic coast;
B, accelerated the disintegration of European feudal system and promoted the development of capitalism;
2. Early colonial expansion-further expansion
3, the first industrial revolution-basically formed.
4, the second industrial revolution-finally established.
The characteristics of the times, the change of production organization form and the innovation of transportation.
The first industrial revolution 18C60D- 19C handicraft workshop craftsman technology accumulation factory train and ship.
The second industrial revolution 19c in the middle and late period-19c in the late period and early 20c combined with scientific theory and technology to monopolize the organization of automobiles and airplanes.
▲ Formation mode-foreign aggression and expansion of capitalist countries
Adjustment of world capitalist economic policies
▲ Capitalist world economic crisis (1929- 1933)
1, reason
Root: the basic contradiction of capitalist system;
② Direct cause: the contradiction between production and marketing has intensified;
2. Performance: the stock market crashed, banks closed down, enterprises went bankrupt, agricultural products prices plummeted, and the number of unemployed people surged.
3. Features: ① Wide spread; ② Long duration; ③ Extraordinary injury.
4. Influence
(1) aggravated the social crisis in major capitalist countries; (2) It intensifies the contradiction between capitalist countries;
③ Aggravated the contradiction between capitalist countries and colonies and semi-colonies;
▲ Roosevelt's New Deal
1, background
2. Content
(1) Finance
(1) Order banks to suspend business for rectification and gradually restore bank credit; (2) Abandoning the gold standard, and the depreciation of the US dollar will stimulate exports;
(3) expanding the power of the Federal Reserve Board of Directors; ④ Control the securities industry.
(2) Industry
(1) Strengthen the planning guidance for industry and put all aspects of production under state supervision through the National Industrial Recovery Law;
(2) adjusting enterprise relations and labor relations;
(3) Agriculture
(1) Establish agricultural adjustment institutions and adjust agricultural policies through administrative means;
(2) provide subsidies for farmers who reduce farming and production, adjust the structure of agricultural products, and improve and stabilize the prices of agricultural products;
(4) Social welfare
(1) Establish a federal relief agency and an emergency relief fund; ② Strengthen social security measures to provide social security for vulnerable groups;
(3) implement "work for the dole", promote office projects, increase employment and stimulate consumption;
(5) Social legislation
(1) The national labor relations law gives workers the right to form trade unions; (2) Set up a national labor relations committee to protect workers' basic rights;
③ Social Insurance Law
3. Essence:
Do not pursue the capitalist system, make partial adjustments to capitalist relations of production, and strengthen state intervention in economic and political life;
4. Features: the state intervenes in the economy to deal with the crisis, and its countermeasures basically appear in the form of legislation;
5. Influence
(1) to the United States
(1) makes the American economy step out of the trough gradually; (2) To some extent, it eased the social contradictions in the United States and prevented the United States from embarking on the fascist road;
(2) Going global
(1) Create a development model of state intervention in the economy; ② Capitalism bid farewell to the era of laissez-faire policy and entered the period of state monopoly capitalism;
▲ New changes in post-war capitalism
① The development of state monopoly capitalism (most important) ② The establishment of "welfare state" ③ The rise of tertiary industry ④ The emergence of new economy.
▲ The development of post-war capitalist economy
Results of background measurement during the period
After the end of World War II-the economy was broken at the beginning of 20 C 70 D after the war, and countries that wanted to restore the economy intervened in the rapid economic development. This was a "golden age".
Stagflation in the early 1970s reduced economic recovery and state intervention in the 1980s.
Socialist construction in the Soviet Union (two policies, one model and three reforms)
▲ "wartime * * * productism" (1918-1920)
1. Background ① Hostile forces at home and abroad attempted to stifle the nascent Soviet regime; ② There is a serious shortage of food and the economy is extremely difficult;
2. Purpose: to concentrate the material and financial resources of the whole country to support the civil war;
3. Main contents
① Agriculture: surplus grain collection system; ② Industry: full nationalization of large, medium and small enterprises;
3 commerce: cancel free trade; (4) Distribution: the compulsory labor system and the physical distribution system are implemented;
Step 4 evaluate
① positive: under special historical conditions, it ensured the military victory of the Soviet regime;
(2) Negative: it harms farmers' interests, is not conducive to production development, and violates the objective laws of economic development; This is not the right way to transition to socialism;
▲ New Economic Policy (1921-1924)
1, background
(1) Years of war have seriously damaged the national economy;
(2) The continued implementation of the policy of "wartime * * * productism" triggered an economic and political crisis; (necessity)
2. Content
① Agriculture: replacing surplus grain collection system with agricultural tax; (2) Industry: cancel the nationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises and allow private enterprises to set up small enterprises;
(3) commerce: allowing free trade and restoring currency circulation and commodity exchange; ④ Distribution: Cancel the physical distribution system and implement distribution according to work;
3. Function
(1) met the economic requirements of farmers and individuals, mobilized the people's enthusiasm for production, and restored and developed the national economy;
(2) Consolidate the alliance of workers and peasants, stabilize social order and consolidate the Soviet regime;
(3) Exploring the correct way to transition from a country with a dominant small-scale peasant economy to socialism;
▲ "Stalin model"
1, performance
(1) Give priority to the development of heavy industry, with funds coming from agriculture and light industry; (industry) ② Carry out agricultural collectivization movement; (agriculture)
2. Features
(1) Implement a single public ownership and highly centralized planned economy (replace market regulation with administrative instructions)
(2) relatively independent of the capitalist world market;
Step 3 evaluate
(1) score
(1) The implementation of the two five-year plans has made the Soviet Union an industrial power;
(2) The rapid growth of Soviet economic strength laid a material foundation for the victory of the later anti-fascist war;
(2) Disadvantages
The one-sided development of heavy industry leads to the long-term backwardness of agriculture and light industry, and the proportion of national economy is seriously unbalanced;
(2) Too high demands on farmers have seriously inhibited people's enthusiasm for production;
▲ Khrushchev Reform (1953- 1964)
▲ Brezhnev Reform (1964- 1982)
Reasons for failure of key results
Khrushchev's agricultural reform has impacted Stalin's model to a certain extent and achieved certain results, but failed to fundamentally break through this model.
Brezhnev reformed industry (military industry)
▲ Gorbachev's Reform (1985- 199 1)
1, background
In the mid-1980 s, the crisis situation of social unrest, economic stagnation and declining people's living standards;
2, economic reform (key):
① Content: Replacing administrative orders with economic management means actually recognizes the regulatory role of the market in the economy;
② Results: No effect.
③ Problems: A, lack of macro-control decisions and corresponding supporting measures; B. continue to give priority to the development of heavy industry;
3. Political reform:
① Direct cause: Gorbachev's economic reform was in trouble ② Result: Deviation from Marxism, the situation was out of control and the Soviet Union disintegrated.
▲ The new economic policy of the Soviet Union, the new Rothschild policy of the United States, the development of monopoly capitalism in western European countries after World War II, and the similarities and differences between China's reform and opening up.
Similarities:
① Reasons: The domestic economy has been destroyed and people's lives are difficult;
② means:
A, under the premise of adhering to the original social system, using state power to make local adjustments to production relations; B, the combination of state intervention and market regulation;
Results: The economy was restored and developed, the political power was consolidated and the people's life was improved.
Difference: the essential difference is different from the social system they want to maintain;
Globalization trend of world economy
▲ The formation of the post-war capitalist world economic system
1, constitute
International Monetary Fund 1945
World monetary system (short-term loans to solve balance of payments difficulties)
Capitalist World Economic System (Bretton Woods System), World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) 1945: Three Pillars
(Long-term loans, technical assistance)
World Trade System-General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947
(aiming at eliminating tariff barriers and realizing trade liberalization)
2. Significance: It reflects the systematic and institutionalized development of the world economy;
▲ Bretton Woods system (world monetary system)
1, background
(1) The general decline of western European countries after World War II;
(2) The economic strength of the United States has expanded unprecedentedly, becoming the largest creditor country; Trying to establish a capitalist world system centered on itself;
2. Basic characteristics
The dollar is directly linked to gold; (2) The currencies of member countries maintain a fixed exchange rate with the US dollar;
3. Influence
It is conducive to maintaining the normal operation of the post-war world monetary system and creating conditions for the recovery and development of the world economy; (positive)
The United States has mastered the economic lifeline of the capitalist world and strengthened its privilege and dominant position in the international financial field; (negative)
▲ Regional collectivization of the world economy
1, EU (1993, economic and political integration organization, with the highest degree of cooperation)
① background
1. Western European countries have similar cultural traditions;
B) Conflicts and wars in modern European countries aroused Europeans' strong desire for European unity;
C. The formation of the bipolar pattern between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II made Europeans realize the importance of national unity and began to explore economic integration;
② Establishment process
A, 195 1 year, the isomorphism of coal and steel in Europe was established;
B, 1957, establishing the European economic entity and the European atomic energy entity;
C, 1967, three institutions merged to form the European body;
D, 1992, Treaty on European Union, with the goal of establishing European economic and monetary union and European political union;
E, 1993, the establishment of the European Union (marking the transformation from an economic entity to an economic and political entity).
F, 1999, the euro came out (except Britain).
③ Significance
A, in line with the interests of European countries and Europe as a whole, it has effectively promoted the economic and political development of Europe and improved its international economic and political status;
B, it has played an exemplary role in the economic union in other parts of Europe, strengthened the multipolarization trend of the world economy and promoted the formation of a new world political pattern;
2. North American Free Trade Area (1994, a model of cooperation between developing countries and developed countries, with the United States, Canada and Mexico complementing each other)
3. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(1989, China joined on 199 1 due to the cultural and historical differences among member countries. ).
▲ Economic regional collectivization is a realistic manifestation of economic globalization.
▲ The globalization trend of the world economy
1, the economy is developing towards globalization
(1) course
(1) After the opening of the new air route, the economic ties of all ethnic groups and regions in the world began to strengthen;
(2) After the industrial revolution, the capitalist economy achieved unprecedented development in the world and the world market expanded rapidly;
(3) Since World War II, countries and regions in the world have become more closely linked;
④ Since 1990s, the trend of world economic globalization has been further strengthened;
The driving force of globalization trend of 20c90d;
A, capital pursues the maximization of profit (motive force) B, the promotion of new scientific and technological revolution (fundamentals) C, modern communication and transportation (technical conditions)
D, the disintegration of the bipolar pattern E, countries generally promote the market economic system F, the promotion of international organizations and multinational corporations.
(2) Evaluation
① Essence: a new round of global capital expansion led by developed countries;
② Influence
A, it is a double-edged sword, which not only accelerates the development and prosperity of the world economy, but also intensifies the imbalance of interests in global competition;
B, developed countries have become the biggest beneficiaries of economic globalization;
C developing countries are in a disadvantageous and passive position; This is both an opportunity and a challenge;
Opportunity: it is conducive to attracting foreign investment, technology and advanced management experience and opening up the international market;
Challenge: National sovereignty, economic security and living environment are facing unprecedented challenges;
Strategy: keep a clear head and make reasonable countermeasures; Seek development through active participation;
2, the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) 1995
(1) Background: The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) lacks legal enforcement measures in dispute settlement;
(2) Established
① Purpose: To meet the needs of world economic development ② Establishment: 1995 1+0.
(3) Function
(1) A standardized and legal world trade system has been established; (2) realizing global trade liberalization;
③ Promoted the process of economic globalization;
3. China's accession to the World Trade Organization (200 1).
(1) process: ① 1986, put forward "reentry"; ②200 1 65438+February, China formally joined the World Trade Organization;
(2) The influence of China's entry into WTO.
① Positive effect
First, promote the economic development of China; B, further improve the socialist market economic system;
C, promoting world economic growth is conducive to establishing a complete world trade system;
(2) Negative effects: the opening of the market and preferential tariffs have impacted agriculture, automobile and other industries;
▲ China's measures to meet the trend of economic globalization: reform and opening up, establishing a socialist market economic system, and joining the WTO.