"On the Passage of Qin" attributed the reason for the collapse of the Qin Dynasty to "the lack of benevolence and righteousness, but the difference in offensive and defensive momentum", in order to exert its own political opinions and provide reference for the rule of the Han Dynasty. Below is the lesson plan I shared, let’s take a look.
Teaching objectives:
1. Learn how to write the central argument of this article based on facts.
2. Understand Jia Yi’s analysis of the reasons for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty, and understand the progressive significance of the author’s use of the past to satirize the present and admonish Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty for benevolent government under the historical conditions at that time. Understand the progress and limitations of Jia Yi's political ideas.
3. Understand the role of rhetorical techniques in expressing expressions in the text; read the text carefully and recite the last three paragraphs of the text.
Teaching focus:
1. Strengthen reading, understand the structural level of the article and the intention of writing.
2. Identify the common words, conjugated words, ancient and modern synonyms in the text, and master important content words, function words and polysemy words.
Teaching difficulties:
Understand Jia Yi's criticism of the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty - "failure to practice benevolence and righteousness" was the reason for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty.
Teaching process:
1. Introduction:
Students may have heard of the idiom "the weak eat the strong". This seems to be a rule in nature. But in human society, this rule is often broken. More than 2,000 years ago, the Qin Dynasty's national power was still so arrogant that a peasant war shattered the dreams of the founders for generations. What caused all this? Jia Yi, a statesman and writer in the Western Han Dynasty, explained for us After understanding his views, let’s study this article “On the Passage of Qin” together. "Guo Qin" means "pointing out Qin's faults." So what is Qin's fault?
2. The author and the intention of writing "Guo Qin Lun"
Jia Yi (200 BC - 168 BC), political commentator and writer of the Western Han Dynasty. People from Luoyang. He lived in the early Western Han Dynasty. Due to the devastation caused by more than 500 years of war, the social economy was in decline and the population was declining. Therefore, he strongly advocated benevolent government to "pacify the people", and he went to public forums many times to criticize current affairs. "On Guo Qin" was written to promote this idea. The purpose of discussing "ancient" is to talk about "present". "Guo Qin" textbook note 1 means to point out Qin's faults. Guo, here is a verb.
2. Summarize the layout of the full text
1. First divide the full text into two parts according to the way of expression.
(1) Narrative part: describe the rise and fall of the Qin Dynasty (the first four paragraphs) and narrate historical facts
(2) Discussion part: point out the reasons for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty (the last paragraph) Analyzing the reasons
2. Analyzing the level of the narrative part, it can be divided into two major levels.
(1) The process of rise (first three paragraphs)
(2) The process of destruction (fourth paragraph)
3. Read the text
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(1) Read paragraph 1.
In the recitation practice, use questions to clarify the key points of this paragraph:
① Qin’s geographical advantages;
② Qin Xiaogong’s political ambition-unification The world
(Xi
③Basic national policies (internal legislation, farming Weaving, repairing
Results (so the Qin people surrendered and took the outside of the Xihe River)
The rise of Qin- ---Ambitious----Xing
(2) Read the second paragraph.
1. Question: This paragraph describes the events of which kings of Qin?
Clear: King Huiwen, King Wu, King Zhaoxiang, King Xiaowen, King Zhuangxiang, That is, the five kings after Xiaogong and before the First Emperor.
2. King Huiwen came to the throne in 337 BC, and King Zhuang Xiang died in 247 BC, a period of 90 years. How does the author describe the history of these 90 years?
Clarification: ① Concentrate the events of the 87 years of Huiwen, Wu, and Zhaoxiang into one point and write: Qin's increasing territory caused fear among the princes, and the princes used the princes as a contrast to Qin. The two dynasties of Xiaowen and Zhuang Xiang were passed over in one stroke. This is from an overall perspective.
② When writing about Qin's expansion of territory, it is divided into four directions: south, west, east and north, showing that its military power is extremely powerful; when writing about princes, it is based on "joining and following to establish diplomatic relations" and "making an agreement to follow and separate from balance". The order of "conforming to the dissolution of the contract" was said, and the momentum was exaggerated to reflect the difficulty of the Qin people in trapping the princes ("The Qin people opened and closed the enemy's gates to delay the enemy, and the divisions of the Nine Kingdoms patrolled and did not dare to advance"). This is from a local perspective.
Qin's expansion----invincible----strong
3. The title of this article is "Passing the Qin". Do these two paragraphs mention Qin's fault? Since they don't, What is the purpose of writing this way?
Clear: to pave the way for the following, to compare the strength in the unification process with the rapid demise later.
(3) Read paragraph 3.
1. Read it silently and talk about Qin Shihuang’s faults.
Clearly: Find out the level of the fault ("So the way of the previous kings was abolished, the words of hundreds of families were burned, and the head of Guizhou was stupid,...the trustworthy ministers, the elite soldiers, the soldiers and the soldiers, who are the ones") summarize Qin Shihuang's Domestic policy. (Fooling the people, weakening the people, and treating the people as the enemy.)
2. Divide the whole paragraph into levels:
① The first sentence writes about Qin Shihuang’s unification of the country. It has only one meaning, but it uses four sentences in a row. Expression, why?
Clearly: This is China's unprecedented unification, which is remarkable and worthy of being elaborated; it expresses the incomparable power of the Qin Dynasty.
②What is the role of expanding the territory for the second time?
Clear: It still expresses the power of the Qin Dynasty.
Qin’s unification----unstoppable--prosperous
③What is the key to writing Qin Shihuang’s domestic policy?
Clear : Carrying out tyranny and "without benevolence and righteousness" is Zhang Ben's conclusion. ("Who" and "He" are interrogative pronouns used as verbs, which leads to the meaning of "asking him who he is".)
The above two small layers can be combined into one layer: write Qin Shihuang's response to Domestic and external policies.
④What is the purpose of the last sentence describing the First Emperor’s vision?
Clear: It contrasts with the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty.
The fall of Qin----tyranny----complaints----death
3. What role does this paragraph play in the structure of the full text?
Clear: The above article states that Qin became increasingly powerful, laying the foundation for unification. This paragraph describes the measures taken after unification, indicating that Qin has turned from offensive to defensive; it is precisely because of improper measures that led to its rapid demise, so the next paragraph continues When writing about its demise, the author's intention of "passing the Qin Dynasty" is all in it.
(4) Read paragraph 4.
Read it silently and summarize the main idea of ??this paragraph: Chen She uprising, the world gathered to respond, and the Qin Dynasty was destroyed.
1. What is the function of writing about the First Emperor's remaining power at the beginning?
Clearly: It implies that the people are dissatisfied and everyone is in danger.
2. In the author's passage about Chen She's uprising, which sentence is the key?
It is clear: "The whole world gathered to respond, and the food and scenery followed."
3. What does this mean?
Clearly: the people across the country are dissatisfied with the rule of the Qin Dynasty.
4. Which sentence does it pave the way for?
Clearly: "Benevolence and righteousness are not given."
5. Which sentence does “bringing hundreds of people” correspond to the sentence above?
Clearly: “a division of millions” – the Qin people can defeat the “millions” of the Nine Kingdoms "teachers", but not defeated by Chen She's "hundreds of people", which can be thought-provoking.
6. Which sentence does "cutting wood into soldiers" correspond to the sentence above?
It is clear: "Collect the soldiers from all over the world, gather them in Xianyang, sell them and cast them into golden figures." twelve".
7. What does this mean?
Clearly: "Retreating troops" is not enough to curb the people's resistance.
The fall of Qin----the rebel army----completely defeated----dead
(5) Read paragraph 5.
① The first level (beginning to "You can't talk about the same age")
Comparatively discuss the power of the Nine Kingdoms' divisions and Chen She's group. At the beginning, it is pointed out that the advantages of the Qin Dynasty still exist, which is the premise of the comparative discussion. The comparison shows that Chen She's status and the weapons and quality of the peasant army are far inferior to the king of the Nine Kingdoms and his troops. The key point is the horoscope "success or failure changes, achievements are opposite", which sets the stage for the conclusion of the full text.
② The second level ("Ran Qin is only a mere place" to the conclusion)
Reflect the whole article and summarize the central argument. "However, the Qin Dynasty used only a small area to expand the power of ten thousand times, ordering the eight states and dynasty in the same row, which lasted for more than a hundred years." This corresponds to paragraphs 1 and 2. "Then Liuhe was his home and Weihan was his palace." It corresponds to paragraph 3. "One man is in trouble and seven temples are destroyed. He dies at the hands of others and makes the world laugh." This echoes the fourth paragraph. "If benevolence and righteousness are not applied, the offensive and defensive forces will be different" is the central argument of the whole article.
If benevolence and righteousness are not applied, the offensive and defensive forces will be different
IV. Summary of the full text
Discuss how this article uses the comparative argument method to demonstrate the central argument?
Clarification: ① Vertical comparison: Before Qin unified the country, it was on the offensive against the princes; after the unification, it was on the defensive against the people of the country. This is to illustrate the point that "the offensive and defensive forces are different". Before Qin unified the country, the reason why it went from weak to strong was that it "enforced laws internally, farmed and weaved, repaired and defended war tools, and maintained balance externally to fight against the princes", which was "implementing benevolence and righteousness"; after the unification, Qin became weak because of " "Abandoning the way of the ancestors", failing to practice benevolence and righteousness, and gradually weakening and eventually perishing are also inevitable results.
②Horizontal comparison:
a Qin and the Six Kingdoms. It contrasts the strength of the Qin State and points out that the kings of the Qin Dynasty implemented benevolent policies "due to legacy policies".
bQin Chao and Chen She. The status, talents, armies, and weapons of the two sides are very different, and the weak Chen She can respond to a hundred calls, because Qin does not show benevolence and righteousness
c Chen She and the divisions of the Nine Kingdoms.
The Nine Kingdoms' divisions had a large number of counselors, sophisticated weapons and well-trained soldiers but were unable to defeat Qin. However, a group of peasant soldiers who cut down trees and turned them into soldiers defeated Qin. This shows that Qin's tyranny and cruelty has caused it to lose the people of the world.