1. Brick carving technology:
Brick carving is mainly used for exterior wall decoration, such as gatehouse, door cover, wall door, viewing window, zhaobi, door stile, etc. The gatehouse has various shapes: hanging flower gatehouse, word plaque gatehouse and four-poster archway. There are zigzag, figure-eight and so on. There are small blue tiles and fish-kissing horns on the top of the gatehouse and the zhaobi, and there are two kinds of flying bricks and tiles (bucket arches). That is, decorative pieces such as bucket arches, foreheads and flower boards are installed along the third and fifth roads. These brick carvings are well combined, which not only enriches the wall surface, but also increases the three-dimensional sense. "The door cover is attractive, and the wall is carved on the wall", which is elegant, gorgeous and eye-catching.
Brick carving technology: from lofting, material selection, brick grinding, seam cutting and alignment, carving, installation and repair.
(1) Setting-out and cutting: After determining the shape of the sculpture, setting out, measuring rods and making templates according to each part, and cutting out the required amount of materials. (2) Material selection: The selected bricks have the same specifications and colors, no edges and corners, and clear sound. ③ Brick grinding: that is, smooth the brick surface, straighten it and check it with a ruler. (4) Slotting and setting out: that is, slotting and setting out the plain part, with tung oil ash embedded with white lines. ⑤ Carving: The first process is "blank making": that is, the process of conception and composition, which is generally operated by experienced masters. The second process is "thinning", that is, the process of careful carving, carefully depicting the big outline of each part. Emphasize distinct levels and strong three-dimensional sense. In order to achieve this artistic effect, because the width of the brick is not large, the back can be hollowed out from the side, and the edge can be used to make up for the chisel marks during installation. ⑥ Installation: As the saying goes, installation is a key to ensure quality. The components protruding from the wall should be reinforced with iron climbing hooks and wooden pull tabs, and the installation of each part should be accurate. ⑦ Repair: repair and clean the damaged parts, and clean them up.
2. Wood carving technology:
Before the Ming Dynasty, woodcarving was mainly based on practical components and depicted with appropriate patterns. Later, woodcarving gradually refined, divided into two categories: big woodcarving and small woodcarving. Big wood carving refers to carving beams, boards and sparrows on the frame. Shi Yu Ancestral Temple in Wangkou Village of Wuyuan was built in the middle of Qing Dynasty, and the whole wooden frame was carved without wood. More than 1000 designs from the front door to the back bedroom have different ideas and are really unique. It is said to be from the hands of craftsmen of the "Fuliang Gang" in Jiangxi.
Small woodcarving (fine woodcarving) refers to the doors, lattice windows and hooks on the inner eaves, especially the flying chairs with boards around the patio (depending on the situation), where craftsmen can show their talents. Its sculptures are rich and luxurious, which is pleasing to the eye. The woodcarving building in Lucun, Yixian County is the best. Even a small waist plate in the middle of the lattice door carved a story, reaching seven or eight levels. Fine wood carving includes decorative carving of furniture and is also combined with other crafts. Such as jade, jade, snails, ivory, etc., make the small woodcarving even more icing on the cake.
3. Stone carving technology:
Stone carvings are mostly used in doorframes, steps, hanging belts and kunshi in residential buildings. There are also stone bridge goulan, as well as stone archway, which is known as the treasure of stone carving. For example, the unique Guo Xu archway in Shexian County, Jiaozhou Cishi Square in Xidi, yi county, and Longxing Dudui Square in Tanghuai Village are exquisitely carved and beautifully shaped. The stone carving step is to carry out preliminary section treatment according to the carved image, then skim off the rough blank and then carry out detailed carving. When carving, it is only reduced, not increased, and the previous work is abandoned. Huizhou craftsmen have established a meticulous working attitude of "details determine success or failure".
Stone carving has a different charm from wood, with extraordinary strength and good momentum. Although not as good as woodcarving, it has infinite charm. Because the stone is rough and rough, it has been honed by the vigorous knife method, and the combination of point, line and surface with simple shape has reached a superb realm.
4. Color painting art:
The simple and elegant white-gray walls are equipped with door covers, window eyebrows and painted with colorful pictures, which makes the building more attractive. The color painting of Huizhou folk houses has a unique local style, which is different from the "temple style" and "Soviet style" in Beijing. The color painting, red and green paint, gold paint and color filling are solemn and majestic.
The format and composition of Huizhou residential color paintings are very flexible. The picture is outlined by "line method" and filled with "drop ink method". The color is elegant, which is the same as that of traditional Chinese painting. There are two kinds of color paintings in Huizhou folk houses: indoor and outdoor. Indoor paintings are mainly at the bottom of the floor (ceiling), which is called "flat caisson" (common in Xidi residential houses). There are also "Jin Baobao Cai Hua" painted on wooden beams (Baolun Pavilion in Chengkan and Daguan Pavilion in Xucun). Indoor color paintings are mostly painted on rice paper and then mounted on the ceiling, or painted directly on the wood surface with pigments.
Outdoor color painting: the main styles are lintel painting, window eyebrow painting, corner wall painting, outline ink line and so on. Outdoor color painting is more traditional, mainly with outline ink lines. Other color paintings were replaced by color paintings due to the economic recession and brick carving in the late Qing Dynasty. Door painting still adopts the pattern of three squares, including word plaque, hanging style column and hand scroll. Window eyebrow painting has a word eyebrow, herringbone eyebrow, half moon eyebrow and half circle eyebrow. The flowers on the wall are painted on the wall of wind and fire, with buckets (literary style) and sparrow tails (martial style). Draw ink lines: brush two ink lines: fake brick beam and slab, old ink and sub-ink. Make the whole house a neat and beautiful room, showing the clear and three-dimensional outline of the building, rich in details and giving people a comfortable aesthetic feeling.
5. Sister's artistic influence:
The artistic expression of the three sculptures does not exist in isolation, and they are all permeated with the influence traces of Huizhou culture. Before the Ming Dynasty, the style tended to be simple and elegant, and the technique was simple, emphasizing symmetry rather than perspective. The custom of "Three Carvings" in Qing Dynasty is delicate and complicated, with emphasis on plot in content and changes in composition. The relief level deepened, and the composition and layout absorbed the expression techniques such as vertical axis, fan face and hand roll in painting. This evolution process is closely related to the development of Xin 'an painting at that time. The vigorous rise of Huizhou printmaking has affected the design of folk houses and the level of three sculptures carefully built by skilled craftsmen. The three sculptures found traces and common language in the concept of sister technology of Huizhou culture.