Two experiences
Wang Anshi (December 18, 1021 - May 21, 1086), named Jiefu and Banshan. A native of Linchuan, Fuzhou (now Dengjia Lane, Linchuan District, Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province)[1]. A famous thinker, politician, writer and reformer in the Northern Song Dynasty. [2]
In the second year of Qingli (1042), Wang Anshi became a Jinshi. He has successively served as Yangzhou signing magistrate, Yinxian county magistrate, Shuzhou general magistrate, etc., with remarkable political achievements. In the second year of Xining (1069), he was appointed as the governor of political affairs. The following year, he became the prime minister and presided over the reform. Due to opposition from the conservative faction, Xi was dismissed as prime minister in the seventh year of Xining's reign (1074). A year later, Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty took up the post again, then dismissed him and retreated to Jiangning. In the first year of Yuanyou (1086), the conservatives gained power and all new laws were abolished. Yu Ran died of illness in Zhongshan and was given posthumously to the Taifu. In the first year of Shaosheng (1094), he received the posthumous title "Wen" and was called Wang Wengong in his later life.
Wang Anshi devoted himself to the study of Confucian classics, wrote books and created "Jinggong New Study", which promoted the formation of the ancient style of study in the Song Dynasty. In philosophy, he used the "Five Elements Theory" to explain the generation of the universe, which enriched and developed ancient Chinese simple materialist thought; his philosophical proposition "new and old are eliminated" pushed ancient Chinese dialectics to a new height.
In literature, Wang Anshi has made outstanding achievements. His prose is concise and sharp, short and concise, with clear arguments, strict logic and strong persuasiveness. It gives full play to the practical function of ancient prose and ranks among the "Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties"; Focusing on reasoning and rhetoric, his poetic style in his later years was subtle, profound, profound and unforced. He became a unique style in the poetry circle of the Northern Song Dynasty with his rich and spiritual style, which is known as "Wang Jing Gong style" in the world. His poems are nostalgic and nostalgic for the past, with a vast and vast artistic conception and a distant image. Simplicity creates an emotional world unique to scholar-bureaucrats and literati. There are "Wang Linchuan Collection", "Linchuan Collection Supplements" and so on.
(Overview image source: China Martyrs’ Shrine[3])
Real name
Wang Anshi
Alias
Wang Jinggong, Wang Wengong, Mr. Linchuan
Character name
Jiefu
No.
Banshan
Location Era
Northern Song Dynasty
Character Relationship
Wang Yu
Son
Wang Yi
Father
Wang Anli
Brother
Wang Wujiu
Student
Xu Xi
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Biography of Characters
Young Talents
Wang Anshi was born in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province in the fifth year of Emperor Zhenzong's Tianxi reign (1021). His father, Wang Yi, was a military judge in Linjiang at that time. [5][1]
Portrait of Wang Anshi with inscriptions and postscripts
Wang Anshi was smart since he was a child, loved reading, had a photographic memory, and wrote down his writings. When I was a little older, I followed my father to travel around the country, get in touch with reality, and experience the sufferings of the people. The article's argumentation is profound and wonderful, and it is quoted from many sources. It is only then that it has the ambition to change customs. [6][7][8]
In the fourth year of Jingyou's reign (1037), Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi went to Beijing with his father and met his friend Zeng Gong from Jiangxi through literature. Zeng Gong recommended him to Ouyang Xiu, who was also born in Jiangxi. The article was greatly appreciated. [9][10]
In the second year of Qingli (1042), Wang Anshi ascended to the throne and ranked fourth in the Jinshi list, and was awarded the title of Judge of Huainan Jiedu. [11] After his term of office expired, Wang Anshi gave up the opportunity to enter the imperial examination in Beijing and was transferred to the magistrate of Yin County. During Wang Anshi's four years in office, he built water conservancy projects and expanded schools, showing his initial political achievements. [12]
In the third year of Huangyou (1051), Wang Anshi was appointed as the general magistrate of Shuzhou. He worked diligently and loved the people and made outstanding achievements in governance. Prime Minister Wen Yanbo recommended Wang Anshi to Renzong because he was indifferent to fame and fortune and obeyed the rules. He asked for praise from the court to encourage customs. Wang Anshi refused on the grounds that he did not want to stir up the trend of leapfrog promotion. [13][14] Ouyang Xiu recommended him as an admonisher, but Wang Anshi declined because of his grandmother's age. Ouyang Xiu also appointed Wang Anshi as Qunmu Judge on the grounds that he needed a salary to support his family. Soon, Wang Anshi was appointed as the magistrate of Changzhou, and he got to know Zhou Dunyi, and his reputation grew. [15]
Wang Anshi advocated "riching the people's treasures" to save the "poor people". "The government has no choice but to take the fertile fields of the rich people and sell them for many times the amount of grain. The poor people will be affected by the disaster. You must not be merciful." [16]
He questioned the hybrid between the emperor and the dragon, and also He is considered to be Wang Mang's "successor" by defying the sky and the earth
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Chen said Political affairs
In the third year of Jiayou (1058), Wang Anshi was transferred to the Duzhi judge. Wang Anshi went to Beijing to report on his duties and wrote the "Book of Statements of Emperor Renzong", which was 10,000 words long, and systematically proposed reforms. [17] In this review, Wang Anshi summarized his many years of experience as a local official and pointed out the reality of the country's weakness and poverty: economic difficulties, corrupt social morale, and worrying national defense and security. [18] He believed that the root cause of the problem lies in the political failure. Those who do not understand the laws, the fundamental solution is to imitate the ways of ancient sages and sages and reform the system, and then put forward the basic ideas of their own talent policies and plans, and suggest that the court should reform the recruitment of scholars and value talents.
[19][20]
Wang Anshi advocated a comprehensive reform of the laws since the early Song Dynasty to eliminate the long-standing disadvantages of the Song Dynasty and reverse the situation of poverty and weakness. Taking the fact that Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty, Sima Yan, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Li Longji, and others only wanted to "escape" without seeking reform, and eventually perished, as examples, they demanded that the reform of the law be implemented immediately. However, Renzong did not adopt Wang Anshi's reform proposal. [21]
Resigned and entered the court
After that, the court appointed Wang Anshi to the post of pavilion many times, but he refused to resign. The scholar-bureaucrats thought that Wang Anshi had no intention of fame and career, and regretted not being able to get to know him. The court wanted to entrust him with important tasks many times, but they were worried that Wang Anshi would not want to become an official. [22] The imperial court appointed Wang Anshi to co-edit "Notes on Living Life", but Wang Anshi declined many times before accepting. [23] Soon, Wang Anshi was appointed to the Jixian Academy and Zhizhi Gao, and reviewed criminal cases in the capital, which was regarded as a grand event by the sergeants and officials of the court. [24]
During Wang Anshi's tenure in Beijing, the imperial court stipulated that the House of Humanity could not apply to delete or modify the text of the imperial edict. Wang Anshi believed that legislation should not be like this, so he argued hard and offended the princes and ministers. In the eighth year of Jiayou's reign (1063), Wang Anshi resigned from office and returned to Jiangning to mourn because his mother died of illness. [25]
During Song Yingzong's reign (1063-1066), Wang Anshi was repeatedly recruited to serve in Beijing. He refused to enter the court on the grounds of attending the funeral of his mother and being ill. [26]
Yue Ci entered the relationship
In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Song Shenzong came to the throne. Because he had long admired Wang Anshi's name[27][28], he appointed him as Jiangning The prefect immediately ordered him to be a Hanlin scholar and lecturer. From then on, Wang Anshi won the respect of Shenzong.
In April of the first year of Xining (1068), Shenzong summoned Wang Anshi in order to get rid of the political and economic crisis faced by the Song Dynasty and the constant intrusion of Liao and Xixia. Wang Anshi proposed that "the way to govern a country must first determine innovative methods"; he encouraged Shenzong to follow the example of Yao and Shun and simplify the legal system. Shenzong agreed with Wang Anshi's relevant propositions and asked him to fully assist and complete this task together. [29]
Wang Anshi then wrote "A Hundred Years of Peace and Nothing in Our Dynasty", explaining the situation and reasons for the peace and tranquility in the early Song Dynasty for more than a hundred years, pointing out the crisis-ridden social problems at that time, and hoping that Shenzong would be politically successful. He believes that "the time for great achievements is today". [30]
Xining Reform
See: Xining Reform
In the second year of Xining (1069), Shenzong appointed Wang Anshi as a counselor in political affairs, rising to the rank of Among those in power. Wang Anshi proposed that the top priority was to change customs and establish laws, and proposed reforms, which Shenzong agreed with. [31][32] In order to guide the implementation of the reform, the Three Regulations Department was established, which was jointly headed by Wang Anshi and Chen Shengzhi. Wang Anshi appointed Lu Huiqing to take charge of the daily affairs of the Ordinance Department, and sent more than 40 elevating officials to promulgate the new law. [33]
***6 pictures
Wang Anshi
In the third year of Xining (1070), Wang Anshi was appointed Pingzhangshi under Tong Zhongshu's family, and he was the prime minister. . He introduced new laws across the country and began a large-scale reform movement. In terms of finance, the new laws implemented include the Law of Equalizing Transmission, the Law of Young Crops, the Law of Market Change, the Law of Exemption from Service, the Law of Equalizing Taxes on Square Fields, and the Law of Farmland Water Conservancy; in terms of military aspects, they include the Law of Setting Generals, the Law of Protecting Armor, the Law of Protecting Horses, etc. [34]
In the fourth year of Xining (1071), Wang Anshi promulgated a decree to reform the imperial examination system, abolishing the old system of selecting scholars through poems, poems, and poems, and restoring the method of selecting scholars based on the Spring and Autumn Annals and the Three Transmissions of Ming Dynasty. In the autumn of the same year, the Taixue Sanshefa system was implemented.
Is the ancient imperial examination difficult? You can’t write only eight-legged essays. The source 900 years ago is always forgotten
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New and Old Party Struggles
See: New and Old Party Struggles
At the beginning of the reform, Wang Anshi made a treacherous theory against Shenzong and suggested that Shenzong should identify villains and punish them. [35] After the promulgation of the new law, Wang Anshi promoted Lu Huiqing, Zhang Dun, Cai Que and many others to participate in the implementation of the reform.
The purpose of Wang Anshi's reform was to enrich the country and strengthen the army, so as to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty. However, the reform violated the interests of conservatives and was opposed by them. Less than a year after the law was promulgated, fierce debates and struggles began between the supporters and opponents of the reform.
The imperial censor Zhongcheng Lujie accused Wang Anshi of ten major mistakes in the reform. Shenzong was demoted to a local official. Wang Anshi recommended Lu Gongzhu to replace him. Han Qi Shangshu advised Shenzong to stop the Qingmiao Law. Under the huge pressure from the opposition, Shenzong planned to agree. Zeng Gongliang, Chen Shengzhi and others took the opportunity to agree. Although Wang Anshi argued in many ways, Shenzong still believed that suggestions from all sides should be listened to. Later, Wang Anshi claimed that he was ill at home, and then asked to resign and go into seclusion. Han Jiang and others persuaded Shenzong to retain Wang Anshi. Wang Anshi then described the situation of mutual dependence and collusion between officials inside and outside the court, and suggested that Shenzong should not be afraid of popular customs and have the world in mind. [37]
Wang Anshi
Censor Liu Shu, Liu Qi, Qian Yi, Sun Changling, Wang Zishao, Cheng Hao, Zhang Jian, Chen Xiang, Chen Jian, Xie Jingwen, Yang Hui, Liu Zhi, admonishers Fan Chunren, Li Chang, Sun Jue, and Hu Zongyu all left the court one after another because of disagreements with Wang Anshi. Wang Anshi quickly promoted Li Ding, the official of Xiuzhou, to be the censor. Zhizhigao Song Minqiu and Li Dalin, as well as censors Lin Dan, Xue Changchao and Fan Yu, impeached Li Ding for violating filial piety and were all dismissed from the court. Later, Lu Huiqing left the court due to the death of his father, and Wang Anshi entrusted Zeng Bu with important tasks and trusted him very much.
[38]
In the third year of Xining (1070), Sima Guang wrote to Wang Anshi three times ("Books with Wang Jiefu"), listing the disadvantages of implementing the new law and asking Wang Anshi to abandon the new law and restore the old system. Wang Anshi replied to the letter ("Reply to Sima's Remonstrance"), refuting Sima Guang's accusations one by one, criticizing the conservative nature of the scholar-bureaucrat class, and expressing his determination to adhere to the reform. Later, Shenzong wanted to appoint Sima Guang as deputy privy envoy. Sima Guang took the opportunity to review and abolish the new law. Shenzong did not agree, so Sima Guang resigned and left Beijing. [39][40]
In the fourth year of Xining (1071), people in Kaifeng cut their wrists to avoid Baojia, and the prefect Han Wei reported this to the court. Wang Anshi believed that when the New Deal was implemented, scholar-bureaucrats were still controversial, and the people were more likely to be deceived. Shenzong believed that the opinions of the people should be listened to. [41]
"The Case of Ayun Murdering Her Husband": The fuse of the dispute between Wang Anshi and Sima Guang
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In the face of interests, all benevolence, justice and morality cease to exist, and Wang Anshi’s reform is doomed to fail!
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How did the Prime Minister of the Song Dynasty deal with complaints from the people?
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"Su Dongpo 3" Song Shenzong's methodology: Wang Anshi was appointed and Sima Guang Take the initiative to retreat!
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The beginning and end of the dismissal
The seventh year of Xining ( In the spring of 1074), there was a severe drought in the world, and the hungry people were displaced. The ministers complained that they should avoid the harm of money. Shenzong looked sad and wanted to cancel the bad decree. Wang Anshi believed that natural disasters could not be avoided even in the era of Yao and Shun, and they could just send people to control them. The prison guard came to Zheng Xia to oppose the reform. He drew a picture of the refugees' suffering from drought and dedicated it to Shenzong. He also wrote about the faults of the new law and tried his best to remonstrate with Wang Anshi, the prime minister. [42]
Portrait of Wang Anshi
In April of the same year, Empress Dowager Cao (Queen Cisheng) and Empress Dowager Gao (Queen Xuanren Gao Taotao) also cried to Shenzong that "Wang Anshi was causing chaos in the world" . Shenzong also had doubts about the reform. He dismissed Wang Anshi from the post of prime minister and appointed him as a bachelor of Guanwen Palace and the governor of Jiangning Mansion. He was transferred from Chaojiu, the minister of the Ministry of Rites, to the title of minister of the Ministry of Personnel. [43]
After Wang Anshi resigned as prime minister, he petitioned Shenzong to appoint Lu Huiqing as a political advisor, and asked Han Jiang to be summoned to replace him. The two insisted on the law formulated by Wang Anshi. After Lu Huiqing took power, he was worried that Wang Anshi would return to the court and took advantage of the Zheng Xia case to frame Wang Anshi's younger brother Wang Anguo. He also raised the Li Shining case to overthrow Wang Anshi. Han Jiang realized Lu Huiqing's intention and secretly petitioned to recall Wang Anshi. [44]
In February of the eighth year of Xining (1075), Wang Anshi paid homage to the prime minister again. In the same year, Wang Anshi completed the "Three Classics" and was named Shangshu Zuopushe and his servant. Lu Huiqing was transferred to Chenzhou as the magistrate. After Wang Anshi returned to the prime minister, he did not receive more support. In addition, the reform faction was seriously divided within the party, making it difficult to continue to implement the new law. [45]
In the ninth year of Xining (1076), Wang Anshi asked to leave his post many times citing illness. In the same year, his eldest son Wang Yu died of illness, and Wang Anshi was extremely sad. In October, Wang Anshi resigned as prime minister and was transferred to Zhennan Army Jiedu Envoy, Tongping Zhangshi, and Jiangning Prefecture. The following year, he was appointed as the envoy of Jixi Guanshi and was granted the title of Duke of Shu. [46]
In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), he was again appointed as Zuopushe and Grand Bachelor of Guanwendian, and was changed to Duke of Jing. [47]
Today in history︱Song Shenzong supported Wang Anshi’s reform, so why did he dismiss him from office twice?
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Jiang Ning died of illness
In the eighth year of Yuanfeng ( In 1085), Shenzong died, Song Zhezong Zhao Xu came to the throne, and Yuanyou was changed to Yuanyou, and the Empress Dowager Gao was in charge of the affairs behind the curtain. After Zhezong ascended the throne, he added Wang Anshi as Sikong. [48]
Bust portrait of Wang Anshi
Empress Dowager Gao strongly opposed reforms when she was in Shenzong. After she took over the government, she immediately appointed Sima Guang as prime minister. Sima Guang proposed "replacing mother with son" and completely abolished the new law. It is called "Yuanyou Genghua" in history.
In April of the first year of Yuanyou (1086), Wang Anshi died of illness at the age of sixty-six. He was given the gift of Taifu and was buried in Jiangning Banshan Garden. [49]
In the first year of Shaosheng (1094), Zhang Dun came to power, and Wang Anshi was able to enjoy the temple of Shenzong, with the posthumous title "Wen". [50]
In the third year of Zhenghe (1113), Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty posthumously named Wang Anshi King of Shu, worthy of the Confucius Temple. Later in the first year of Jingkang (1126), he was deprived of his royal title, destroyed the portraits he was entitled to, and surrendered to Wang Anshi to be enshrined in the temple.
[51]
Wang Anshi: There must always be an obsession in life to be worthy of the years
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Joking about Wang Anshi: People in the world have mixed praise and praise for him. Read the life of "Old Master" in one sitting!
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During the Xining Reform in the Northern Song Dynasty, the grievances and resentments among the literary giants
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Wang Anshi: You said he was a rebellious official and a traitor, but he said he was famous throughout the ages.
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Idealist or paranoid?
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Political measures
Politics
< p>See: Wang Anshi's ReformThe fundamental purpose of Wang Anshi's Reform was to change the situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty, enhance the ability of external defense and internal suppression, so as to consolidate and strengthen feudal rule. It took nearly fifteen years from the time the new law was implemented to the time when the new law was abolished by the conservative faction. In the past fifteen years, although every new law has inevitably produced some major or minor drawbacks after its implementation, it has basically achieved some effects. The effect of "riching the country and strengthening the army" is very significant. [52]
Government revenue has increased significantly. Through the implementation of a series of new financial management laws, the state has added new fiscal revenue items such as "young crops money", "residue money for exemption from labor", "market interest money", etc. On the basis of developing production and equalizing taxation, the fiscal revenue has There was a significant increase and the national treasury was abundant. During the reign of Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, the national treasury savings could provide the imperial court with twenty years of financial expenditure. [53][54]
The new law restrained the merger power of powerful landlords to a certain extent. The Young Crops Law replaced the usury of the upper class households and restricted the exploitation of farmers by usury; Bureaucrats and gentry landowners hid their land and evaded taxes; the Market Exchange Law allowed part of the commercial profits monopolized by big businessmen to be returned to the state, cracking down on the manipulation and monopoly of the market by big businessmen; the implementation of the Immunization Law reduced the tax exploitation of farmers The construction of farmland water conservancy projects has played a huge role in the development of agricultural production, social and economic development, and the people's burden has been reduced, showing a prosperity unprecedented in a century. [55][56]
Military
See: Xihe Opening Border
Changing the phenomenon of "poverty and weakness" is the general policy of Wang Anshi's reform. Enriching the country and strengthening the army is the overall purpose of the reform. Through the implementation of the "Strong Military Method", the weak situation was alleviated and the national power of the Northern Song Dynasty was enhanced. The implementation of the Baojia Law strengthened the feudal ruling order in rural areas, maintained social security in rural areas, established a national military reserve, and saved a lot of training costs; the disarmament law improved the quality of army soldiers; the art of war changed the separation of soldiers and generals. situation, which strengthened the combat effectiveness of the army; the Horse Protection Law greatly improved the quality and quantity of horses, and at the same time the government saved a lot of horse-raising costs; the Ordnance Supervision Law increased the production of weapons and improved their quality.
Wang An Stone Statue
The reform measures to strengthen the army reversed the passive situation of the northwest frontier defense which had suffered repeated defeats for a long time. In the sixth year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty (1073), under the command of Wang Anshi, Wang Shao, the pacification envoy of Xihe Road, led his army to attack Tubo and regained the five prefectures of He, Tao and Min. One hundred thousand accounts. This was the last unprecedented military victory of the Northern Song Dynasty, and it was also the only example of the Northern Song Dynasty court expanding its territory, displaying its power and winning a complete victory when the Han nationality fought against the surrounding ethnic minority regimes during the Song Dynasty. At the same time, he trained outstanding generals such as Wang Shao and Zhang Kai, and established a favorable front to attack the Xixia region, which brought about earth-shaking changes in the war pattern between the Song Dynasty and Xixia. [55][56][57][58][59]
Song Shenzong’s right-hand man
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< p>Read 14,000The Northern Song Dynasty was able to change poverty and weakness, and Wang Anshi's reform was successful, all of which were inseparable from this person
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Today in history: A "monster" was born, creating an era of "weak Song Dynasty" with a rich country and a strong army
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When you were young, you smashed a vat to save your friend, which shocked Beijing and Luo, but why did it become a stumbling block for your friend's reform?
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The reason why Wang Anshi’s reform failed was found: Does the good scripture make people recite it bad?
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The reform also failed. Why is Fan Zhongyan called a famous prime minister? Is Wang Anshi getting a bad reputation?
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Literary Achievements
Overview of Wang Anshi’s works from a literary perspective His works, whether poems, essays or lyrics, have outstanding achievements. The poetry innovation movement launched in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty was strongly promoted in his hands, and he contributed to eliminating the afterglow of glitz and glamor that was prevalent in the early Song Dynasty.
However, Wang Anshi's literary ideas placed too much emphasis on "practicality" and often underestimated the role of artistic forms. Many of his poems often appear to be too heavy on argumentative elements, thin and lacking in image and charm. There are also some poems that discuss Zen and Buddhism, which are obscure and dry, but they still have the style of everyone.
Essays
In order to realize his political ideals, Wang Anshi closely linked literary creation and political activities, emphasizing that the role of literature first lies in serving society, emphasizing the practical functions and functions of articles. Social effects, advocating the unity of culture and morality. His prose generally implements his literary ideas, exposes current ills, reflects social contradictions, and has a strong political color. [60][61]
Wang Anshi's standing statue
Wang Anshi's essays focus on current affairs or social issues, with clear views and profound analysis. It expounds political opinions and propositions with rigorous structure, thorough reasoning, simple and concise language [62], has strong generalization and logical power, and played an active role in promoting reforms and consolidating the achievements of the Northern Song Dynasty poetry innovation movement. role.
Wang Anshi’s short essays state his opinions directly, are concise and sharp, and are short and concise, forming a unique style of "thin, tough and spiritual", such as the historical treatise "Reading the Biography of Mengchang Jun", the full text is less than a hundred words, but it has clear layers. , the argument is thorough, the words are sharp and focused, the momentum is overwhelming, and it has undeniable logical power. There are also some landscape and travel prose essays, which are concise, clear and labor-saving. They also record travel and reason. [63][64]
Poetry
See: Wang Jing Gong Style
Wang Anshi’s poetry can be roughly compared to Wang Anshi’s second poem in the ninth year of Xining (1076) Ciba Xiangweijie is divided into two stages, with obvious differences in content and style. His early creations were mainly about "crying out injustice", focusing on social reality and reflecting the suffering of the lower class people. His tendencies were very clear and his style was straightforward. After he retired from politics in his later years, his mood gradually became dull, and a large number of poems describing landscapes and chanting objects replaced him. The place of early political poetry.
In the later period of his creation, he was "poor and late at work", devoted to the pursuit of the art of poetry, focusing on refining meaning and rhetoric, paying attention to word craftsmanship, using things clearly, and making perfect parallels. He was subtle, profound, and euphemistic, so as to enrich the spirit and far-reaching rhyme. His style was unique in the poetry world at that time and was known as "Wang Jinggong style" in the world. [65][66][67][68] Zhang Shunmin commented: "Wang Jiefu (poetry) is like the sound in the air, the color in the picture, if you want to find it, you can't find it." [69] Ao Taosun of the Southern Song Dynasty praised his poem. "For example, if Deng Ai sent his troops to Sichuan, he would take advantage of the danger." [69]
Cigraphy
Wang Anshi’s poems, about twenty of which exist today, can be roughly divided into two categories: expressing emotions and explaining Buddhism. Old habits of the Five Dynasties." [70] His lyrical lyrics, describing objects and expressing feelings, often choose images of vastness, vastness, remoteness and simplicity, creating an emotional world unique to scholar-bureaucrats and literati. His "Guizhixiang·Jinling Nostalgia" is bold and melancholy. Like Fan Zhongyan's "Fishermen's Proud·The scenery is different in autumn", it was the forerunner of bold poetry and gave a good impression to the later poetry circles. influence. [71][72]
Main works
Wang Anshi’s extant works include "Linchuan Collection", "Linchuan Collection Supplements", "Songs of Mr. Linchuan" and "Collected Works of Mr. Linchuan" wait.
Type Content
Prose
"Shang Zhongyong", "Book of Confessions of Emperor Shanren", "Notes on Nothing in This Dynasty for a Hundred Years", "Reply to Sima's Remonstrance" "Books", "Material Theory", "Traveling to Baochan Mountain", "Reading the Biography of Mengchang Jun", "Cixi County Academic Records", "Yangzhou New Garden Pavilion", "Book of Masters", "Ouyang Wenzhong Official Document"
Poetry
"Two Songs of Ming Fei" "Books on Mr. Hu Yin's Wall" "Chess" "Boat Boat Guazhou" "Playing Chess with Xue Zhaoming" "Losing a Plum Blossom Poem in a Game of Chess with Xue Zhaoming" " "Spring Night" "Beishan" "Gexi Station" "Showing the Lord of Chang'an" "Suburban Journey" "Climbing Feilai Peak" "Qianqiu Suiyin" "Plum Blossom" "Yuanri" "Shang Yang" "Su Qin" "Eighteen Pats of Hujia" ” "Written in a Dream"
Words
"Cinnamon Fragrance·Jinling Nostalgia" "Nanxiangzi·Emperor State Since Ancient Times" "The Proud Fisherman·The Lights Have Closed the Half Moon" "Bodhisattva "Man·Several huts leisurely near the water" "Qingpingle·Spring lingers" "Huanxi Sha·100 acres of atrium half covered with moss" "Qianqiu Suiyin·Autumn Scenery" "Bodhisattva Man·Collected Sentences" "Lang Tao Sha Ling·Ilu" "Two Failing Old Men"
Character Evaluation
Han Qi: An Shi is more than enough to be a Hanlin scholar, but not to be in the position of Fu Bi. [73]
Zeng Gongliang: You and Jiefu are like one person, this is heaven. [74]
Tang Jie: Anshi was fond of learning and adhered to ancient times, so his discussions were broad and rounded. If he were to become a political official, he would make many changes. If the stone is used and the fruit is used, the world will be troubled. [75]
Zeng Gong: One of Gong’s friends was Wang Anshi, whose writings were very ancient and he was famous for his writings. [76]
Sima Guang: If people say that Anshi is treacherous, they will destroy him too much; but he is ignorant and stubborn. [77]
Huang Tingjian: I have seen his (Wang Anshi's) demeanor from time to time. He truly regards wealth as floating clouds and does not indulge in wealth, profit, wine and sex. He is a great man in this life. [78]
Yang Shi: Today’s disaster (the Jin people besieged the capital, and King Qin’s soldiers gathered in four episodes), there is a solid stone to solve it. [79]
Zhu Xi: It is the moral integrity of his writings that leads to a better life, and he especially takes moral economy as his own responsibility. After meeting Shenzong, he became the prime minister and the world admired his achievements. The common people saw the prosperity of the two emperors and the three emperors again.
However, Anshi took wealth, profit and military revolution as his top priority, cited treachery and evil, rejected loyalty and uprightness, and became impatient and violent, causing the people of the world to lose their joy in life. The group of soldiers were treacherous and cruel, spreading poison all over the world. As for Chongning and Xuanhe, the chaos was extreme. [80]
Lu Jiuyuan: Gong Chou’s past knowledge, Xi Ning’s career, and the book that he never fails to return. And those who oppose the public may be called pleasing to the public, or cater to them, or change their ways, or obey what they have learned. Can they still be called those who know the public? Yingmaite went and disdained the popular habits of sensuality and profit, but no hair could enter his heart. His pure and white conduct was colder than frost, and his quality was public. To sweep away the common vulgarities of common learning and revive the evil laws, the Taoism must be that of Confucius and Mencius, and the achievements must be that of Yizhou, which is the ambition of the public. Unexpectedly, people knew about it, but the sound and light were shining brightly. For a time, the great duke was famous as a virtuous person, and he was the second in command. It was not accidental that the duke got this. [81]
Zhu Guangting: In the past when King Anshi was in charge of the country, he only focused on destroying the laws of his ancestors. Every time he talked about his affairs, he kept too much private life and maintained favors and friendships, which caused great harm. [82]
Yan Youxi: Only Wang Mang, Wang Anshi, and Jia Sidao can do whatever they want, but they all want to disturb the people and cause chaos. [83]
Cui Wei: Those who eliminate dissidents and write the "Three Classics" to win scholars will make the world the same and lead to great chaos. [84]
Luo Dajing: If the cause of national unification breaks apart after the union, this is Wang Anshi’s crime. [85]
Yuan Jue: Confucianism is based on learning from the past and judging the current situation. If used inappropriately, it may benefit the disease. In Han Yihou, the administration was pure. But you, Lord Jing, practice in bowing. Reading ancient books and thinking about the wind. Huaibao Lu Shen, no trouble has been encountered. Excite it and raise it to reach Tiancong. He is worthy of the Five Emperors and looks down upon the Seven Systems. The court discusses borrowing and borrowing, and the judgment is based on perseverance. The ambition to restore ancient times is as sharp as the emperor. Being in power brings a lot of fame, but the public is losing friends. Returning to Zhongling in the evening, I feel confused and cautious. Watching a donkey on an empty mountain, I realize what I love and hate. Correct the chastity and posture, and achieve nirvana. I will serve as my master and learn from you. [86] ("Admiration for Liu Minshu's Painting of Eight Gentlemen")
Yan Yuan: ① Duke Jing is honest and noble, and he has the ancient intention of rectifying oneself to rectify the world. As soon as he came out, he eagerly wanted to be his king through the three generations of Yao and Shun. [87] ② The public charity is also obviously effective. Use Xue Xiang, Zhang Shangying and others to govern the country, use Wang Shao, Xiong Ben and others to manage the army, destroy Tubo in the west, ping Dongman in the south, seize fifty-two villages of the Xia people, Goryeo came to the dynasty, and the Song Dynasty flourished. [87]
Cai Shangxiang: At the time of Duke Jing, the country was in full prosperity. With the victory of Xihe River, the territory expanded thousands of miles, which was unprecedented in the hundred years since the founding of the country. [88]
Liang Qichao: ① If we are looking for a perfect person in the third generation, only the common people can be qualified. Over the course of thousands of years, great men have been born. This is the light of the country's history, and the people should buy silk for embroidery and cast gold for worship. It has been a thousand years since I passed away. During this thousand years, how did the people regard me? Every time I read the history of the Song Dynasty, I never fail to read the book and feel sad. ② Those who are outstanding in the world and are criticized by the world, who have changed the world but have not yet been criticized, there is Clingwell in the West, and in our country there is Duke Jing. [89]
Cai Dongfan: ① There is a master who is eager for success and fame, and here there are ministers who are hypocritical and innovative. Just like Shenzong did to Wang Anshi. Shenzong wanted to be Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, but Yao and Shun were the first to install the stone. Shenzong wanted to install the stone for Zhuge and Wei Zheng, but the stone was installed for Gao, Kui, Ji, and Qi. Just think about the master who is eager for success and fame. Is he not confused? At that time, in addition to Wu Kui, Zhang Fangping, and Su Xun, people like Li Shizhong were said to be bound to bring chaos to the world. [90] ② The new law is not necessary and feasible, and Anshi cannot implement the new law unless it is necessary. He mistakenly insists on his own opinions without examining the national conditions, but he knows the end of financial management, but does not know the origin of financial management. When Anshi learned about Yin, he implemented a new law, and the people of the city thought it was convenient, so he said: "I have more than enough to rule the world." I don't know that the whole world is not as small as a city, and governing is not the responsibility of a long-term official. Everyone in the world criticized each other, but Anshi became more and more aware that he was right, deposed him, and allowed him to do whatever he wanted. As for the case of Ruodengzhou woman, compared with the young men fighting quails, it is particularly related to morals. Colleagues said that it was not appropriate to reduce the crime, but they must want to reduce the crime, because it was nothing more than pretentious and innovative opinions. The actions of the husband's court are related to the safety of the world, but Gu can be pretentious and innovative? I don't want to talk about the method of arranging the stone. I have to punish the intention of arranging the stone first. [91]
Lu Simian: Wang Anshi’s reform was slandered by old historians, and recent historians have made excuses to defend it. In fact, they are all biased. Wang Anshi's political affairs were all good. But there is one important point of administration, that is, what is done must achieve the purpose, so the evil caused must be reduced to a minimum. If disadvantages are unavoidable and the purpose is still not achieved, it will inevitably cause trouble. It cannot be said that the political affairs carried out by Anshi were completely ineffective, but the disadvantages caused by this cannot be ignored. [92]
Mao Zedong: It can be said that there are specialized scholars, but those who are defeated have no general knowledge and do not fully understand society, so they implement inappropriate policies. [93]
Chiang Kai-shek: Among the politicians in ancient China, before the Qin and Han Dynasties, I admired the Duke of Zhou. As for the politicians after the Qin and Han Dynasties, the one I admire most is Wang Anshi. [94]
Huang Renyu: Wang Anshi can arouse the interest of Chinese and foreign scholars today because his economic thoughts are close to our vision. His so-called "new law" is nothing more than large-scale commercialization of fiscal and taxation. When he was arguing with Sima Guang, he put forward the theory of "not adding taxes but making enough for the country". His policy was to first use bureaucratic capital to stimulate the production and circulation of commodities. If the size of the economy expands, the tax rate remains unchanged and the total revenue of the treasury can still increase. This is also the principle believed by modern state financial managers, but it was unrealistic when implemented in the Northern Song Dynasty in the 11th century.
[95]
Yu Yingshi: After Shenzong and Wang Anshi established the country, the emperor had actually formed a party with the ruling faction headed by the prime minister, and no longer had a transcendent status. [96]
Lenin: Wang Anshi was a reformer in China in the eleventh century, and the state-owned land was not yet implemented. [97]
Wang Anshi: Virtue is like a thousand people standing on a wall, and talent is like a vast ocean. Is it a great loyalty or a great traitor?
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On January 9, 1127, the Kingdom of Jin captured Kaifeng, the capital of the Song Dynasty, and Wang Anshi But he laid down his gun for this
Interesting History
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Anecdotes and Allusions
Ao Xianggong
In "Warning Words" compiled by Feng Menglong in the late Ming Dynasty, there is "Ao Xianggong Drinks and Hates Banshan Hall", which writes about the failure of Wang Anshi's reform. When Wang Anshi retired from old age and returned to his hometown, what he saw and heard along the way was the people's dissatisfaction and resentment against the reform, and he died of depression and regret. The article writes: "Because of his stubborn nature, Buddhas and Bodhisattvas also advised him not to change, and everyone called him 'Old Master'." [98]
Three Insufficiencies
"Heaven changes "Not enough to fear, ancestors not enough to follow the law, and people's words not enough to show mercy." This was not what Wang Anshi said, but it was in line with his thoughts. Therefore, it is generally attributed to Wang Anshi's name. "There is no need to be afraid of changes in nature" means that there is no need to be afraid of natural disasters; "There is no need to fear the laws of our ancestors" means that we should not blindly follow the laws and regulations established by our predecessors; "There is no need to be afraid of what people say" means that there is no need to worry about rumors. Later generations praised these three sentences more, thinking that they expressed the fearless spiritual attitude of a reformer. It was with this kind of mental perseverance that Wang Anshi withstood all pressure, eliminated all resistance, and unswervingly implemented the new law. [99]
Incorruptible and simple
When Wang Anshi was prime minister, Mr. Xiao, a relative of his daughter-in-law's family, arrived in the capital and visited Wang Anshi. Wang Anshi invited him to dinner. The next day, Mr. Xiao dressed up and went there, expecting that Wang Anshi would entertain him with a feast. After noon, he felt very hungry, but he didn't dare to leave like this. It took a long time before Wang Anshi ordered us to be seated, but no dishes were prepared. Mr. Xiao felt very strange. After drinking a few glasses of wine, he served two pieces of Hu cakes and four pieces of meat cut into pieces. After the meal was served, there was only vegetable soup next to it. Mr. Xiao was very arrogant and indulgent. He only ate a small part of the middle part of the cake and left all the four sides. Wang Anshi took the remaining cake and ate it, and Mr. Xiao left with shame. [100]
Not sensual
When Wang Anshi was appointed as an imperial magistrate, Wang Anshi's wife, Mrs. Wu, gave Wang Anshi a concubine. The woman went to serve Wang Anshi, and Wang Anshi asked: "Who are you?" The woman said that she came because "the family owed official debts and was forced to sell herself."
After Wang Anshi heard this, he not only confiscated her as a concubine, but also gave her money