Liu Chongli
Based on the overall conception and requirements of the research on the development laws of geological work in my country, this article discusses some basic understandings of the development laws of geological work based on work practice.
One of the rules: The development of geological work is closely related to the development of the national economy. The development of the national economy is the driving force for the development of geological work. This is an objective law for the development of geological work.
Geology and geological work originated from the needs of social progress and socioeconomic development. Looking back at the development history of geological work in my country, I think it can be summarized into three development stages and three development climax periods, but the two are not synchronized.
The first stage of the development of geological work, that is, the foundation stage, was before the founding of New China and during the rule of the Kuomintang. At that time, our country's industry was backward, and the scale of all types of mining was very small. The national economy did not have much demand for geological work, and geological work was not even on the agenda of national economic development. At that time, there were very few people engaged in geological work. They only carried out some sporadic geological surveys and inspections, and were generally engaged in teaching and earth science research. At that time, geology was included in the scope of science. Senior geologists, relying on my country's vast territory, complex geological background and superior conditions and their own knowledge and skills, have successively created geological theories of many schools, made great contributions to the geological discipline and geological work, and contributed to the development of geology and geological work in my country. laid the foundation. This is the first stage of the development of geological work in our country.
After the founding of New China, especially the formulation and implementation of the first and second five-year plans, and the development of national economic construction, its demand for mineral resources has become very prominent and urgent. Geological work began to receive national attention, special institutions were established, and the construction of geological teams was expanded. At that time, not only the country established the Ministry of Geology, but also various industrial departments, such as coal, metallurgy, petroleum and other industrial departments, also established their own professional geological teams and established corresponding geological colleges to cultivate various geological talents and perform geological work. Has developed rapidly. Subsequently, a large number of general mining and geological exploration work were carried out, many mineral deposits and mineral areas were discovered and located, and a certain amount of available mineral reserves were identified, which provided the basis for the reconstruction and expansion of old mining areas and the development of new mining areas. Development and construction provide resource guarantee and make great contributions to the development of the national economy. This shows that the development of geological work has entered its first climax.
During this period, the guiding ideology for carrying out geological work was very clear, which was to focus on mineral prospecting. According to the urgent needs of national economic development, we should better and faster find and identify various mineral resources to meet the needs of national economic construction. The discipline of geology began to shift from science to engineering. It marks the second stage of development of geological work.
History always moves forward with twists and turns, and the national economy also develops in waves with ups and downs. When the national economy was in a good situation, in the late 1950s, with the development of the party-wide rectification movement and the anti-rightist struggle, "left" ideas began to appear in economic construction. Under the political background of the time, the country's "Great Leap Forward" began in 1958. After three years of the "Great Leap Forward" from 1958 to 1960, under the guidance of the blind and reckless policy, it caused serious imbalances in the development of the national economy and also caused serious problems. Various aspects of work bring many problems. From the perspective of geological work, there are two outstanding problems that emerged during the "Great Leap Forward": first, blindly expanding the team; second, one-sided pursuit of quantity and serious neglect of quality. This results in low quality geological results and a waste of human and financial resources. In view of the serious impact of the three-year “Great Leap Forward” on the national economy, in 1961 the Party Central Committee proposed the eight-character policy of “adjustment, consolidation, enrichment, and improvement.” Under this situation, the geological industry began to massively compress its teams and adjust its layout, and geological work turned from a high tide to a trough. After the implementation of the eight-character policy, the national economy gradually recovered, and geological work also progressed accordingly. Unfortunately, the "Cultural Revolution" movement began across the country in 1966. After several years of the "Cultural Revolution" movement, the national economy was on the verge of collapse, and geological work also suffered a great impact. It was not until the later period of the "Cultural Revolution" that in 1975 the Party Central Committee issued a call to "stabilize and unite and develop the national economy." In 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held, at which the decision was made to “shift the focus of the party’s work to economic construction.” With the implementation of the Party Central Committee's calls and decisions, the national economy quickly recovered and developed. With the improvement of the national economic situation, geological work has also shown a good momentum of development. The geological management organization has been restored and strengthened. By rectifying the production order and establishing rules and regulations, as well as summarizing the geological work experience since the founding of New China, a new system has been established. With a relatively complete set of geological work procedures and corresponding regulations, my country's geological work has entered a mature period. Since then, with the needs of the construction and development of the national economy, a large number of geological prospecting and exploration work have been carried out. The results of geological prospecting have been harvested, and geological work has also entered a second climax of development.
In the late 1970s, the national economic development once again experienced overheating. With the negative impact of this phenomenon, the geological team also experienced blind expansion.
By the early 1980s, the country began to reform the economic system on the industrial front. The speed of national economic development slowed down significantly, and the geological team once again became redundant. In addition, with the emergence of economic system reform, a new thing, the geological work was under great reform pressure. Therefore, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, geological work was in a downturn and the situation was very difficult. Many geologists were worried about it. I remember that at a geological conference when Mr. Huang Jiqing was the chairman of the Geological Society, the question of where the geological work should go was raised, which aroused widespread discussion at the time. Against this background, in 2000 the China Geological Research Society of the Geological Society of China, headed by Mr. Zhang Bingxi, organized a special research group to conduct a special study on the future of geological work. Subsequently, discussions and research were conducted in conjunction with many topics such as the reform of geological work, as well as the revitalization and development of geological work, and certain results were achieved. Among the results of the relevant topic research, it was clearly stated that "geological work is an integral part of my country's socio-economic construction, national defense construction and A basic work in social development. Minerals, energy and water resources required for industrial and agricultural construction and sustainable development, as well as practical issues related to land development and regulation such as engineering construction, geological environment monitoring and geological disaster forecasting and prevention. All solutions are inseparable from geological work and must be carried out on the basis of geological work." With the advancement of my country's reform and opening up policy, the national economic construction is in full swing. Under this situation, it is very important and very correct to put forward the guiding ideology that geological work should serve the national economic development in an all-round way. This kind of guidance The idea was quickly recognized by relevant government departments, which marked the third stage of development of geological work.
From the end of the last century to the beginning of the new century, my country's economy has shown sustained and rapid development driven by the reform and opening up policy. With the rapid development of the national economy, mineral resources have begun to be in short supply, especially energy. In 2005, Premier Wen Jiabao proposed at an executive meeting held by the State Council that we should pay attention to and strengthen geological exploration work. In 2006, the State Council officially issued the “Decision on Strengthening Geological Work”. With the implementation of the “Decision”, geological work began to enter the third climax of development. This dependence relationship between the development of geological work and the development of the national economy reflects an objective law of the development of geological work. We should understand it, analyze and study it well, and make use of it to promote the healthy development of geological work. Here, it is worth mentioning that the third development climax of geological work is very different from the previous two. It comes under the background of market economy. Moreover, the current reform of geological work is in a critical stage. As the reform deepens, many problems have been exposed, and it is very difficult to coordinate and solve them. How to implement the "Decision" of the State Council and promote geological work to enter the track of healthy development as soon as possible really needs to be carefully studied.
Rule 2: Any type of minerals is formed under a unique historical geological background. This is an objective law. We should carefully study and summarize the mineralization theory and apply it correctly in order to find more and better mineral resources of various types to serve social and economic development.
As far as coal deposits are concerned, coal mines with industrial value can only be formed when the specific paleogeography and paleoclimate are suitable for the mass reproduction and growth of peat material, and when the peat accumulation rate adapts to the crustal subsidence rate. Bed or coal accumulation zone. From a vertical time perspective, my country's coal-forming periods are relatively complete, and the main coal-forming periods are concentrated in the Carboniferous-Permian and Jurassic-Cretaceous, with lignite mostly produced in the Tertiary System. From a spatial perspective, it is a "tic-tac-toe" layout consisting of four partition lines, two horizontal and two vertical.
(1) Tianshan-Yinshan line or latitude line.
(2) Kunlun-Qinling-Dabie Mountains line or the second latitude line.
(3) Daxinganling-Taihang Mountain-Xuefeng Mountain Line or the Meridian Line.
(4) Helan Mountain-Longmen Mountain Line or the Second Meridian Line.
The above-mentioned dividing lines not only reflect certain geological and historical background, but also reflect different geographical and landform characteristics. From north to south and from east to west, my country's coal resources can be divided into 9 large blocks: namely, the East Area 1 - the coal-bearing areas of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces; the East Area 2 - the coal-bearing areas of Hebei and Shandong Provinces , Henan, Jiangsu (northern Jiangsu), Anhui (northern Anhui) and Beijing and Tianjin coal-containing areas; the three eastern districts - Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Jiangsu (southern Jiangsu), Anhui (southern Anhui), Hubei, Hunan and Guangdong , Guangxi (including Hainan, Taiwan) coal-bearing areas. Middle District 1 - coal-bearing areas in eastern Inner Mongolia; Middle District 2 - Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu (Longdong), Ningxia and coal-bearing areas in western Inner Mongolia; Middle District 3 - Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Chongqing Coal area. Western District 1 - coal-bearing areas in Xinjiang; Western District 2 - coal-bearing areas in Qinghai, Gansu and southern Xinjiang; Western District 3 - coal-bearing areas in Tibet and western Sichuan. There are certain differences in the coal abundance and coal quality of these blocks. Summarizing and understanding the conditions for the formation of coal deposits and the distribution patterns of coal resources are of great practical significance for guiding the search for coal resource origins and carrying out economic evaluation of coal resources.
During the "Cultural Revolution", in order to reverse the "coal transportation from the north to the south" and adapt to the needs of regional economic development, a critical activity of "Jiangnan (south of the Yangtze River) without coal" was carried out in the coalfield geological system. A large number of coal field geological exploration teams were mobilized to carry out large-scale coal prospecting work in nine provinces south of the Yangtze River (including southern Jiangsu and southern Anhui), but the results were minimal and wasteful. As far as I know, the vast majority of coalfield geologists have never published a statement on the lack of coal in Jiangnan. However, the coal resources in the nine provinces south of the Yangtze River are poor. This is a fact. This is determined by its objective geological conditions and cannot be changed by people's subjective consciousness. According to the above-mentioned spatial distribution rules of my country's coal resources, the pattern of coal transportation from the north to the south and coal from the west to the east cannot be changed. The above-mentioned violation of the laws of mineralization and the painful lessons of blind command should be learned. The author believes that practical experience should be respected and summarized, research on mineralization theory should be carried out, and mineralization theory should be continuously innovated from practice to guide the development of mineral prospecting and geological exploration.
Rule 3: The geological work program generally starts with a large-scale (or large-area) regional survey and general survey, and then gradually narrows the scope of the work area and conducts corresponding detailed surveys and exploration (precision surveys). This is the process of deepening the understanding of objective geological bodies by geologists, and it is in line with the laws of people's understanding of things.
Geological work can only be done by following the above procedures, comprehensively analyzing and judging the geological information obtained through various geological work means and methods, gradually deepening the understanding of the geological situation, and then making correct or correct decisions. Compare correct judgments and conclusions to ensure the accuracy and credibility of geological results. The current procedures for geological exploration in my country are, in accordance with relevant regulations, divided into three stages: general survey, detailed survey and exploration (precision survey). In the past, it was also divided into four stages: preliminary survey (prospecting), general survey, detailed survey and exploration (precision survey). In recent years, with the increase in foreign exchanges due to reform and opening up, we have gained a better understanding of the geological work in some European and American countries. Some people think that drawing on some "experience" from European and American countries, they advocate that geological exploration work does not need to be divided into stages. Geological exploration work should be carried out in accordance with the laws of market economy and according to the requirements of the owners and their investment amounts. The author believes that this understanding and understanding is very inappropriate and worthy of discussion. It is understood that the procedures for conducting geological exploration work in some European and American countries do not have the same regulatory requirements as in our country. However, they also started from a broad overview and gradually moved into detailed exploration of the block, but they were more flexible in their grasp. In the 1990s, the international reserve/resource classification framework of solid minerals announced by the United Nations adopted three-dimensional classification principles of economic reliability, feasibility study evaluation stage and geological evaluation stage. The geological evaluation stage is divided into There are four stages: preliminary survey, general survey, general exploration and detailed exploration. This is completely comparable to the four-part exploration stage division once adopted by our country. The basic framework of all types of mineral geological exploration should be said to be consistent. However, the exploration methods for solid layered minerals and non-layered minerals, especially fluid minerals, are indeed not exactly the same. Even when performing exploration procedures for similar minerals, there should be a certain degree of flexibility based on geological conditions. As far as coal deposits are concerned, for areas where large-scale or extra-large mining areas can form, the geological exploration work must adhere to the preparation of an overall plan for the development and construction of the mining area on the basis of detailed investigation, and then carry out the planned well fields according to the plan. Conduct precise inspections to ensure the rational development of mining areas and the smooth construction of mines. The Tiefa Coalfield discovered in Liaoning Province in the 1960s, according to census work, has proven that the coalfield can form a large-scale mining area with a scale of more than 10 million tons. However, due to the eagerness to develop new areas at that time, when the detailed investigation was carried out, a block was hastily designated and an intensive investigation of the well field was carried out. However, after a period of exploration, it was discovered that the geological structure of the divided well field had changed significantly, and the integrity of the well field could not be maintained, so the detailed investigation was forced to stop. We had to concentrate our efforts to speed up the detailed investigation, and then make an overall plan for the mining area based on the results of the detailed investigation, and then carry out detailed investigation according to the planned well fields. This violation of exploration procedures leads to a waste of time, manpower and material resources. Another example is based on the Party Central Committee’s decision to develop the Southwest. The coal department immediately mobilized a large number of infrastructure teams (including geological teams) to carry out the development and construction of the Liupanshui mining area in Guizhou Province. At that time, in order to speed up the development and construction of the mining area, it was decided to adopt the so-called "trilateral" work policy of exploring, designing, and constructing wells at the same time. This seriously violated the basic construction procedures, causing the construction of the new area to suffer a lot and take a big detour. The above lessons should be learned. However, in exposed or semi-exposed areas with poor coal resources in the south of the Yangtze River and geological conditions that are only suitable for the construction of medium and small mines, it is possible to directly transfer to precise surveys according to geological blocks on the basis of appropriately increasing the level of general survey. This can fully meet the needs of medium and small mine construction and shorten the exploration time.
In addition, geological exploration methods should also keep pace with the times, follow the spirit of reform and opening up, and follow the laws of market economy. During the precise investigation stage, the principles of obtaining maximum economic benefits and the fastest capital recovery period should be followed. , adopting a one-stop management model that reasonably intersects geological design and mine construction to carry out geological exploration work. This will require necessary revisions to the current Code.
The above-mentioned superficial opinions are hoped to play a role in the study and discussion of the development laws of geological work, so that we can discuss them together.
References
China Geological Society 2000 China Geological Research Society. 1999. Development Strategy of China’s Geological Work. Beijing: Geological Press
Tian Shanggang et al. "Well" distribution pattern of China's coal resources. China Coalfield Geology, Issue 3, 2006
Liu Chongli. Discussion on Mineral Geological Exploration Methods. China Geology, Issue 6, 1998
China General Administration of Coalfield Geology. History of China's Coalfield Geological Exploration. Beijing: Coal Industry Press
United Nations Thematic Working Group. 1996. United Nations International Reserves/Resources Classification Framework