In fact, there are only a few historical multiple-choice questions. As long as you master the method, it is not difficult to judge the choice: multiple-choice questions can basically be divided into six basic types: material type, combination type, arrangement type, best type, conceptual type and reverse type. Looking at the history college entrance examination in recent years, an important reason why candidates lose points in the multiple-choice part is that they don't understand the interference methods used in the examination questions. The following is an example of a college entrance examination question:
1. Add branches and leaves
【 embellish 】 used to describe when telling something or paraphrasing other people's words, in order to exaggerate and add things that were not there. In the multiple-choice questions in the history college entrance examination, it means that the proposer adds some modifications and restrictions to the stem or limb of the question, so that the viewpoint tends to be absolute.
[Example 1] (Selected Works of the State, Vol.1, No.23) Economic History of Europe describes the phenomenon that has appeared in some parts of Europe since the middle of18th century. "Noble that swaggering life, has been the growing wealth of the bourgeoisie to imitate and even challenge. Although they are sometimes described contemptuously as' upstarts', their purchasing power forms the basis for their own imitation. " This description shows that
A. the industrial revolution affected social life. B. the spread of the enlightenment eliminated people's hierarchical concept.
C. the political revolution made the feudal nobles bid farewell to their former lives. D. scientific and technological progress has reduced the production cost and the price is relatively low.
[Analysis] The proposer used the interference method of "adding branches and leaves" in the setting of limb item B in this question. The modifier "destroy" was added to question B, which made the viewpoint tend to be absolute. In fact, the title is "described contemptuously as" nouveau riche ",which shows that the hierarchical concept still exists in society, so question B is wrong.
[Enlightenment] To solve this kind of problem, candidates should first grasp the main components in the stem or limb of the question, and then ponder over those components that have been modified and restricted repeatedly to see if they are consistent with the original point of view. If not, they will be tongue-tied. The absolute words such as "all", "any", "certain" and "all" in the title must be carefully scrutinized and carefully selected.
2. specious
The original meaning of "specious" seems right, but it is not. In the multiple-choice questions of the history college entrance examination, the proposer generally uses related, similar, similar or opposite knowledge to form interference questions, mainly to examine the understanding and discrimination ability of the candidates.
[Example 2] (Beijing Wenzong Volume 23) 1940 Nazi Germany established a concentration camp group integrating imprisonment, labor and slaughter in Auschwitz. Now the site has been turned into a memorial hall to warn people of the consequences of extreme nationalism, the spread of McCarthyism, the innocent massacres of Jews and Poles and the tragedy caused by terrorism.
A.①② B.①③ C.②③ D.③④
[Analysis] Some candidates will choose D, which seems specious. The key point is that they can't correctly distinguish between fascism and terrorism. The establishment of Auschwitz concentration camp belongs to fascism, not terrorism, so it is excluded. Auschwitz concentration camp was established during World War II, and McCarthyism appeared in the early 1950s, so it was excluded. The correct answer is B.
[Enlightenment] To solve such problems, we must analyze the related problems one by one according to the knowledge we have learned and the concreteness of the problems, and beware of being disturbed by specious problems.
Step 3 answer irrelevant questions
The original intention of "answering irrelevant questions" is to answer rather than ask questions. In the multiple-choice questions of history college entrance examination, proposers often deliberately set some correct questions that have nothing to do with the stem of the questions to interfere. If candidates don't analyze the questions carefully, they will make the wrong choice.
[Example 3] (Shandong Wenzong Volume 13) 1964, Zhou Enlai said in a conversation with American writer Si Nuo, "We did some right things in the past 15 years, but we also did some wrong things. ..... Only by daring to admit your shortcomings and mistakes can you correct them. " In view of the "shortcomings and mistakes" in economic construction in the late 1950s, the Party and the government took the following corrective measures.
A. socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce B. correct analysis of the main contradictions in our society
C. put forward the general line of building socialism D. put forward the eight-character policy of adjusting the national economy
[Analysis] The above four topics are related to the historical facts of the economic development of the party and the government. A belongs to three major transformations, and the time is 1953- 1956. B is the eight contents of 1956, C is put forward in 1958, D is for "left", and the answer is D.
[Revelation] To answer such questions, you can only choose those questions that are related to the topic and have the same meaning. For those questions that have nothing to do with the topic or are not directly related, even if your statement is correct, you can't choose.
4. Zhang Guan Dai Li
"Zhang Guan Dai Li" used to be a metaphor to get the wrong object or fact. In the multiple-choice questions of history college entrance examination, such questions often interfere with relevant knowledge, and candidates will make mistakes if their memories are vague.
[Example 4] (Beijing Wenzong Volume 19) After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the China * * * production party sized up the situation, constantly explored and improved its ruling ability. This is manifested in the following aspects: the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee solved the major problem of the transition from the new-democratic revolution to the socialist revolution; the Beidaihe Conference adopted the resolution of establishing people's communes in rural areas; the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee decided to shift the work center to economic construction; and the Thirteenth National Congress expounded the theory of the primary stage of socialism.
A.①②③ B.①③④ C.①② D.③④
[Analysis] This question mainly examines the ability to understand and reproduce historical facts. The Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee was held before the founding of New China, so option ① was excluded. It is a "Left" mistake to establish a people's commune and engage in a people's commune movement, which does not belong to the performance of improving the ruling ability, so option 2 is excluded. Because candidates don't have a good grasp of historical facts, many candidates will choose B wrongly, that is, they think that the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee will be held after the founding of New China.
[Revelation] In the usual review, candidates should pay attention to summarizing and combing relevant knowledge, try to find out the ins and outs of important historical facts and prevent confusion.
5, the fish are mixed.
"The sham as the genuine" was originally a metaphor to confuse the fake with the real. In the multiple-choice questions of history college entrance examination, this kind of questions usually take similar, similar and confusing knowledge as interference questions, mainly to test the memory ability of candidates.
[Example 5] (Jiangsu History Volume 23) Today, human beings in the world are facing many * * * same problems, among which "2 1 century political plague" is called.
A. Corruption spread B. Terrorism C. Repeated coups D. Ethnic contradictions
[Analysis] Many candidates will think that the four options are correct. They think that corruption, terrorism, coups and ethnic conflicts are all "political plagues of the 2nd/Kloc-0th century" and have made the mistake of "confusing the audience". In fact, corruption, coups and ethnic conflicts have a long history, but terrorism is different. After the "9.11incident" on May 38, 2006, terrorism has not been eliminated because of the war on terrorism in Afghanistan and other countries, but has an increasing spread trend, which has become the same problem faced by mankind in the world today, so it is called "265438". So the correct answer is B.
[Enlightenment] There are similar questions in the history test questions of the college entrance examination almost every year. In the usual review, candidates must compare and analyze relevant, similar, confusing and error-prone knowledge in order to eliminate interference and answer accurately.
Step 6 reverse the head and tail
In the middle part of the test paper, the proposer corrected the mode of positive thinking and inserted a question of reverse thinking, which often led to some candidates making mistakes.
[Example 6] (Jiangsu History Volume 20) The following account of socialist construction in the Soviet Union does not belong to the Stalin period.
A. Promote industrialization with emphasis on heavy industry B. Form a relatively complete industrial system.
C. Combine the individual small-scale peasant economy and transform it into a large-scale collective economy.
D. replacing scientific socialism with "democratic socialism"
[Analysis] Replacing scientific socialism with "democratic socialism" was put forward by Gorbachev, general secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union. Therefore, D. However, due to the influence of positive choice thinking, during Stalin's period, some candidates chose one of the three items A, B and C, and abandoned the unqualified D, resulting in losing points.
[Enlightenment] The key to solving this kind of multiple-choice questions is to find the right direction. On the premise of confirming that the topic is a reverse multiple-choice question, just abandon the original correct limb.
7. give up the basics and seek the end.
"Begging for the end" originally refers to abandoning the fundamental and main part of things and pursuing details. In the multiple-choice questions in the history college entrance examination, this kind of questions negates the essence and law with phenomena or illusions, and replaces the fundamental and main things with trivial and unimportant things.
[Example 7] (Shanghai History Volume11) At the beginning of the 20th century, people called Catholicism "eating foreign religions"; In 1930s, the citizens in the concession were kicked by foreign police and laughed at themselves as "eating a foreign ham". During the Anti-Japanese War, there was a folk proverb in Chongqing called "tight before tight"; Others are "closed", "popular" and "taking medicine". These popular words related to "eating" essentially reflect
A China people always pay attention to the refinement of words and the accuracy of grammar.
"Eating" is a very popular and fashionable word in China.
C. Chinese and western food cultures are in constant blending and conflict.
"Eating" has a profound influence on the cultural psychology of China people.
[Analysis] On the surface, the three items A, B and C are related to the stem of the question, which is correct in itself, but it does not conform to the stipulation of the stem of the question, and the item D is the essential reflection. The answer is item D.
[Enlightenment] To solve this kind of test questions, candidates must take "phenomenon as a guide to entry, and grasp its essence as soon as they enter the door", and consciously understand the essence through phenomenon and eliminate interference, otherwise they will make mistakes.
8, the primary and secondary reversed
This kind of topic often reverses the primary and secondary relationship of related knowledge. Generally speaking, the limb is consistent with the stem, but it actually interferes with dialectics in a non-dialectical way.
[Example 8] (Tianjin Wenzong Volume 24) Roosevelt said that the Industrial Recovery Act was the "most far-reaching" law enacted by the US Congress. The main purpose of implementing this law is to
A. Achieving economic recovery B. Increasing employment opportunities
C. State intervention in the economy D. Prevention of blind competition
[Resolution] A, C and D are all the purposes of law enforcement, and B is the objective influence after law enforcement. Candidates can easily choose C to do this problem. In fact, this question examines the subjective purpose of Roosevelt's implementation of the industrial revival law, not the objective influence.
[Enlightenment] To answer such questions, we should pay attention to the primary and secondary relations between corresponding knowledge, such as productivity and production relations, economic base and superstructure, social existence and social consciousness. In any case, the former determines the latter, so we should be wary of the proposer interfering in a seemingly dialectical way.
9. Causal inversion
In this kind of topic, the proposer turns the cause and result upside down to confuse the line of sight, mainly examining whether the examinee's understanding of knowledge is accurate and thorough, and grasping the internal causal relationship between various phenomena and between phenomena and essence.
[Example 9] (History of Jiangsu Volume 3) During the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, the economy of Jiangnan developed rapidly, and even the admiration of "the prosperous time of Jiangnan" appeared. The main factors of Jiangnan development in this period do not include
A. a large number of northerners moved to the south. B. Further strengthening of national integration
C. the rulers implement policies such as persuading farmers to plant mulberry trees. D. agricultural products are highly commercialized.
[Analysis] A, B and C are all factors that promote economic development, while D is the performance of economic development and the "fruit" of the problem, not the "cause" of the problem. Many candidates chose item D wrong when answering this question, because they didn't understand that the proposer used the method of causality inversion here.
[Enlightenment] To answer such questions, first, it depends on whether it is a causal problem or a causal problem; The second is to see if there is a causal relationship between the stem and the limb; If it is a causal test, we should pay attention to whether the causal relationship between stem and limb is established; If it is a causal problem, it is especially necessary to check whether the reason mentioned in the problem limb is synonymous with the stem of the question and whether there is causal inversion.
10, to generalize.
In this kind of topic, the proposer often replaces the whole with part, the whole with part, and all situations with one situation.
[Example 10] (Shanghai History Volume 2 1) Among the following options, those that conform to the principles of the book "Zi Tong Zhi Jian" in terms of the date, system and material selection are
A. The life of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was condensed into a single story. B. Sima Guang smashed a jar.
C. the deeds of emperor Taizong are narrated according to time. D. detailed records of Genghis Khan's route to the west.
[Analysis] Many candidates in this question chose item A by mistake and made the mistake of "generalizing the whole". There are three restrictions on the topic. One is the completion date of Zi Jian: the historical period recorded in Zi Jian began in the 23rd year of Zhou Weilie (403 BC) and ended in the 6th year of Zhou Xiande (959 BC), with a period of * * * BC 1362; The second limitation is the system of Zi Tong Zhi Jian: chronological style-a method of compiling and recording history according to the order of historical events; The third restriction is the selection principle of "Learning from Resources": "It is better to lose in complexity than in leakage". The selected historical materials focus on the rise and fall of the country, the gains and losses of policies, the virtues of monarch and ministers, etc. Item A "The life of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is concentrated in a single article", which should belong to the biographical genre and is a way of recording history centered on the activities of characters, which is inconsistent with the second restriction. The correct answer should be C.
[Enlightenment] When answering such questions, candidates should use dialectical thinking to make a comprehensive analysis of each topic and abandon one-sided and absolute topics.
Best multiple-choice question: The characteristic of this type of question is that only one answer meets the meaning of the question, and the others seem to be right, but they are not comprehensive and profound enough to be the best choice. You should compare it repeatedly before choosing.
Example 1: The most important basis for taking the May 4th Movement as the beginning of the new-democratic revolution is (c).
A. the nature of the struggle is anti-imperialist and anti-feudal. B. Li Dazhao and other advanced intellectuals took the lead.
C. the proletariat stepped onto the historical stage and played a major role.
D. this was part of the proletarian revolution in the world at that time.
Example 2: The "short spring" of national capitalist industry has the greatest influence on the historical development of China (D).
A. objectively resisted the economic aggression of the great powers. B. Strengthening the strength of the national bourgeoisie
C. provided a prerequisite for the new culture movement. D. laid the class foundation of the new democratic revolution.
2. Reverse multiple-choice questions: This type of questions is characterized by negative hints or restrictions on the stem of the questions. If you use words such as "no", "nothing" and "incorrect", you should pay special attention to reading the stem carefully.
Example 1: The following statement about the reasons for economic development in Jiangnan is inaccurate (B)
A. the social environment in Jiangnan is relatively stable. B. Jiangnan was developed earlier than the north.
C. Large-scale migration of northerners to the south D. Strengthening ethnic integration
Example 2: The similarities between Roosevelt's New Deal and the social and economic policies of western European countries in the 1950s and 1960s do not include (a).
A. Implement the nationalization policy B. Strengthen the government's intervention and management of the economy
C. Carrying out social reforms to alleviate social contradictions D. Improving people's living conditions
3. Deductive reasoning multiple-choice questions: The characteristic of this type of question is that it can achieve the purpose of solving problems through reasoning. This kind of topic often involves some regular problems, such as essence, root, direct cause, basic cause, direct cause, direct purpose and fundamental purpose. Among them, "essence" refers to the essence of things; "Main cause" or "root cause" refers to the cause that plays a decisive role in the development of historical events and has a significant impact on them. Generally speaking, we should grasp it from the perspective of economy, class, the essence of historical events or Marxist theory. The "fundamental purpose" is generally grasped from the perspective of class. When doing problems, we should pay attention to seeing the essence through phenomena and solve problems with the principles of historical materialism and dialectical materialism.
Example 1: Han Feizi in ancient times advocated the publication of laws throughout the country, and subjects must abide by them. The essence of his thought of rule of law is (c)
A. take the law as the highest criterion B. use the law to restrain the behavior of individuals.
C. Take the law as a tool for the monarch to govern the world. D. Replace the monarch's personal will with the legal system.
Example 2: The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China stipulates that "the sovereignty of the Republic of China belongs to the whole nation", and its substantive significance lies in
(2)
A. The people are masters of their own affairs and turn over politically. Deny absolute monarchy.
C. established the principle of democracy and created conditions for the development of capitalism.
Example 3: The root cause of well site system collapse is (D)
A. the slave struggle. The vassals fought for hegemony and seized land.
C. the monarch recognizes private ownership of land. The use of iron and Niu Geng
Example 4: The main features of people's communes are (D)
A. it reflects the urgent desire of the broad masses of farmers. B. high indicators, blind command, bragging.
C. seriously harmed the interests of farmers. D. large scale and high publicity.
Example 5: 1978 The fundamental purpose of the discussion on the criterion of truth is (b)
A. Denying two common mistakes B. Correcting "Left" mistakes since the Cultural Revolution
C. Affirming that practice is the only criterion for testing truth D. Fully guiding the whole Party with Mao Zedong Thought.
Example 6. In the late Ming Dynasty, silver became a common currency, mainly due to (a)
A. the development of commodity economy B. implementing the "one whip method"
C. Development of overseas trade D. Emergence of employment relationship
4. Comprehensive comparison multiple-choice questions: The characteristic of this question is to put together similar comparable historical facts with historical and educational significance and put forward the same or different requirements. The characteristic of comparison is that candidates need to make a comprehensive and generally internal comparison.
Example 1: Machiavelli and Montesquieu
A. Examining the real society from a theological perspective B. Being the main representative of the Enlightenment.
C. criticize the decay of feudal monarchy D. put forward political theory about the future society.
Exodus 2: The United Nations Declaration and the Asian-African Conference both advocate the principle of (c).
A. Eliminating threats to peace through collective action
C. Defending human rights and national independence D. Sharing national resources
5. Sequential multiple-choice questions: The characteristic of this question type is to require candidates to sort historical phenomena or facts in a certain order according to the requirements of the topic. Pay attention to the beginning and end of the problem, and then rule out the choice.
Example 1: The following cities are (c) in chronological order of opening commercial ports in modern history.
(1) Nanjing (2) Xiamen (3) Tianjin (4) Hangzhou
a、①②③④ B、①③④② C、②①③④ D、②①④③
(Make it clear that the first one is Xiamen, excluding items A and B. After finding the last one is Hangzhou, exclude D.)
Example 2: The order of the following scientific achievements is (c)
Darwin established the theory of evolution, Newton established the mechanical system, Einstein put forward the theory of relativity, and Roentgen discovered "X-rays".
A.①②④③ B.②④①③ C.②①④③ D.①④③②
6. Material multiple-choice question: The characteristic of this question type is that the proposer gives the corresponding historical materials in combination with certain historical facts, and requires the candidates to discover the historical facts behind it through the materials on the basis of reading the materials. Be sure to stick to the material itself when doing the problem.
Example 1: A poem by Li Qingzhao: "I miss Xiang Yu so far and refuse to cross Jiangdong", and its true meaning is (D)
A. Persuade the rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty to reuse talents by praising Xiang Yu. B. admire Xiang Yu's tragic death.
C. express sympathy for Xiang Yu's death D. ridicule the song rulers for favoring Jiangnan by praising Xiang Yu
Exodus 2: Du Fu, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote: "The song of the jade piano Tatar tells the sorrow of the ages." Modern historian Jane Bozan wrote: "How good is the pipa? Cymbals have been silent for fifty years. " Their poems reflect the same historical event from different angles.
(4)
A. Zhang Qian communicates with the western regions B. Gan Ying goes to Daqin C. Princess Wencheng enters Tibet D. Zhaojun leaves the fortress.
7. Look at the picture multiple-choice question: it is also a material question. The characteristic of this question is that the proposer gives the corresponding historical map or picture in combination with certain historical facts, and requires candidates to fully explore the effective information of the picture materials and discover the historical facts behind them on the basis of reading the map and picture materials.
Example 1: It was (a) who first introduced Marxism to China and used it as the ideological weapon of the China Revolution, calling on China to take the road of the Russian October Revolution.
Example 2: Observing Treaty Ports 1234⑤ The picture on the right shows that the Japanese forced the Qing government to open treaty ports through the treaty of shimonoseki (B).
A.①② B.②③ C.③④ D.④⑤
8. Multiple choice to single choice: This type of question is characterized by multiple choice variation. When doing the problem, we must first determine whether it is definitely right or wrong, narrow the encirclement, and then compare them one by one to choose the correct answer.
Example: During the French Revolution, the crisis of constitutional monarchy and gironde's rule was (a).
Foreign armed intervention, rebellion by reactionary forces, deterioration of people's lives and internal division.
A.①②③ B.②③④ C.①③④ D.①②③④
(2) Check and solve problems
1. Four problems must be solved in the examination of history test questions: examination time, topic, conditions and core.
(1) Review time: determine the exact time or time when the content of the test questions occurred, and reproduce the characteristics of the times, development trends, historical trends, major contradictions, etc. At this particular time.
During the industrial revolution, British scientists made the following great achievements in natural science: (c)
① Newton's mechanical system ② Dalton's scientific atomism ③ Harvey's blood circulation theory ④ Faraday's electrical theory.
a、①② B、③④ C、②④ D、①③
Analysis: this problem should be considered from the time. When did it refer to the industrial revolution? Which scientists are British? If we solve the above problems, we can answer them calmly. The industrial revolution took place in1from the 1960s to the middle of19th century, while ① ③ took place in17th century and ② took place in the first half of19th century, all of which were achievements of Britain, so C was chosen.
(2) Examining the subject: The subject is the special thinking object specified in the test questions.
For example, the earliest modern enterprise in China is (C).
A, enterprises founded by Westernization School B, national capitalist enterprises C, foreign-funded enterprises D, bureaucratic capitalist enterprises
Analysis: The title of this topic is "Modern Enterprises in China", not "Modern Enterprises in China".
(3) Examination conditions: it is the content of the questions provided to the candidates and the known part of the problem solving. In addition to examining the explicit conditions in the test questions, we should also pay attention to the in-depth excavation of its implicit content.
(4) The core of the examination is to confirm the central idea and theme of the examination questions, and to judge the basic viewpoints of the proposer.
2. Solve the problem:
(1) direct selection method. It is generally used to test students' basic knowledge, memory and understanding. This method is based on the usual academic level and presupposes careful examination of the questions. Candidates must carefully examine the questions and accurately determine all the conditions and answers. Even if they take a fancy to the sub-items, they may wish to carefully examine all the options and find out the reasons for excluding the interference items.
(2) Eliminate interference. When you encounter some problems that are difficult to choose directly, you can use this method to eliminate interference and confusion. The specific operation should be divided into two steps, first excluding and then comparing.
Example: The positive influence of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and the Boxer Rebellion on the social development of China is (D).
(1) directly promoted the social modernization of China; (2) objectively promoted the reform of the Qing government.
It is conducive to the development of Chinese national capitalism and has dealt a blow to the aggressive forces of western colonialists.
a、①③ B、①④ C、②③ D、②④
Analysis: It is definitely wrong to say that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and the Boxer Movement "directly promoted the process of social modernization in China". The so-called modernization is mainly manifested in "political democratization" and "economic industrialization", but in these two aspects, the two movements have no direct effect, so we can first rule out the options A 1 3 and B 14 that contain item1,and then "attacking the aggressive forces of western colonialists" is definitely correct, so we can choose directly.
(3) the drying method. There must be a close logical connection between the content of the question and the answer. When solving the problem, first of all, the meaning of the problem is obviously inconsistent.
Remove the items, and then put other items into the stem for reduction thinking.
The above introduction is only a few common interference methods in multiple-choice questions, and some special methods are different. It is worth noting that the multiple-choice ability in the college entrance examination paper is high, and the proposer often uses several interference methods in the same exam. Candidates must carefully observe and repeatedly experience in their usual exercises, master the problem-solving skills of various topics, and strive to improve the correct rate of problem solving.