Bus: Take bus No.2, No.3 and No.20 and get off at the Ming Tombs.
Tickets: 15 yuan
Opening hours: 7: 00- 17: 30.
Meihua Mountain has a gate, and the mausoleum gate, also known as Wenwufang Gate, is the first gate of the mausoleum. The door was originally five doors, three holes in the front door and one side door, all of which were destroyed. During the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, it was rebuilt, and there was only one hole to enter. After the restoration, five doors were opened, roof tiles were added, red walls were repaired and platforms were laid. The glazed components used at the top of the door are all from the site of Beijing Royal Kiln, and the city bricks left over from the Ming Dynasty are used to rebuild the door vouchers and fill the walls. The restored Wenwufang Gate is 8.90 meters high and 27.65 meters wide. The whole building has yellow tiles, vermicelli doors and red walls, which set each other off and are colorful. Under the east wall of the main entrance, there is still a "special message" written by one party in Japanese, German, Italian, English, French and Russian, which was erected by the Daotai and Jiangning Magistrate of the General Administration of Westernization in the year of Xuantongyuan in Qing Dynasty (1909) to protect filial piety.
Fangcheng is a big building in front of Baoding, all of which are huge stones. The front height is 16.25m, the back height is 8. 13m, the east-west length is 75.26m, the north-south width is 30.96m, and the lower part is Sumitomo. There is an arch one in the middle of Fangcheng, and the entrance from here is a circular arch tunnel, which consists of 54 steps. Above Fangcheng is the Ming building, commonly known as dressing table, which is 39.25m long from east to west and 19.4m wide from north to south. The floor is paved with square bricks, with double eaves and flying corners, and covered with yellow glass, which is gorgeous and majestic. There are only four brick walls left
The square city of the Ming Tombs Pavilion is a square building with a coupon door on each side. The original double-eaves and mountain-leaning roof is no longer there. The pavilion is the "Ming Taizu Shen Gong Shengde Monument" built by Judy Yu Yongle of Ming Taizu for her father Zhu Yuanzhang in the third year of Yongle (AD 1405). The monument is 8.78 meters high and its volume ranks first in Nanjing.
Dajinmen is the first gate of the Ming Tombs, facing south, with three arches. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a scarlet painted gate, and the roof of the gate was covered with yellow glass bricks. Now the gate and roof are long gone. In the Ming Dynasty, this huge Golden Gate was a formidable place. Ordinary people are not allowed to enter without authorization, and offenders will be punished 100 staff.
Xiaoling Hall, also known as Xiang Hall, was built on a grand scale, but it was destroyed by war. There are 56 large columns on the existing three-story Sumitomo pedestal. According to the area of the pedestal and the position of the pillars, it is inferred that the temple was nine rooms wide and five rooms deep, and the scale was similar to that of Changling Temple in Beijing.
Fangcheng is a big building in front of Baoding, all of which are huge stones. The front height is 16.25m, the back height is 8. 13m, the east-west length is 75.26m, the north-south width is 30.96m, and the lower part is Sumitomo. There is an arch one in the middle of Fangcheng, and the entrance from here is a circular arch tunnel, which consists of 54 steps. Above Fangcheng is the Ming building, commonly known as dressing table, which is 39.25m long from east to west and 19.4m wide from north to south. The floor is paved with square bricks, and the original double eaves and cornices are covered with yellow glass, which is magnificent. There are only four brick walls left
Mainly based on the mausoleum of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, there are stone pavilions, Shinto, stone halls, civil and military square doors, Ming buildings, treasure cities and so on. Nearby are Wanmeiyuan, Boai Pavilion, Dimfragrance Pavilion and Sakura Garden, as well as the newly-built Honglou Art and Literature Garden, Underwater World and celebrity tombs: Sun Quan Tomb Site, Liao and He Xiangning Tombs. The whole scenic spot covers an area of 6.5438+0.567 million square meters, which is a good place to play in spring.
Zhu Biao, the eldest son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of Ming Dynasty, was once made a prince, but unfortunately he died young before he ascended the throne. Zhu Yuanzhang imperial edict buried Zhu Biao in the east of Xiaoling Mausoleum, later called Dongling. After 600 years of vicissitudes, Dongling has long been forgotten. From 65438 to 0999, the cultural relics department conducted a comprehensive archaeological exploration of Dongling and found out the location and architectural pattern of Dongling. Dongling is located about 60 meters east of Xiaoling. There is a large building base buried underground between the two mausoleums. Hu Ling Yushui River flows through Wulong Bridge in front of Xiaoling Palace from the east of Dongling. The overall layout of Dongling is similar to that of Xiaoling. It consists of a cemetery, a tomb gate, a main entrance of the hall, a hall and an underground palace. The main entrance and the enjoyment hall are huge in size and gorgeous in materials. The front and rear walls of the mausoleum are turtle-backed, with special patterns.
Ming tomb's Shinto is divided into two sections. The first section runs east-west, and is now called Shi Xiang Road. Along the way, six kinds of stone beasts, namely lion, lion, camel, elephant, unicorn and horse, are arranged in turn, with four kinds of each, two squatting and two standing, and 24 * * *. The second section is north-south, with a pair of stone pillars, two pairs of military commanders and two pairs of civil servants. A famous stone pillar, 6.52 meters high, hexagonal, round hat, engraved with Yunlong pattern.
Ming Mausoleum, the mausoleum of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, is located at the southern foot of the famous Zijinshan Mountain in the eastern suburb of Nanjing, with a history of 600 years.
Zhu Yuanzhang, whose real name is Guo Rui, 1328, was born in a poor peasant family in Zhongli Township, Bozhou, Anhui Province (now the northeast of Fengyang County). Parents died young, lonely and helpless, and became a monk in Huang Jue Temple. 1352, 25-year-old Zhu Yuanzhang joined the peasant uprising army at the end of Yuan Dynasty led by Guo Zixing. After Guo died, he became the leader of the rebel army. 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang led his troops to capture Qing Ji (now Nanjing), an important town in the south of the Yangtze River. 1368, when Zhu Yuanzhang was 4 1 year old, he ascended the throne and proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Daming Hongwu, and changed his capital to Yingtian.
In the ninth year of Hongwu (1376), Zhu Yuanzhang began to build a mausoleum for himself. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu (1382), the empress Ma died and Zhu Yuanzhang buried her in a mausoleum under construction. Because posthumous title in Ma Huanghou is "filial piety", the first mausoleum in Ming Dynasty was called "Xiaoling Mausoleum".
The Xiaoling Mausoleum was built in the ninth year of Hongwu (1376), the Baogong Pagoda and Jiangshan Xiao were demolished in 12, and the Xiaoling Hall was built in 15, and was buried in Zhu Yuanzhang in 3 16. Finally, in the 11th year of Yongle (14 13), the "Shengde Monument of Daming Tomb" was built, which lasted for 38 years.
Xiaoling Mausoleum is one of the largest existing ancient imperial tombs in China. The depth from Xiamafang in front to Fangcheng in the back is 2.62km, and the perimeter of the red wall around Xiaoling Mausoleum is 22.5km, which is equivalent to 2/3 of the length of the Beijing city wall. This shows its huge scale.
The plane layout of Xiaoling Mausoleum can be divided into two parts: the front is Shinto facilities, which serve as a guide from Xiamafang to Lingxingmen; Later, it was the main mausoleum building of the mausoleum.
Xiamafang, the starting point of Xiaoling, is located in the east of Weigang. It is a two-column stone archway with the words "Officials Dismount" engraved on its forehead. Xiamafang, about 755 meters northwest, is the gate of Xiaoling, called Dajinmen. The roof of the Great Golden Gate has been destroyed, with a width of 26.6 meters and a depth of 8 meters. There are still three holes in the ticket door. 70 meters north of Dajinmen, it is a monument pavilion, commonly known as Sifang City. The tablet pavilion is square in plane, with a side length of 26.8 meters and a coupon door on all sides. The top of the pavilion has been destroyed, so look inside the sky. There is a 6.7-meter-high stone tablet engraved with a turtle in the pavilion. This is the "immortal tablet of Daming Tomb" erected by Judy, the founding emperor of Ming Dynasty, in the 11th year of Yongle (14 13). This is an inscription written by Judy, describing Zhu Yuanzhang's life story, with a total length of 2746 words. It is the largest ancient relic in Nanjing.
From the northwest of the exhibition hall, across the Yu He Bridge, you will set foot on the Shinto of Xiaoling. Shinto is divided into two parts. The first section is the present Shixiang Road, which is 620 meters long. Six kinds of stone beasts, namely lion, Yi, camel, elephant, unicorn and horse, are arranged in sequence along the way, each with four beasts, two squatting and two standing, and twenty-four * * *. At the end of the stone beast, it turns due north, and the second section of Shinto, also called Weng Zhong Road, is in front of a pair of tall white stone watchtowers. It is 250 meters long, and there are two pairs of military commanders and two pairs of civil servants on both sides of the road. Shinto in the imperial tomb is generally built in a straight line, while Shinto in the Xiaoling mausoleum is extremely rare, which extends zigzag along the west side of Meihua Mountain. It is said that when the mausoleum was being built, someone wanted to level the Meihua Mountain named Sun and build a straight road, but Zhu Yuanzhang attached great importance to Sun Quan, a hero buried in Sun, and asked Sun Quan to watch the gate for him. So remember that his Shinto is just an unreliable legend.
At the end of Shinto, there are only six stone pillars left. Walk 275 meters northeast from Lingxingmen, and you will reach Jinshui Bridge. From Jinshui Bridge to Fangcheng Baoding, the buildings along the way are symmetrically arranged according to the north-south central axis.
Walk 200 meters from Jinshui Bridge to the north, and you will reach the main entrance of the Ming Tombs, which was called Wu Wen Fangmen in the Ming Dynasty. The civil and military square doors were originally five doors, three big and two small, with yellow tiles and single eaves. The middle gate is only for future emperors to visit the mausoleum. Now there is only one door left, which was rebuilt during Tongzhi period of Qing Dynasty. There is a bluestone threshold on the door, engraved with the word "Ming Tomb". Under the red wall on the east side outside the gate and the east wall of the monument hall inside the gate, there are "special notice" plaques written and engraved in Japanese, German, Italian, English, French and Russian to protect Xiaoling. This was established by Daotai of the General Administration of Westernization in Liangjiang and jiangning house Magistrate's Council in the first year of Qing Dynasty (1909).
Walk 34 meters north through the gate of Wu Wen Square, which turned out to be the middle gate in front of Xiaoling Temple, that is, Xiaoling Gate. The gate has been destroyed, and now only the Xu Miji seat with a width of 40 meters and a depth of 15 meters is left. In the Qing dynasty, there was a monument pavilion here. There are five tall stone tablets erected in the temple, one of which is engraved with four Chinese characters "Governing the Tang and Song Dynasties", which was an inscription by Emperor Kangxi during his southern tour of the Ming Tombs, meaning that Ming Taizu's achievements were higher than those of Tang Zong and Song Zu. On both sides of the memorial tablet of "Governing the Tang and Song Dynasties" are imperial memorial tablets inscribed by Emperor Qianlong. On both sides of the back of the temple are two lying tablets, one in the east is engraved with the chronicle of Emperor Kangxi's first visit to the mausoleum, and the other in the west is engraved with the chronicle of Emperor Kangxi's third visit to the mausoleum.
Go north after leaving the Monument Pavilion, and then go to the Xiaoling Pavilion. The Xiaoling Hall is one of the main buildings of the Xiaoling Hall. It is built on Sumitomo's three-story stone pedestal, which is extremely magnificent. Unfortunately, it was destroyed by the fire in the third year of Xianfeng (1853). The existing Xiaoling Hall is three halls rebuilt on the ruins in the 12th year of Tongzhi (1873), and its scale is very small. There is a paper portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang on the temple wall, which was hung during the reconstruction in the late Qing Dynasty. Now it has been turned into "Historical Materials Exhibition Room of Ming Tombs", with an exhibition area of about 80 square meters and about 100 pictures. This paper introduces Zhu Yuanzhang's life, the construction and present situation of Xiaoling Mausoleum, Nanjing Ming Dynasty ruins and Xiaoling Mausoleum protection planning in four parts.
Behind Xiaoling Temple is Fangcheng. The exterior of Fangcheng is made of large stones, with a height of 16 m, a width of 75 m and a depth of 3 1 m. The lower part is Sumitomo Base with carved flowers, and the east and west sides are splayed walls with beautifully decorated brick carvings at the four corners. In the middle of Fangcheng is an arched tunnel, which consists of 54 stone steps. It's dark and cold, with a mysterious and quiet feeling.
When you get out of the tunnel and climb the stairs along the wall, you will arrive at the Ming building. The Ming building is built on Fangcheng, with a width of 39.25m and a depth of18.40m. It is surrounded by aisles, with three arches in the south, one arch in the east, one arch in the west and one arch in the north. The original double-eaved yellow tile roof has been destroyed, leaving only four brick walls.
Behind Fangcheng is Baocheng, also known as Baoding, which is a large round mound with a diameter of about 325-400 meters. It is surrounded by brick walls based on stones, and the stone wall in front of it is engraved with seven characters in regular script: "The Tomb of Ming Taizu in this Mountain". It is said that these seven characters were carved in the early years of the Republic of China to answer tourists' questions. There are towering trees above the treasure city, and the tombs of Zhu Yuanzhang and Ma Huanghou are below. Beijing should have a whole set of underground buildings similar to Dingling. During the Ming Dynasty, the whole cemetery planted 100000 pine trees and stocked1000 immortal deer that won the silver medal. By the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasties, the losses were all gone.
During Xianfeng period of Qing dynasty, the long-term war between Qing army and Taiping army caused serious damage to Xiaoling. Tongzhi three years, Zeng Guofan's younger brother Ceng Guoquan was ordered to repair Xiaoling, estimated to need two hundred and two thousand pieces of silver. The Qing government was in financial difficulties and was unable to repair it as it was. As a result, it only cost 740 taels of silver to repair it locally. The Ming Tombs that we see today have basically maintained their original appearance after being repaired during the Tongzhi period. Further renovation and development of the Ming Tombs are being planned.
The immortal monument of Sifang city in Nanjing Ming tombs.
Stone statues on both sides of Shinto in Nanjing Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum
Xiang Dian of the Ming Tombs in Nanjing
The Ming Tombs are listed in the World Heritage List.
Located in Nanjing, the Ming Mausoleum, with a history of nearly 700 years, is the tomb where Zhu Yuanzhang, the great ancestor of Ming Dynasty, and Ma Shi, the empress, were buried together. This awe-inspiring cemetery is located at the foot of Mount Qomolangma in Dulong, south of Nanjing Purple Mountain. It is said that Zhu Yuanzhang chose the "longevity residence".
At the beginning, the cemetery started from Zhongshan in the north, reached Xiaolingwei in the south, Linggu Temple in the east and the city wall in the west, with a circumference of 22.5 kilometers. At that time, the mausoleum was closed, covered with pines and cypresses, and thousands of reindeer were raised. Only the last part of the cemetery exists. Its overall layout is divided into two parts? One is the Shinto that guides the building, where there are stone beasts and stone men; The second is the main building of the mausoleum, where Zhu Yuanzhang was buried. In Sifang City, there is a "Shengde Monument of Daming Tomb" built by Judy for her father. It is one of the largest imperial tombs in ancient China.
The Ming Tombs have a grand layout and strict regulations, but most of the wooden buildings on the ground were destroyed by the battle between the Qing army and the Taiping army in 1853. There are existing monuments such as Xiamafang, Monument Pavilion, Stone Beast, Wang Zhu, Weng Zhong Stone Man, Monument Hall for Governing the Tang and Song Dynasties, Sifang City and Baocheng, with a depth of 2.62km.. The existing relics around the 22.5 km red wall can still be seen in the royal cemetery.
Shinto, sacrificial enjoyment area and Neigong area of the Ming Tombs became the model of the later Ming Tombs in Beijing, but the Shinto of the Ming Tombs was combined into one and was used by the Thirteen Tombs. However, each mausoleum is divided into two other areas, which is similar to that of the Ming tombs. Therefore, it can be considered that the Ming Tombs pioneered the shape of royal tombs in the Ming and Qing Dynasties for 500 years.
The Basis of the Ming Tombs' Application for World Heritage
Although the Ming tomb was destroyed by historical war, the main building still exists and its historical features remain the same. Xiamafang, Dajinmen, Sifang City, Shinto stone carvings, mausoleum buildings, etc. are all the remains of primitive buildings in the Ming Dynasty, which meet the basic requirements of "authenticity" of cultural relics in the declaration of world heritage.
The building scale of the Ming Tombs is huge, which represents the highest achievement of architecture and stone carving art in the early Ming Dynasty, and directly affects the shape of imperial tombs in the Ming and Qing Dynasties for more than 500 years, which meets the requirement of "unique and universal value" of cultural relics in the application for world heritage.
The Ming Tombs are located in Zhongshan Scenic Area, and the surrounding environment is well protected. It attracts Chinese and foreign tourists with its unique magical colors and beautiful scenery. As far as world heritage is concerned, it is one of the important factors that are organically integrated into contemporary life.
What is the "World Heritage" value of the Ming Tombs? According to an expert from National Cultural Heritage Administration, China who is still in Paris, the Ming Tombs have four unique values, just like the four outstanding features of "Three Parallel Rivers". It was the "Big Four" that made the Ming Tombs successfully put on the "World Heritage" gold necklace, which achieved a zero breakthrough and filled the blank of the "World Heritage" in the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties.
(1) The Ming Tombs represent the artistic achievements of royal architecture in the early Ming Dynasty. The Ming Tombs are more than 2,600 meters deep from Xiamafang to Baoding, where the underground palace is located. There are more than 30 buildings and stone carvings with different styles and uses along the line. The overall layout is grand and orderly, the single building is heavy and majestic, and the detailed decoration technology is exquisite, which embodies the talents of politicians, artists and architects at that time and constructs a creative masterpiece of the royal mausoleum.
(2) The Ming Tombs are a comprehensive reflection of China's traditional culture. The Ming Tombs have beautiful scenery, undulating terrain and rich traditional cultural connotations. The mausoleum is built on the mountain and surrounded by mountains and rivers, creating a vault and encirclement for the mausoleum where it is located, which makes the human landscape and natural landscape of the Ming tombs highly harmonious. It is a model of the combination of traditional culture, architectural art and natural environment in China.
(3) The Ming Tombs have a unique Shinto Mausoleum in China. It is characterized by the perfect combination of artificial architecture and natural situation, and meanders along the mountain, which contains profound China traditional cultural thoughts and distinctive personality characteristics. Shinto stone carvings are diverse in style, heavy and simple in carving, integrating grand whole and fine parts, representing the highest level of stone carving art in China in the early Ming Dynasty.
(4) The Ming Tombs have a landmark position in the history of China Mausoleum architecture, which can be regarded as important materials for studying the Ming and Qing Mausoleum system. It inherited the system of imperial tombs in the previous dynasty, and created the basic pattern of "the front is round" by changing the square tombs into round hills. It has been standardizing the architectural system of more than 20 imperial tombs in the Ming and Qing Dynasties for more than 500 years, which has a milestone position in the history of China mausoleum architecture. (Ni) According to
The addition of Ming Tombs to the World Heritage List has enhanced its cultural value. Will tickets for the Ming Tombs go up?
The reporter interviewed this and got the answer, "Not at present". At present, the ticket price of Nanjing Ming Mausoleum is low, only 15 RMB per ticket, while the ticket price of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is 60 yuan per ticket. Compared with other "World Heritage" events in China, the ticket price of the Ming Tombs is several times lower. According to the past situation, after the successful application, some scenic spots will increase the ticket price. Yesterday, Wang Xuezhi, director of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Administration, said in an interview that the ticket price of Ming Mausoleum is not in line with its own value, which is a bit low. But now that everyone has just relaxed from the tension of "applying for the World Heritage" and there are still some celebrations to be held, we will not consider raising prices at present. But because the Ming Tombs are now a "world heritage", their identities are different and their intrinsic values have been discovered. If the long-term "low price" will affect its image, now we should talk about high quality and good price, as well as historical and cultural attractions.