Chinese name: Araliaceae
Distribution: Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and Hebei (Wuling Mountain and Dushan Mountain)
Ginseng is mainly divided into three categories.
Ginseng is the dried root of Araliaceae plant Ginseng. In China, ginseng has been eaten for a long time, and it was listed as the top grade as early as Shennong Herbal Classic. People began to buy wild ginseng from North Korea in the Tang Dynasty. Chen, deputy director of the quality control department of Guangzhou Medicinal Materials Company, told the reporter that the Chinese herbal medicine industry divides ginseng into wild ginseng, garden ginseng and Korean ginseng according to its quality, origin and growth environment. According to the processing method, all kinds of ginseng can be subdivided into sun-dried ginseng, red ginseng and sugar ginseng.
Garden ginseng
Ginseng planted artificially is generally called "garden ginseng".
Origin: Ginseng planted artificially, mostly planted in Jilin area of China, so it is also called "Jilin Ginseng". According to research, about 250 years ago in the Qing Dynasty, wild ginseng with shoots began to be transplanted in Northeast China, and gradually developed into seed planting. The artificially planted ginseng was called "garden ginseng". Its excavation time is in September, and the garden ginseng is generally excavated for 5 ~ 7 years, because the excavation is too early, the ginseng pulp is insufficient and the quality is not good. According to different production methods, garden ginseng can be divided into red ginseng and sugar ginseng.
Ginseng Radix Rubri: Clean fresh ginseng, cut off tender roots, steam for 2-2.5 hours, and take out or dry in the sun to make ginseng Radix Rubri. Red ginseng is divided into two categories. Among them, reeds are long, long and have long lateral roots. The others are "ordinary red ginseng". Efficacy: Warming.
Sugar Ginseng: Soak the cleaned fresh ginseng in boiling water until it is about six-ripe, take it out and prick holes around the ginseng with bamboo needles, put it in a basin, pour syrup into it, soak it in sugar for 24 hours, then wash off the epidermis syrup, and then dry it in the sun or bake it slowly with fire. Efficacy: it is peaceful and can be eaten directly, and its efficacy is not as good as that of red ginseng.
Korean ginseng
Origin: It is the same species as domestic ginseng, so it is named because it is produced in North Korea and South Korea. Most products on the market now are Korean ginseng. When digging, you should generally choose ginseng strips that are more than 6 years old, full of water and long. Korean ginseng can be divided into red ginseng and white ginseng according to different production methods.
Ginseng Rubra: Steam it with high-temperature steam for 2 hours until it is fully cooked, dry it, remove the ginseng whiskers, and press it into irregular square columns. Efficacy: Warming.
White ginseng: choose short and inferior Korean ginseng, put it in boiling water for a while, and then dry it. Efficacy: mild in nature.
characteristic
Ginseng has a humid and cold climate, with an average temperature of -23-5℃ in 10 and 20-26℃ in July, with 65,438+. Strong cold tolerance, low temperature of -40℃, suitable growth temperature 15-25℃, forest environment with small temperature difference between day and night, and accumulated temperature of 2000-30℃. The soil is well drained, loose and fertile brown forest soil with deep humus layer or mountain gray brown forest soil with pH value of 5.5-6.2. Most of them live in mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests or deciduous broad-leaved forests dominated by Korean pine, and the canopy density is 0.7-0.8. The main tree species is Korean pine. et Zucc。 Five-pointed maple Maxim. ，Tiliamandschurica Rupr。 Et motto. , Ulmus pumila (Trautv. ) Mayr, phellodendron amurense. Quercus mongolica. , Schisandra chinensis (Turcz. )Baill。 Aralia elata ) it seems. Wait. Ginseng usually blooms in 3 years and bears fruit in 5-6 years. The flowering period is June-July and the fruiting period is July-June.
The sun-dried ginseng taproot is spindle-shaped or cylindrical, with a length of 3 ~ 15 cm and a diameter of 1 ~ 2 cm. The surface is grayish yellow, with shallow and intermittent thick horizontal stripes and obvious longitudinal wrinkles on the upper part or all, and 2 ~ 3 branch roots on the lower part, and many slender fibrous roots are born, and there are often inconspicuous small wartlike protrusions on the fibrous roots. The rhizome (reed head) is1~ 4cm long and 0.3 ~1.5cm in diameter. It is winding, with adventitious roots ({Ding}) and sparse pit-like stem scars (Luwan). Hard, yellow and white in cross section, powdery, with brown annular stripes, yellow-brown dotted resin channels, and radial cracks on the epidermis. The aroma is special, and the taste is slightly bitter and sweet.
The main root of sun-dried ginseng is as long as or short as the rhizome, and it is herringbone, diamond or cylindrical, with a length of 2 ~ 10 cm. The surface is grayish yellow, with longitudinal stripes, with dense and deep annular transverse stripes at the upper end, and there are many two branches. The fibrous roots are slender, clear and irregular, with obvious verrucous processes, commonly known as "pearl bumps". The rhizome is slender, with dense stem marks on the upper part, and the adventitious roots are thick and shaped like jujube stones.
Identification (1) Cross section of this product: Cork layer is a series of cells. The cortex is narrow. There are cracks on the outside of phloem, and the thin-walled cells on the inside are closely arranged, scattered in resin channels, with yellow secretions. Form a layer, form a ring. There are broad rays in xylem, and the vessels are scattered or gathered together, which are arranged radially and intermittently, and occasionally there are non-lignified fibers beside the vessels. The parenchyma cells contain calcium oxalate clusters.
Sun-dried ginseng powder is yellow and white. The resin duct fragments are easy to see and contain yellow massive secretions. The calcium oxalate cluster crystals are 20 ~ 68 microns in diameter and angular. Cork cells are square or polygonal, with thin walls and wavy curves. The diameter of reticular and stepped ducts is 10 ~ 56μ m ... There are many starch granules, and the single granule is spherical, semi-circular or irregular polygon, with a diameter of 4 ~ 20 microns, and the navel is punctate or cracked. Composite particles are composed of 2 ~ 6 parts.
(2) Take 65438+0g of this product powder, add 40ml chloroform, heat and reflux for 65438+0h, discard the chloroform solution, evaporate the solvent in the residue, add 0.5mkl of water, mix and moisten, add 65438±00ml of water-saturated n-butanol, perform ultrasonic treatment for 30min, suck the supernatant, add 3 times of ammonia test solution, shake well, stand and stratify. Another ginseng 1g was taken as the control medicinal material, and the control medicinal material solution was prepared by the same method. Then take ginsenoside Rb.
The content was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (Appendix ⅵ d).
Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel is used as a filler for chromatographic conditions and system suitability test. Acetonitrile -0.05% phosphoric acid solution (99:400) as mobile phase; The detection wavelength is 203 nm. According to the Re peak of ginsenoside, the theoretical plate number should be no less than 2500.
Preparation of ginsenoside RG control solution
Preparation of test solution Take 65438±0g of this product powder (pass through No.4 sieve), weigh it accurately, put it in Soxhlet extractor, add 40ml of chloroform, heat and reflux for 3 hours, discard the chloroform solution, volatilize the chloroform in the residue, transfer it into a conical flask with a filter paper tube, add 50ml of water-saturated n-butanol, plug it, leave it overnight, and perform ultrasonic treatment (power 250W, frequency 50 kHz).
The determination method accurately absorbs 65438 00 μ l of the above two control solutions and 65438 00 ~ 20 μ l of the test solution, respectively, and injects them into a liquid chromatograph for determination.
This product contains ginsenoside rg.
Processing raw ginseng, thoroughly wetting, slicing and drying.
Sun-dried ginseng is crushed or mashed when used.
Sexual taste, sweet meridian, slightly bitter and flat. Spleen, lung and heart meridian.
Indications: invigorating primordial qi, restoring pulse, resolving hard mass, invigorating spleen, benefiting lung, promoting fluid production and calming nerves. Can be used for asthenia, cold limbs, rapid pulse, anorexia due to spleen deficiency, asthma and cough due to lung deficiency, body fluid injury and thirst, thirst due to internal heat, chronic illness of palpitation and insomnia, impotence and cold uterus; Heart failure, cardiogenic shock
Usage and dosage: 3-9g, decocted in water; Wild ginseng is ground into powder and swallowed, 2g once, twice a day. Be careful not to use it with Veratrum nigrum.
Store in a cool and dry place, sealed and moth-proof.