In order to defend the northern territory, he asked Meng Tian, a general, to lead an army to defend the Xiongnu in the north, and connected the Great Wall built by various countries during the Warring States Period to resist the Xiongnu's attack. Qin Changcheng starts from Minshan, Gansu in the west, and reaches Liaodong in the east, with a total of Wan Li. So-called? Wan Li Great Wall? . This is a great project built by working people in ancient China, and it is also one of the wonders of the world.
Qin Shihuang also ordered the construction of official roads, that is, relaxation roads. Taking Xianyang as the center, it consists of three articles, one of which goes north to Inner Mongolia; One leads to Hebei and Shandong in the east, until the seaside; One goes south, connecting the two lakes and Jiangsu. The equator is fifty paces wide, and a pine tree is planted every three feet on both sides. The establishment of the equator has greatly shortened the time of information dissemination, which is conducive to the strengthening of centralization and the timely transmission of government decrees.
In order to eradicate the rebellion of the descendants of the six countries, Qin Shihuang moved the descendants and nobles together with the rich families to more than 6,543,800 households near Xianyang, which was convenient for monitoring and prospered the capital economy.
At the same time, Qin Shihuang also reformed and unified the original chaotic weights and measures and currency, and unified Chinese characters, taking Qin Xiaozhuan as the national common language, which greatly promoted cultural exchanges around the country.
Tyranny is worse than a tiger burning books and burying Confucianism.
After Qin Shihuang unified the world, he was satisfied with arrogance, cruelty and cruelty. The endless collection of taxes and voluntary labor, the construction of the Great Wall, palaces and mausoleums, and the opening of borders have plunged the vast number of peasants who have just been freed from the suffering of war into exhausted labor.
Qin Shihuang liked the magnificent palaces of the six countries very much, so whenever a country was destroyed, he took down the pictures of the palaces and copied them in Xianyang. Qin Shihuang built many palaces, including more than 270 around Xianyang alone, more than 400 outside the customs and more than 300 inside the customs. Among these palaces, Epang Palace is the largest and most famous. Because it was burned by Xiang Yu at the end of Qin Dynasty, it is impossible to estimate its scale now, but according to historical records, the things in the front hall of Epang Palace alone are 500 steps wide, about 700 meters. There are 50 feet in the north and 50 feet in the south, which is equivalent to 1 15 meters. The doors of the temple are made of magnets, which are mainly used to prevent people from carrying weapons to assassinate. There are twelve bronze men in front of the temple, that is, twelve bronze men cast with confiscated folk weapons. However, when Qin Shihuang died on a tour, Epang Palace had not yet been built. This huge project needs 700 thousand migrant workers every year.
Another grand project is to build Qin Shihuang's own Lishan Mausoleum, which also employs more than 700,000 people every year. Coupled with other employment, such as building the Great Wall, building roads, and doing military service all the year round, the number of people serving in Qin reaches as many as 30 thousand every year, and men are not recruited enough, and sometimes women are recruited.
In order to accumulate wealth for his large-scale construction, Qin Shihuang formulated a dime a dozen of exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees. Traditionally, people advocated living with their elders to show filial piety, while Qin Shihuang wanted married men to be separated from their parents, so that the state could collect more taxes according to the number of households.
The tyranny of Qin Shihuang led to boiling public grievances. In order to prevent the people from rebelling, Qin Shihuang made strict laws. The Qin law only divides the death penalty into slaughter, beheading, car chopping, pit (buried alive), chisel (chiseled brain) and threatened beheading, and implements the method of sitting together and clan punishment. These severe criminal laws were imposed to suppress people's resistance. Harsh laws make people live in dire straits, and ordinary people easily break the law, and the punishment is of course quite severe. People's feet are often cut off, resulting in a large number of disabled people. It turns out that the people long for reunification and end the endless war in order to live a peaceful life from now on. Now they are extremely disappointed by the tyranny of Qin, and the loss of the people's heart of Qin is the main reason for its rapid demise.
Qin Shihuang was a feudal ruler who was famous for his cruelty in the history of China. Burning books and burying Confucianism is one of his most appalling atrocities, shocking ancient and modern times. For thousands of years, it has been accused by thousands of people, and almost everyone knows it. Known as the first large-scale catastrophe of knowledge, culture and intellectuals in China.
Qin Shihuang's harsh laws aroused the dissatisfaction of scholars and accused them one after another. Li Si, the prime minister, advocated severely suppressing these daring scholars. He wrote a letter to Qin Shihuang, demanding that the book be burned. That is, all the history books except Ji Qin have been burned, and the classics collected by the people and scholars all over the country and the classics of a hundred schools of thought have also been burned by the government. Anyone who dares to disobey orders and discuss affairs will be put to death. If the official deliberately conceals it, he will be punished by the bookkeeper. Except for a few history books, only books about agriculture, divination and medicine were left. Qin Shihuang agreed with Lisi and ordered the whole country to burn books, which was a purge of China culture and a concentrated expression of the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty, just like the law.
Before the reunification of Qin, Wang Zheng attached great importance to the opinions of talents. But these are the violent aspects that he temporarily hid in order to achieve the highest goal of reunification. Now that the great cause of reunification has been realized, there is no need to hide his violent character. Therefore, if anyone dares to criticize him and challenge his authority, Qin Shihuang will not tolerate it. At that time, many people resented the tyranny of Qin Shihuang, and the remarks against him spread all over the world. This made Qin Shihuang fly into a rage and sent the empire to trace it all over the country, and finally arrested more than 460 people. Qin Shihuang ordered a piece to be taken to Lishan Valley and buried alive. Because most of these people are Confucian scholars, they are called by later generations? Pit Confucianism? . He also exiled many people, but his eldest son, Fu Su, dissuaded him and was released to the frontier.
Seeking longevity in the East will eventually lead to the West.
Qin Shihuang was very superstitious. Once he failed to cross the Xiangjiang River because of the barrier of geomantic omen. He blamed this on the worship of the goddess Xiang Jun, so he sent 3000 prisoners to the mountain to cut down trees as revenge.
After Qin Shihuang became emperor, he dreamed of becoming a god and living forever in the throne. At first, he wanted his family to sit on the throne of the emperor alone. Want it? For future generations. . However, handed down from generation to generation, it is not as comfortable as sitting alone for several generations, so he became superstitious and wanted to live forever, so he tried his best to find the elixir. He listened to the deception of the famous alchemists Xu Fu, Lu Sheng, Han Zhong, Shi Sheng, harem and so on, and went to the sea for many times to seek immortality. Later, Qin Shihuang led hundreds of officials and ministers to climb Mount Tai to worship Zen, making five rounds, crowding around and hugging each other. Although he has the purpose of showing off his literary martial arts to the whole world, it is also a very important reason to go to the East China Sea to seek immortality medicine. In order to find immortals and get fairy medicine, Qin Shihuang always went to the seaside to patrol, because he heard that immortals always appeared at the seaside. I have been to Jieshi (now Changli, Hebei Province) once, Chengshan (now Chengshanjiao, Shandong Province) twice, and wolves and evil spirits have been in harmony three times, because these places are legendary places where immortals often land. Qin Shihuang sent many alchemists everywhere to seek immortality and medicine. The famous Xu Fudong was sent by Qin Shihuang to ask Qin Shihuang for medicine? Immortality? Medicine.
In order to build Epang Palace and Lishan Tomb, Qin Shihuang recruited more than 700,000 migrant workers from all over the country and spent countless money and materials, which was opposed by the people all over the country. By 2 1 1 BC, a serious incident cursed Qin Shihuang happened in Dong Jun (now Puyang, Henan). That year, a meteorite landed in Dong Jun, and someone secretly carved seven words on it because they hated Qin Shihuang. The first emperor died, divided? . When the story reached the capital, Qin Shihuang was very angry. He immediately sent an imperial doctor to Dong Jun to find out who carved words on meteorites. The doctor was advised to trace it there for many days, but he never found any clues. Qin Shihuang was very angry and simply ordered everyone near the meteorite to be arrested and killed.
Qin Shihuang was superstitious, and since this incident, he has been suspicious and restless all day. Later, he found a divination list and calculated a divination for himself. The divination order said to him:? Your majesty has had some bad luck this year. Only by moving or going out for a cruise can the disaster be eliminated. ? After listening to the Oracle, Qin Shihuang decided to cruise the East. Qin Shihuang's five large-scale cruises were the last.
In 120 BC, Qin Shihuang led a large group of people out for a cruise. He set out from Xianyang, the capital, and went straight to Yunmeng in the south (now Honghu Lake and Dongting Lake) and went to Jiuyi Mountain to worship his ancestors. Then, I sailed eastward, landed in Danyang (now Dangtu, Anhui Province), arrived in Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province), crossed the river and climbed Huiji Mountain, where I sacrificed Dayu to control water and carved stones. After going down the mountain, he went north from Wuzhong (now Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province) to continue his journey of seeking immortality. In order to meet immortals, Qin Shihuang always went north along the seashore, but he never found anything. Finally, the disappointed Qin Shihuang had to go back. Unexpectedly, when he arrived in Pingyuan Tianjin (now Pingyuan County, Shandong Province), Qin Shihuang could not afford to get sick because of the fatigue of the journey and the high temperature. Zhao Gao, Reese and Hu Hai all knew that Qin Shihuang was running out of time, but they were afraid to tell him? Die? Words, so no one dared to ask him how to arrange the affairs of state behind him. As his illness became more and more serious, Qin Shihuang also knew that he was dying and would not live long. So he thought of the question of succession to the throne after death, thought of Fu Su, the elder son who is self-serious and politically minded, and wanted Fu Su to inherit the throne. But at this time, Fu Su was sent to the Northern Prison Army because of his policy of opposing Qin Shihuang's burning books and burying Confucianism. So Qin Shihuang asked the Taigong Zhongche House to send a letter to Fu Su, Zhao Gaochi's son, and told him to return to Xianyang quickly, wait for the funeral and prepare for the throne. After the letter was written, Zhao Gao had no time to lay hands on it and hid it in his hand. When the motorcade arrived at the sand dune (now Pingxiang, Hebei Province), Qin Shihuang swallowed his last breath. Qin Shihuang died at the age of fifty. He reigned in the state of Qin for twenty-five years and was called the emperor for twelve years, a total of thirty-seven years.
In order to prevent Qin Shihuang's sons from competing for the throne and causing chaos in the world, Prime Minister Reese blocked the news, loaded Qin Shihuang's body in the car and continued to Xianyang. However, in hot weather, the body began to rot and stink. In order to cover up, Reese asked each car to load a stone of abalone, and covered up the rancidity of the body with fishy smell.
Zhao Gao is a eunuch, and his parents are sinners in the State of Qin. It is said that he was a prisoner when Zhao was destroyed in the Qin unification war. Zhao's father was imprisoned by Qin, and his mother was an official servant. Mother Zhao gave birth to several Zhao Gao brothers in Qin Gong, all born slaves. Later, Qin Shihuang heard that Zhao Gao was very strong. Do you blame the prison law? , promoted him to do CheFu order, is in charge of the imperial car, printing, ink book eunuch leader. Qin Shihuang also ordered Zhao Gaojiao's youngest son, Hu Hai, to study law. Zhao Gao always aimed to sit on the throne of the emperor, but he couldn't control Qin Shihuang while he was alive. Now that Qin Shihuang is dead, it is undoubtedly a godsend for him, so he decided to pass on the testamentary edict and implement his plan of usurping and seizing power step by step. In order to win over Reese, he used the fact that Fu Su didn't like Reese to induce Reese to tamper with the imperial edict with him and let Hu Hai inherit the throne. At the same time, in the name of Qin Shihuang, he accused Fu Su of being unfilial and asked him to commit suicide. After getting the news of Fu Su's suicide, Hu Hai, Zhao Gao and Reese ordered the team to travel day and night and quickly return to Xianyang.
After Qin Ershi ascended the throne, the cruel rule was not under his father. In just three years, not only Qin Ershi was killed by Zhao Gao, but also the mountains and rivers of Qin fell apart in the wind and rain. Qin Shihuang wanted to pass on a thousand generations of dynasties, but it ended only in the second year.
Mystery of Qin mausoleum
Qin Shihuang was buried in Lishan tomb after his death. The tomb is fifty feet high, like a hill. Originally, the emperors' tombs were all built on mountains, so they were called mausoleums. Later, the emperor's tombs were not all built by mountains, but as high as hills. Ling? Besides mountains, it refers to the emperor's mausoleum. According to the regulations, the emperor's tomb can be built nine feet high, but the tomb of the supreme emperor always exceeds this height. As for the tomb of the people, it should not only be called? Grave? , but also within three feet, otherwise it is a violation of the law and will be punished. Other ministers' graves also have specifications that cannot be easily exceeded.
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located at the northern foot of Mount Li, 30 kilometers east of Xi, with Mount Li in the south and Weishui in the north. Surrounded by towering peaks, the tall mausoleum and Mount Li are integrated, with beautiful scenery and unique environment.
In 246 BC, when Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, he began to build a mausoleum until he was buried in 2 10 BC. The construction of the mausoleum lasted for 37 years, with more than 700,000 workers participating at most. The seal of the mausoleum is a flat-topped square pyramid. The bottom is 515m long from north to south, 485m wide from east to west and115m high. After more than two thousand years of wind and rain erosion and man-made destruction, the bottom of the enclosure is 350 meters long from north to south, 345 meters wide from east to west and 76 meters high. There are two walls around the mausoleum, the inner city is 3875 meters and the outer city is 62 10 meters. There are doors on all sides of the inner and outer cities, and there are door net buildings.
The mausoleum was built luxuriously, because it was deep and there was spring water seeping into it. In order to stop the spring water, it was cast with copper juice. The top of the tomb is inlaid with countless jewels, which makes it look like the sun, moon and stars, and the bottom is made of mercury, which looks like rivers, lakes and oceans. There are also civil and military officials arranged on both sides in the tomb. Everything is the same as when it was alive. In order to prevent theft and destruction, organs are set up everywhere in the tomb. If someone enters, the bow and arrow will shoot automatically.
There are many grave pits around the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, which are rich in connotation and unprecedented in scale. For example, the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit has attracted great attention and interest from archaeologists, historians and tourists at home and abroad since it was discovered in 1974. Terracotta warriors and horses pits are built on a large scale, and the buried cultural relics are rich and exquisite, which is known as? Eight wonders of the world? One. The pits of Qin terracotta warriors and horses are neatly arranged and have a strange structure. Terracotta warriors and horses arrayed in an army are dressed in armor or battle robes, armed with weapons such as spears, daggers and halberds, and their postures and expressions are different, showing their different identities, arms and personalities. Since the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit was built near the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, scholars at home and abroad generally believe that it is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang. In other words, this well-equipped and magnificent terracotta army was the first Qin Shihuang to guard the tomb. The number of these terracotta warriors and horses is so huge, only about 10 thousand pieces have been excavated, and they are true and standardized, with different personalities. Terracotta warriors and horses are not recorded in any historical books that have been handed down to this day. It can be said that there is not even a trace, which really makes historians feel ashamed.
In addition to the well-known burial pits of terracotta warriors and bronze chariots and horses, more than 600 large stone armor pits, hundreds of figurine pits and tombs were later discovered. Over the past decades, more than 654.38 million pieces of cultural relics have been unearthed from the archaeological work of the Qinling Mountains. With the progress of archaeological work, there will definitely be greater and unexpected discoveries.
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in China. It is the crystallization of the hard work and wisdom of the working people in China. It is a treasure house of history and culture. Among the nearly 100 imperial tombs in China, it is famous for its large scale and rich tombs. 196 1 year, which was announced by People's Republic of China (PRC) as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units. 1987 was listed in the world cultural heritage protection list by UNESCO and became the common wealth of all mankind.
This omnipotent monarch not only left great achievements to future generations, but also left this mysterious royal cemetery.
After the establishment of the ancient emperors in China, Qin Shihuang did not establish a queen, resulting in a tomb in Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, but no queen's tomb. After Qin Xiaogong (4th century BC), Qin people have institutionalized a queen and a prince. In the process of development and growth, various national systems have been continuously improved. After the unification of China, Qin established various systems in an all-round way, and decided that the emperor's wife was the empress and his mother was the empress dowager. But Qin Shihuang never established a queen, which became a puzzling mystery.
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located five kilometers east of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province, with Lishan Mountain in the south and Weishui in the north. It is the largest and best preserved imperial mausoleum in ancient China. The mausoleum faces west and east, with a strange layout. As we all know, in ancient China, the position facing south was respected, and the emperor was often called when he ascended the throne. Lonely in the south? This? South? This means facing south. Emperors' tombs in past dynasties basically sat in the pattern of facing south, but why did Qin Shihuang, who unified the world, sit in the west facing east? One view is that during his lifetime, Qin Shihuang sent Xu Fudong across the Yellow Sea to find Penglai and Yingzhou Wonderland, and made many personal expeditions, which made him yearn for the East China Sea Wonderland. Unfortunately, Xu Fu's absence and indefinite return made the first emperor's wish to visit the fairyland go up in smoke, which was a great regret of Qin Shihuang in his later years. Even if you don't get the elixir of life before you die, you must face the east after you die, so that you can extradite the immortal and reach the kingdom of heaven. So Qin Shihuang built this mausoleum, which sits west and faces east.
As for the cause of death of Qin Shihuang, there have been two completely different views in historians for a long time, one is illness and the other is sudden death. These two views are inconclusive. However, people are full of confidence in solving this mystery, because according to the investigation, Qin Shihuang's mausoleum has not been destroyed, and Qin Shihuang's remains are still there, and the mercury vapor formed by a large amount of mercury in the tomb has condensation and anticorrosion effect on the remains. When the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is excavated, it can not only solve the mystery of Qin Shihuang's death, but also