1. "Execution as a Disciple"
1. Original text:
The minister made it clear: The late emperor had not started his business half way, but the middle path collapsed; today I will give you three points , Yizhou is exhausted, this is the autumn of sincere life and death. However, the ministers of the bodyguard are tireless in their internal affairs, while those who are loyal and lofty ideals forget about themselves externally. This is because I want to repay the special treatment of the late Emperor to His Majesty.
It is sincerely appropriate to open Zhang Shengting to honor the legacy of the late emperor and to magnify the spirit of the people with lofty ideals; it is not appropriate to belittle oneself, to use metaphors that are unjust, and to block the road of loyalty and admonishment.
The palace and the mansion are all integrated; there should be no similarities or differences in terms of punishments and punishments: if there are those who commit crimes and are loyal and good, they should be handed over to the relevant officials to discuss their punishments and rewards, so as to show your Majesty's peaceful rule; It is not advisable to be partial and use different methods internally and externally. The ministers, Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, etc. are all good and honest, with pure intentions and loyal intentions. Therefore, the late emperor simply removed them and left them to Your Majesty: I foolishly thought that the matters in the palace were not big or small, so I consulted them carefully and then implemented them. , it will surely make up for the shortcomings and bring about widespread benefits.
General Xiang Chong, a well-behaved man, knowledgeable about military matters, tried it out in the past, and the late emperor called him "Neng". If you know how big or small you are, and consult them, you will be able to make the formation harmonious, and the good and bad will be found.
Being close to virtuous ministers and staying away from villains is why the early Han Dynasty prospered; being close to villains and staying away from virtuous ministers is why the Han Dynasty has declined since then. When the late Emperor was here, every time he discussed this matter with his ministers, he would always sigh and hate Huan and Ling! Shizhong, Shangshu, Changshi, and soldiers are all ministers who are known to have died on the occasion of Zhenliang's death. I hope Your Majesty will love them and trust them, so that the Han Dynasty will be prosperous. You can count on it in the coming days.
I am a commoner, working hard in Nanyang, trying to survive in troubled times, and not seeking to be heard by the princes. The late emperor did not think that his ministers were despicable, and he was in vain. He paid three visits to his ministers in the thatched cottage, and consulted them about the affairs of the world. He was so grateful that he allowed the late emperor to drive away.
Later, when the army was overthrown, he was appointed to the position when the army was defeated, and he was ordered to be in danger: You have been twenty and one year. The late emperor was cautious in informing his ministers, so he sent his ministers important information when he was about to die. Since receiving the order, I have been worried day and night, fearing that the entrustment would not be effective and would damage the late emperor's wisdom. Therefore, I crossed Lu in the fifth month and reached a barren depth.
Now that the south has been settled, and the armor and soldiers are sufficient, it is time to reward the three armies, and to the north to settle the central plains, to exhaust the slaves and dull people, to drive away the traitors, to revive the Han Dynasty, and to return to the old capital: This is why I report to the late emperor. It is my duty to be loyal to His Majesty. As for considering profits and losses, and giving good advice, then you, yi, yun, etc. are all responsible.
May your Majesty ask your ministers to bring the thief back to life, and if it fails, he will be punished, so as to sue the spirit of the late emperor. If there is no word of revival, then you, Yi, Yun, etc. will be held responsible. Blame it to show its slowness. It is also advisable for Your Majesty to make your own plans, consult the good people, listen to the elegant words, and follow the late emperor's edict deeply. I am extremely grateful! Now I should stay away, crying in front of my face, not knowing what to say.
2. Translation:
The minister Zhuge Liang said: The late emperor passed away before he was halfway through establishing the empire. Now, the world has been divided into three kingdoms: Wei, Shu, and Wu. Our Shu kingdom is exhausted in manpower and short of material resources. This is indeed a critical moment for the country's survival.
However, the ministers of the bodyguard were unswerving in the palace, and the loyal and ambitious soldiers sacrificed their lives in battle on the battlefield. This was all because they recalled the special treatment given to them by the late emperor when he was still alive, and wanted to repay His Majesty's service.
Your Majesty should indeed listen to the opinions of the ministers extensively, carry forward the virtues left by the late emperor, and carry forward the spirit of the patriots; Appropriate), thus blocking the way for loyal ministers to give advice and advice.
The courtiers in the imperial palace and the palace officials in the prime minister's palace are a whole, and there should be no differences in their promotion, punishment, praise, and criticism depending on the person. If there are people who engage in malpractice, violate the law, or commit acts of loyalty and harm, Your Majesty should hand it over to the officials in charge, and let them assess the punishment or reward they deserve to demonstrate Your Majesty's fair and strict governance policy.
There should be no partiality or favoritism, so that there are different laws inside and outside the palace. Ministers such as Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, and Minister Dong Yun are all loyal and honest people, and their ambitions and thoughts are loyal. Therefore, the late emperor selected them for Your Majesty.
I think that your Majesty should consult them on all matters in the palace, no matter how big or small, before implementing them. This will surely make up for the deficiencies and omissions and achieve better results. General Xiang Chong, a man of good nature, well versed in tactics, formerly served on probation and considered by the late Emperor as capable, was recommended by all to be the Military Superintendent.
I think that all affairs in the military camp should be discussed with him. This will surely make the army unite and cooperate, and make reasonable arrangements for both the talented and incompetent soldiers and the strong troops. To be close to virtuous courtiers and alien to knavish ones was what made the Earlier Han Dynasty prosperous and prosperous;
To be close to knavish courtiers and alien to virtuous ones was what made the Later Han Dynasty collapse. When the late Emperor was still alive, every time he discussed these matters with me, he never failed to express his regret and heartache to Emperors Huan and Ling.
The ministers Guo Youzhi and Fei Yi, the minister Chen Zhen, the chief historian Zhang Yi, and the army soldier Jiang Wan are all loyal and virtuous ministers who are willing to die to serve the country. I hope that your majesty will be close to them and trust them, so that the prosperity of the Han Dynasty will be It's just around the corner.
I was originally a commoner, working my own land in Nanyang. I just wanted to survive in the troubled times, and I didn’t seek to be famous in front of the princes.
The late Emperor did not lower his status because of my humble birth and short-sightedness, and visited me three times in my thatched cottage to consult me ??on major issues of the day. I was very grateful for this and promised the late Emperor that I would serve him.
Later, I encountered a defeat. I received the commission when the war was defeated and was ordered to go to Soochow at a time of crisis. It has been twenty-one years since then. The late emperor (Liu Bei) knew that I was cautious, so he entrusted me (Zhuge Liang) with state affairs before his death.
Since I accepted the appointment, I have been worried and sighing day and night, fearing that I would not be able to handle the tasks entrusted to me by the late Emperor, and that I would be damaging to the late Emperor's sagacity. So I crossed the River Lu in the fifth month, penetrating deep into the desolate place.
Now that the south has been pacified and weapons are fully prepared, the three armies should be encouraged and led to march north to pacify the Central Plains. I hope to devote all my mediocre talents to eradicate the evil and evil Cao Wei, revive the Han Dynasty, and return to the original capital of Luoyang.
This is my duty to repay the kindness of the late Emperor and to be loyal to His Majesty. As for weighing political affairs and making loyal suggestions, that is the responsibility of Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun and others.
I hope that your Majesty will entrust me with the task of defeating the traitors and reviving the Han Dynasty. If it is not completed, please punish me with a serious crime to comfort the late emperor's spirit in heaven. If there is no advice to encourage His Majesty to promote virtue, then blame Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun and others for their negligence and expose their faults;
Your Majesty himself should also seriously consider national affairs and consult with the government on the governance of the country. good approach, listen to correct opinions, and deeply remember the late emperor’s legacy. If this can be done, I will be grateful. Now I am about to bid farewell to His Majesty and depart for a long journey. I burst into tears in front of the memorial and I don’t know what I said.
3. Notes on words
(1) Xiandi: refers to Liu Bei, Emperor Zhaolie of Han Dynasty. First, address the deceased with respect.
(2) Chuang: create, create; ye: the great cause of unifying the world.
(3) Middle Road: halfway.
(4) collapse (cú): death. Collapse, in ancient times, refers to the death of an emperor. Death, death.
(5) Today: now.
(6) Three points: The world is divided into three major forces: Sun Quan, Cao Cao, and Liu Bei.
(7) Yizhou Weakness: Weak and in a difficult situation; Yizhou: one of the thirteen governors in the administrative region of the Han Dynasty, including today's Sichuan Province and Shaanxi Province, here refers to the Shu Han Dynasty. Weakness (pí bì): lack of manpower, lack of material resources, and poor people's livelihood.
(8) This: this; Cheng: indeed, reality; Zhi: of; Qiu: time, time, here refers to the critical period, usually refers to the bad.
(9) Ran: however; Shi: serve; Wei: guard; Lei: slack off, slack off; Yu: in; Nei: in the palace.
(10) Forgetting one’s own body: forgetting one’s own life and forgetting one’s own life.
(11) Cover: original; chase: remembrance; special encounter: preferential treatment, generous treatment.
(12) Cheng: indeed, indeed; Yi: should.
(13) Kai Zhang Sheng Ting: Expand Sheng Ming’s hearing, which means to listen to the opinions of others widely; open and expand.
(14) Light: carry forward, used as a verb; legacy: the virtue left behind.
(15) Magnificent: carry forward and expand, used as a verb. Hui, big. Hong, big, broad, here is a verb, also known as "magnificent"; Qi: ambition.
(16) To belittle oneself: to underestimate oneself too much; to belittle oneself: to be too much; to belittle oneself: to belittle oneself, to belittle oneself.
(17) Allusion is meaningless: the speech is inappropriate. Allegory: citation, metaphor; metaphor: for example; righteousness: appropriate, appropriate.
(18) To: to cause (the usage is the same as to hurt the late emperor’s wisdom: to cause); to block: to block; to admonish: to advise.
(19) Palace: refers to the royal palace; Fu: refers to the prime minister’s palace; Ju: Tong “tool”; Quan, Du.
(20) Zhi (zhì): promotion, reward; punishment: punishment; Zangfou (pǐ): good or evil, used as a verb here, meaning to comment on the quality of a character.
(21) Committing adultery and violating the law: Doing evil things and violating the laws and regulations. To commit adultery: to do something treacherous;
(22) and: and; for: to do.
(23) Yousi: There are special officials who specialize in managing certain things.
(24) Punishment: Punishment.
(25) Zhao: show, show; Ping: fair; Ming: strict; Li: governance.
(26) Partiality: partiality, selfishness.
(27) Different laws inside and outside: The methods of punishment and rewards in the inner palace and the outer palace are different. Internal and external refers to the inner palace and the outer palace. Different laws, different methods of punishment and rewards.
(28) Zhi: ambition; consideration: thought, mind; Zhongchun: loyalty and purity.
(29) Simple: to choose; one word refers to "pick", to select; to select: to select; to leave (wèi): to give.
(30) Think about it: bring it all to discuss with them. Know, all; consult: inquire, discuss, solicit opinions; zhi, refers to Guo Youzhi and others.
(31) Must be able to make up for shortcomings and omissions: must be able to make up for shortcomings and omissions; 訨 (bì): make up; que (quē), refers to "lacks", shortcomings, and omissions.
(32) To be of great benefit: to be inspiring and helpful. Guangyi: gain; benefit, benefit.
(33) Sex (xíng) Shujun: Good temperament and good moral character. Shu, good; average, even.
(34) Xiao Chang: Proficient.
(35) Trial: Appointment.
(36) Governor: Military position, Xiang Chong was once the central governor (commander of the Imperial Guard).
(37) Camp: military camp, army.
(38) Xing (háng) formation: refers to the troops.
(39) The good and the bad will get what they deserve: The good and the bad will each get their own place.
(40) Villain: junior, servant, here refers to the eunuch.
(41) Overturn and decline.
(42) Hate: regret, regret.
(43) Death Festival: The moral integrity of dying for the country, being able to repay the country with death.
(44) Long: Prosperity.
(45) Counting the days: Counting the days, which means the time is not far away.
(46) Commoner: common people; common people.
(47) Gong: personally; plow: cultivate.
(48) Nanyang: Nanyang County at that time, now the area west of Nanyang in Henan and Xiangyang in Hubei.
(49) Gou: To be content; Quan: to preserve.
(50) Wen Da: To be famous and to be famous.
(51) Despicable: low status and status, short-sightedness. Humble: low status; humble: remote location, different from today’s meaning.
(52) wretched (wěi): humiliation, here it means lowering one’s status; in vain: to submit in vain.
(53) Gu: Visit.
(54) Gratitude: feeling emotional and emotional.
(55) Xu: promise; Chi: rush to serve.
(56): It is connected with "you", followed by a numeral to indicate a divisor.
(57) When he was about to die, he entrusted Zhuge Liang with important national affairs, and said to Liu Chan: "You will work with the prime minister like your father." Lin: will be, approaching.
(58) Worry and sigh all night long: Worry and sigh morning and night.
(59) Lu: The name of the water, which is today’s Jinsha River.
(60) Barren: No vegetation grows. This refers to a sparsely populated place. Hair, crops, seedlings.
(61) Soldier: weapon; Armor: equipment.
(62) Reward rate: Reward leader.
(63) Shu: hope; exhausted: exhausted; 驽 (nú) blunt: a metaphor for mediocre talent, which is Zhuge Liang’s self-effacing words; 驽: bad horse, a horse that cannot walk fast, refers to poor talent. Blunt: The blade is not sharp.
(64) 曰: exclude, eradicate; treacherous: evil and evil people, this refers to the Cao Wei regime.
(65) Hui: return; Yu: arrive; old capital: refers to Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
(66) The reason why this minister repays the late emperor and is loyal to His Majesty is his duty: This is my duty to repay the late Emperor and be loyal to Your Majesty. Therefore: used for...
(67) Consideration of profit and loss (zhēn zhuó sǔn yì): consider the situation and make arrangements. It is a metaphor for doing things with a sense of proportion, (handling affairs) taking into account the reasons, and making changes. Loss: remove; gain: build, increase.
(68) I asked my ministers to revive the thieves: Entrust me with the task of conquering Cao Wei and reviving the Han Dynasty. Entrust: entrust, deliver; effect: the task of serving.
(69) If it doesn’t work, punish the minister; if it doesn’t work, punish me.
(70) Sui: To comfort, to offer sacrifices.
(71) Words of Enlightenment: Advice to carry forward His Majesty’s kindness.
(72) Slowness: neglect, negligence, referring to failure to do one’s duty.
(73) Acknowledge their faults: reveal their faults. Show: show, show off; blame: fault, sin.
(74) Zhisu (zōu) Good Way: Ask about good strategies (for governing the country). 诹(zōu), to inquire, to consult.
(75) Chana: Identify and adopt. Cha: clear observation; Yayan: correct speech, right words, reasonable opinions.
(76) Deep pursuit: deep remembrance; the late emperor's edict: Liu Bei's edict to his later master, see "Three Kingdoms·Shu Zhi·The First Master's Biography" annotated "Zhuge Liang Collection", the edict said: "Don't Do it only if the evil is small, and do not do it if the good is small. Only the virtuous and virtuous can obey others. "Posthumous edict: an edict issued by the emperor before his death.
(77) When: At... time.
(78) Lin: face; tears: tears; zero: fall.
(79) I don’t know what to say: I don’t know what was said.
4. Creation background
In the first year of Shu Zhangwu (221), Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor and Zhuge Liang became prime minister. In the first year of Jianxing of the Shu Han Dynasty (223 years), Liu Bei died of illness and Liu Chan was entrusted to Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang implemented a series of relatively correct political and economic measures, which brought prosperity to the Shuhan territory.
In order to achieve national unification, after quelling the rebellion in the south, Zhuge Liang decided to go north to attack Wei in the fifth year of Jianxing (227), intending to capture Wei's Chang'an. Before leaving, he wrote to the emperor, which is this " "Become a Teacher".
2. "Later's Discipline"
1. Original text:
The late emperor was concerned that the Han thieves were not at odds with each other, and the royal family was not at peace, so he asked his ministers to fight against the thieves. also. Based on the wisdom of the late emperor, the talents of ministers were measured. Therefore, knowing that ministers are capable of defeating thieves will make the enemy weak and the enemy strong. However, if the thieves are not defeated, the royal industry will also perish.
Who can attack him if he just sits there and awaits death? This is why I entrust my ministers with no doubts.
On the day when I was ordered, I couldn’t sleep well and couldn’t eat well. I thought about the northern expedition and it was better to go south first. Therefore, I crossed Lu in the fifth month, went deep into the barren area, and ate by the sun. ——I am not without pity for myself: I don’t care about the king’s career and can’t settle in the capital of Shu, so I can’t fulfill the late emperor’s wishes at the risk of danger. But those who discussed it said it was not a plan. Nowadays, the thieves are tired from the west and are busy in the east. The art of war is to "take advantage of the labor": this is the time to advance. I would like to state the matter as follows:
The Emperor Gao Ming merged with the sun and the moon, and his advisers were deeply involved. However, he was involved in danger and was injured. , Sit down and control the world: This minister has not yet solved one thing.
Liu Yao and Wang Lang, each based in the prefecture and county, discussed the plan of peace and quiet, and attracted the saints. They were full of doubts and difficulties. They did not fight this year and did not conquer next year, so that Sun Ce could become powerful. Bing Jiangdong: This minister has two unsolved problems.
Cao Cao’s wisdom and planning were second to none. His use of troops imitated Sun and Wu. However, he was trapped in Nanyang, in danger of Wuchao, in danger of Qilian, forced in Liyang, and almost defeated Beishan. He died at Tongguan, and then pretended to be settled for a while; the minister was weak in talent, but he wanted to settle it because it was not in danger: this minister has three unsolved problems.
Cao Cao failed to defeat Changba after five attacks, and failed to cross Chaohu. He appointed Li Fu, but Li Fu tried his best, and appointed Xiahou, but Xiahou was defeated. Every time the late emperor praised Cao Cao as capable, he still failed like this; Kuang Chen lowered his crossbow, how could he do it? Sheng: This minister has four unanswered questions.
2. Translation:
The late emperor considered that the Shu Han and the Cao thieves could not exist at the same time, and the restoration of the royal industry could not be partial to one side, so he entrusted me with the important task of conquering the Cao thieves. . The late emperor's wisdom was used to measure my talents. Originally, he knew that I went to conquer Cao Cao's thieves. My talents were very poor, and the enemy was powerful.
But if he does not conquer Cao Cao's traitors, the royal industry he created will be lost. Sitting and waiting for destruction, how can it be compared to conquering the enemy? Therefore, the late Emperor without hesitation entrusted me with the task of defeating Cao Cao's thieves.
After I accepted my death, I couldn’t sleep well every day and my meals were not good. I thought that in order to conquer the enemies in the north, I should first go to the south to pacify the counties, so I led the troops across the Lu River in May and fought deep into the area where even vegetation and grain did not grow. It took two days to have enough food for the day.
It's not that I don't cherish myself, it's just that I thought that the royal family of Shu Han could never be settled in the capital of Shu, so I risked hardships and dangers to carry out the late emperor's will. However, some commentators said that this was not the best idea.
Now Cao Cao has just become tired in the west, and is trying his best to fight Sun Wu in the east. The art of war says to attack the enemy when he is tired. Now is the time to advance. I respectfully state some of the situation to Your Majesty as follows:
The emperor is as wise as the sun and the moon, and his advisers are profound and wise, but they have experienced hardships, traumas, and dangers before they were safe. Now Your Majesty has not Shao was as good as Emperor Gao, and his advisers were not as good as Zhang Liang and Chen Ping, but he wanted to adopt a long-term stalemate strategy to win victory and calm the world. This is the first point I don't understand.
Liu Yao and Wang Lang each occupied the prefectures and counties. When discussing how to be safe and proposing various strategies, they quoted the words of sages at every turn. They were full of questions and their chests were filled with problems. If they don’t fight this year, they will not fight next year. Not going out to fight allowed Sun Ce to become more powerful, so he annexed Jiangdong. This is the second point I don't understand.
Cao Cao’s wisdom and strategy far surpassed that of ordinary people. He used troops just like Sun Bin and Wu Qi. However, he was trapped in Nanyang, in danger in Wuchao, and suffered defeat in Qilian Mountain. He was in danger, was forced in Liyang, almost failed in Beishan, and almost died in Tongguan. Later, he seemed to be stable for a period of time. What's more, my talents are very weak, but I plan to stabilize the world without going through danger. This is the third point I don't understand.
Cao Cao attacked Changba five times without success, and crossed Chaohu Lake four times without success. He appointed Li Fu, but Li Fu tried to kill him, and appointed Xia Houyuan, but Xia Houyuan was defeated and died. The late emperor often praised Cao Cao as a talented man, but he still had these mistakes. Not to mention that my talents are mediocre and low. How can I be sure to win? This is the fourth point I don't understand.
3. Notes on words and sentences
(1) Han: refers to Shu Han. Thief: refers to Cao Wei. In ancient times, enemies were often called thieves.
(2) Partial peace: refers to the dynasty being in one place and feeling safe.
(3) Which and: He Ru, used for comparison and expression of choice, tending to affirm the latter (referring to one side). Which one?
(4) Wei: particle.
(5) Entering the South: Refers to Zhuge Liang going deep into the south and pacifying the affairs of the four counties.
(6) Day-to-day cooperation: two days of cooperation and one day of cooperation.
(7) Gu: There is a meaning of "but" here. Shudu: This refers to the territory of Shuhan.
(8) Dissenters: Refers to officials who express different opinions on Zhuge Liang’s decision to expedition to the north.
(9) Two sentences of "Jin thief": refers to the rebellion of Nan'an, Tianshui and Anding counties in the west of Cao Wei when Zhuge Liang first left Qishan (in the east of today's Li County, Gansu Province) in the sixth year of Jianxing (228) , affecting the situation in Guanzhong: At Jiashi (now north of Tongcheng County, Anhui Province) near the border between Wei and Wu, Soochow general Lu Xun defeated Wei's general Cao Xiu.
(10) Progressive trend: moving forward quickly.
(11) Emperor Gao: Liu Bang's posthumous title after his death was "Emperor Gao". And: parallel.
(12) Deep: refers to extensive knowledge and unpredictable strategies.
(13) Be wounded: be traumatized.
This sentence says: Liu Bang was repeatedly defeated by the Chu army in the Chu-Han War. In 203 BC, he was shot in the chest by Xiang Yu in Guangwu (today's Xingyang County, Henan Province): When the Han Dynasty was first established, he was suppressing rebellions in various places. He went on many expeditions, and was shot by the soldiers of Huainan Wang Yingbu in 195 BC; in 200 BC, he was besieged by the Xiongnu on Baishan Mountain. Bei, same as "cover".
(14) Liang: Zhang Liang, the famous counselor of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, is known as the "Three Heroes of the Early Han Dynasty" together with Xiao He and Han Xin. ?
(15) Long-term plan: a long-term stalemate plan.
(16) Sit: Be safe and sound.
(17) Unsolved: Can’t understand. Hu Sansheng believes that "jie" should be read as "lax". If it is not solved, it means that you do not dare to slack off. Both theories are acceptable.
(18) Liu Yao (yóu), courtesy name Zhengli, served as the governor of Yangzhou in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Forced by the Huainan warlord Yuan Shu, he crossed the Yangtze River south, but was soon defeated by Sun Ce and surrendered to Yuzhang (today's Yuzhang). Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province), and was later attacked and killed by the powerful Zuo Rong. There is a biography in "Three Kingdoms·Wu Shu".
(19) Sun Ce: Zi Bo Fu, Sun Quan’s eldest brother. After the death of his father Sun Jian, he borrowed Yuan Shu's troops to annex the Jiangnan area and laid the foundation for the establishment of the Sun Wu regime. He was assassinated and died soon after.
(20) Jiangdong: refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
(21) Sun: Refers to Sun Wu, who was born in the Spring and Autumn Period. He was a general of Wu State. He was good at using soldiers and wrote thirteen articles on the art of war. Wu: refers to Wu Qi, a representative figure of military strategists and Legalists during the Warring States Period. He served in Lu, Wei, and Chu successively, and wrote "Wu Zi's Art of War".
(22) Trapped in Nanyang: In the second year of Jian'an (197), Cao Cao was defeated by Zhang Xiu in Wancheng (now Nanyang City, Henan Province, the seat of Nanyang County in the Han Dynasty) and was targeted.
(23) Danger in Wuchao: In the fifth year of Jian'an (200), Cao Cao and Yuan Shao had a stalemate in Guandu. Due to lack of food, they insisted on not retreating under the persuasion of Xun Yu and others, and then burned it. Only by losing the grain and grass that Yuan Shao had garrisoned in Wuchao could he win a narrow victory.
(24) Danger to Qilian: The "Qilian" here, according to Hu Sansheng, may refer to the Qishan Mountain near Ye (southeast of Ci County, Hebei Province today). At that time (204), Cao Cao besieged In Ye, Yuan Shao's youngest son Yuan Shang was defeated and guarded Qishan (south of Ye). Cao Cao was defeated again and surrounded Ye City, but was almost shot by Yuan General's ambushes.
Forced (bì) in Liyang: In May of the seventh year of Jian'an (202), Yuan Shao died. Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang stood firm in Liyang (today's east of Junxian County, Henan), and Cao Cao was unable to defeat him in consecutive battles.
(25) Jibaibeishan: The matter is unknown. It may refer to the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219). Cao Cao led his army out of Xiegu to Yangping Beishan (today's west of Mian County, Shaanxi Province) to compete with Liu Bei for Hanzhong. The enemy was in danger, and Cao Cao's army was discouraged, so he withdrew back to Chang'an.
(26) Nearly died in Tongguan: In the 16th year of Jian'an (211), Cao Cao, Ma Chao and Han Sui fought in Tongguan. They encountered Ma Chao's army on the Yellow River. Cao Cao took refuge in a boat, and Ma Chao's cavalry chased and shot him along the river. . Almost, almost.
(27) False determination: This is said that the Cao family unified northern China and claimed the country's title. Zhuge Liang regarded the Shu-Han as the orthodoxy, because he dismissed Cao Wei as "pseudo".
(28) Changba: also known as Changxi. In the fourth year of Jian'an (199), Liu Bei attacked Xuzhou, Donghai Changba rebelled against Cao Cao, and many counties and counties surrendered to Liu Bei.
(29) Siyue Chaohu: Cao Wei used Hefei as a military center, and Chaohu was to the south. Sun Wu fortified Xurukou on the edge of the Yangtze River south of Chaohu, and the two sides fought in this area many times.
(30) Li Fu: In the fourth year of Jian'an (199), the chariot general Dong Cheng contacted generals Wu Zilan, Wang Zifu and Liu Bei to plot to kill Cao Cao according to the secret edict of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty. The matter was leaked. Dong Cheng and Wu Zilan , Wang Fu and others were killed. According to Hu Sansheng: "Li's clothes are also the king's clothes."
(31) Xiahou: refers to Xiahouyuan. Cao Cao sent Xia Houyuan to guard Hanzhong. After Liu Bei captured Yizhou, he sent troops to Hanzhong in the 24th year of Jian'an (219). Shu general Huang Zhong killed Xiahou Yuan at Guan Dingjun Mountain in Yangping (southeast of today's Mian County, Shaanxi Province).
(32) Hanzhong: The name of the county, named after the upper reaches of the Han River (Mian River) flows through it. The administrative seat is Nanzheng (today’s east of Hanzhong County, Shaanxi Province).
(33) Issue (jī) year: first anniversary.
(34) "Ran Mourning" sentence: Zhao Yun was a famous general in Shu, but the deeds of Yang Qun and others are unknown. Qu Chang and Tun Jiang are the generals in the song.
(35) Sudden general, Wuqian: the charging general in the Shu army. 訳(cóng) Sou, Qingqiang: ethnic minority troops in the Shu army. Scattered Cavalry and Martial Cavalry: both are names for cavalry.
(36) Picture: Deal with.
(37) Husband: pronounce words. Ping: same as "evaluation", judgment.
(38) Defeat at Chu: Refers to the thirteenth year of Jian'an (208), when Cao Cao's army went south and Liu Bei was defeated at Changban in Dangyang. Dangyang belongs to the ancient Chu land, so it is said.
(39) 拋(fǔ) hand: clap.
(40) To determine: to have determined, to, the same as "has".
(41) "Then" sentence: Refers to Liu Bei sending Zhuge Liang to Jiangdong to join forces, and the combined forces of Sun and Liu defeated Cao's army in Chibi.
(42) Taking Bashu from the west: Refers to the sixteenth year of Jian'an (211) when Liu Bei's forces entered Yizhou occupied by Liu Zhang, and later captured Chengdu and captured the Bashu area.
(43) Beheading: hand over your head.
(44) Guan Yu: Zi Yunchang, a general of the Shu Han Dynasty. When Liu Bei entered Sichuan, he guarded Jingzhou. In the 24th year of Jian'an (219), he attacked Cao Wei, captured Xiangyang, captured him in prison, killed Pang De, and was powerful. The epicenter. Sun Quan took the opportunity to use Lu Meng's plan to sneak attack Jingzhou and capture Guan Yu and his son.
Zi (zǐ) Gui Cao (cuō) Diē: Refers to the fact that Liu Bei attacked Jingzhou and killed Guan Yu because of Sun Quan's betrayal of the alliance, so he personally led the troops to attack Wu. North) was defeated by Wu general Lu Xun. To stumble, to fall, to mean failure.
(45) Cao Pi: Zihuan, Cao Caozi. In the twenty-fifth year of Jian'an (220), Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty was deposed as Duke Shanyang and the Kingdom of Wei was established as Emperor Wen of Wei.
(46) Adverse view: foresight, prediction.
(47) Bow and do your best: Refers to doing your best for state affairs. The first work is "dedicate oneself to one's best work".
(48) Sharp and blunt: It means smooth or difficult.
(49) Jian (dǔ): that is, "against the view" and expectation.
(50) Forced (bì) in Liyang: In May of the seventh year of Jian'an (202), Yuan Shao died, Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang stood firm in Liyang (now east of Junxian County, Henan Province), and Cao Cao was unable to defeat him in consecutive battles.
(51) Ping: Chen Ping, the famous counselor of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty. Later he became prime minister.
(52) Extremely extraordinary: the meaning of extreme transcendence.
4. Creation background
This article is contained in "Mo Ji" by Zhang Yan, a Wu man during the Three Kingdoms period. It is generally considered to be the work of Zhuge Liang, and it is regarded as being written in the sixth year of Jianxing of the Shu Han Dynasty. (228), one year later than "Qian Chu Shi Biao".
This was when Zhuge Liang’s first northern expedition to the Central Plains failed to achieve the expected results. In order to eliminate the obstacles from all sides, before the second Northern Expedition, Zhuge Liang presented this "Execution Model for Later Disciples" to his late master Liu Chan.
Before his death, Liu Bei entrusted Liu Chan to Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang stepped up preparations for the Northern Expedition in terms of politics, diplomacy, economy, and military. In diplomacy, he sent envoys to join forces with Wu; he kept a low profile and did not respond to Wei's letter of surrender, and used a low profile to paralyze the enemy.
Politically, the military and political power was highly centralized, and "politics were determined by the law regardless of the details." They worked hard to win over the indigenous landowners, ease the host-guest conflict, eliminate the bad government that Liu Zhang's laws did not work, set an example, accept advice with an open mind, mobilize The whole country went into war.
Economically, we should resolutely work with the people, vigorously develop agricultural production, produce more grain, increase reserves, protect water conservancy projects, develop salt cooking, brocade weaving and other handicrafts, and expand financial sources. Militaryly, he waited for opportunities to quell the rebellion in Nanzhong, organized military affairs, and trained troops.
After Zhuge Liang's southern expedition, the northern expedition to Wei was put on the agenda. The Northern Expedition to Wei was the consistent policy of the Liu Bei Group. Liu Bei's ultimate goal is to conquer the world.
Zhuge Liang saw that Wei's economy would gradually recover and prolonging the time would be detrimental to Shu. An early Northern Expedition could give full play to his advantages in governing the country and the army. What's more, after his death, no one in Shu would be able to invade the Central Plains. To contend with the great powers, he believed that only by using his own strength could he hope to encroach on and eventually defeat the Wei State. He could also repay Liu Bei's kindness in knowing the situation. Therefore, he decided to launch the Northern Expedition, and "unyielding with his troops, repeatedly showing off his military power", he persisted to the end. .
In the fifth year of Jianxing (227), Zhuge Liang immediately led his troops to Hanzhong after presenting Liu Chan with the "Execution List". In the spring of the sixth year of Jianxing (228), Zhuge Liang set out to conquer Qishan in the north. The three counties of Nan'an, Tianshui and Anding in the west of Wei State rebelled against Wei and returned to Han.
After occupying the three counties of Longyou, the Shu army ended the first Northern Expedition with the defeat of Jieting and Jigu. In the winter of November of the same year, the Wei State marched heavily into Soochow. Wei general Cao Xiu was defeated by Wu general Lu Xun. Zhang He marched eastward, and Guanzhong was extremely weak.
Zhuge Liang believed that the time had come to attack and prepared to send out all his troops to attack Wei. However, many ministers in Shu were content with their own leisure and had doubts about the march, and a lot of criticism arose.
For this reason, Zhuge Liang once again went to the court and worked hard to declare his determination to conquer. He spoke righteously and sternly to refute the criticism and mistakes. Because this time it was the first time he left the army, it was called the "Later Departure Watch" by later generations.
Extended information:
About the author
Zhuge Liang (181-234), courtesy name Kongming, was born in Yangdu County, Langye County (now Yinan, Shandong Province) County), was an outstanding statesman and military strategist during the Three Kingdoms period.
In his early years, he avoided chaos in Jingzhou and lived in seclusion in Longmu, hiding his weapons until the time came. In October of the 12th year of Jian'an (207), Liu Bei visited the thatched cottage three times before leaving. Zhuge Liang talked to him about the world situation and suggested that Liu Bei unite with Sun Quan to resist Cao Cao and use Yizhou as a base to revive the Han Dynasty. He has been assisting Liu Bei ever since.
In the 13th year of Jian'an, he joined forces with Sun Quan, defeated Cao Cao in Chibi, captured Jingzhou, captured Yizhou in the west, established the Shu Han Dynasty, and worshiped him as prime minister. After the death of Liu Bei in the first year of Jianxing (223 years), the successor Liu Chan ascended the throne. Zhuge Liang devoted himself to taking care of his son, and was named the Marquis of Wuxiang to preside over the government.
Zhuge Liang aimed at the Northern Expedition, so he connected with Sun Wu in the east and harvested Menghuo in the south. He went on many expeditions and fought with Cao Wei, and finally died of illness in Wuzhangyuan. There is "The Collection of Zhuge Wuhou".
Baidu Encyclopedia - "Being a Disciple"
Baidu Encyclopedia - "Being a Disciple"