1. The labor contract shall specify the possible occupational hazards and their consequences, occupational disease prevention measures and treatment, etc. The intensity or concentration of occupational hazards in the workplace should meet the national occupational health standards and health requirements. Workers have the right to refuse illegal command and forced risky operations, and female workers have the right to refuse taboo operations such as underground and high-intensity manual labor. Occupational health examination is an important measure to detect the health damage and occupational contraindications of workers at an early stage and reduce the consequences of occupational diseases. The expenses for occupational health examination shall be borne by the employer. Occupational health examination cannot replace general health examination.
2. Workers suffering from or likely to suffer from acute occupational diseases shall receive emergency health examination and medical observation in time. Workers have the right to ask for a copy of their occupational health monitoring files when they leave the employer. Suspected occupational diseases shall enter the occupational disease diagnosis procedure according to law, and the required expenses shall be borne by the employer. Occupational disease diagnosis can be carried out in the occupational disease diagnosis institution where the unit is located, where my household registration is located or where I often live. If a party has any objection to the diagnosis of occupational diseases, it may apply to the local health administrative department at or above the municipal level where the medical and health institution making the diagnosis is located for appraisal. The diagnosis and identification of occupational diseases are based on two-level identification system. The municipal occupational disease diagnosis and appraisal committee with districts shall be responsible for the initial appraisal of occupational disease diagnosis disputes, and the provincial appraisal shall be the final appraisal. The state implements classified management of occupational diseases, and formulates and publishes classification and catalogue of occupational diseases.
3. Patients with occupational diseases shall enjoy the occupational disease treatment prescribed by the state according to law. After being diagnosed as an occupational disease, you should apply for work-related injury identification in time to enjoy work-related injury treatment. Employees should participate in work-related injury insurance, and employers should pay work-related injury insurance premiums. If the employer fails to pay work-related injury insurance, the medical and living security related to occupational diseases shall be borne by the employer. In addition to enjoying work-related injury insurance according to law, patients with occupational diseases also have the right to claim compensation from the employer in accordance with relevant civil laws. The employer may apply for medical and living assistance to the relevant departments of the local people's government for occupational disease patients who have no or can't determine the labor relationship.
Second, the basic knowledge of occupational health protection
1. The severity of adverse health effects of occupational hazards is related to the degree of exposure hazards. Pneumoconiosis caused by long-term inhalation of mineral dust is irreversible The treatment of productive dust should take comprehensive prevention measures and follow the eight-character policy of "skin, water, density, wind, protection, management, teaching and inspection". Cotton masks and medical masks cannot be used instead of dust masks.
2. Contact with harmful chemical factors at work should pay attention to prevent chemical poisoning, strictly implement operating procedures, strengthen workplace ventilation, standardize the wearing of personal protective equipment, and participate in occupational health examination regularly. If you are exposed to harmful gases such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide during work, you should pay attention to prevent suffocation and irritating gas poisoning, strictly implement operating procedures, regularly overhaul equipment, prevent "running, running, dripping and leaking" during production, strengthen ventilation and daily monitoring, set warning signs in the workplace, install automatic alarm equipment, and wear oxygen supply gas masks correctly.
3. Long-term exposure to high-intensity noise in the workplace will lead to hearing loss and even deafness. Control noise sources and noise transmission, wear anti-noise earplugs or earmuffs regularly, and carry out occupational health examination regularly. Working in high temperature and high humidity environment for a long time, we should pay attention to prevent heatstroke. Severe heatstroke can lead to death. Reasonable design of technological process, technical measures such as ventilation and heat insulation are adopted to supply salty and refreshing drinks and supplement nutrition. Workers working in special high temperature must wear heat-insulating masks and clothes that are heat-insulating, flame-retardant, ventilated and heat-proof. Exposure to radiation at work may lead to acute and chronic radiation diseases, cancer or genetic diseases. When engaged in radiation work, you should use radiation protection articles correctly and wear personal dosimeter correctly. When entering a radioactive workplace where there may be a large dose, you need to carry an alarm dosimeter.
4. Long-term bending work, fixed posture work or sitting posture work should avoid cervical spondylosis, scapulohumeral periarthritis and low back pain through stretching activities and intermittent rest. When standing for a long time, you should keep your waist and knees relaxed by walking properly to prevent varicose veins. Excessive work pressure or exposure to extreme scenes may damage physical and mental health, so we should actively learn mental health knowledge or seek professional help to alleviate it. Depression and anxiety can be effectively prevented and treated, which requires early assessment and active treatment. Reasonable diet, moderate exercise, smoking cessation and alcohol restriction, and psychological balance are conducive to maintaining and promoting physical and mental health.
Third, the basic skills of occupational health protection
1. Understand the ways to obtain occupational health information and services.
2. Understand the occupational disease prevention and control rules and regulations and operating procedures of this position.
3. Understand the warning signs and descriptions of occupational hazards in this position.
4. Understand the detection results and suggestions of occupational hazard factors related to this position.
5. When an acute occupational injury occurs, you can help yourself and each other correctly and report it in time. When you need emergency medical assistance, you can call 120 or the contact number of cooperative medical institutions.
6. When the body surface is polluted by radionuclides, it can be decontaminated immediately; When radionuclides enter the body, they can seek medical advice as soon as possible to prevent absorption and promote excretion. If you have psychological problems, know how to seek professional help from mental health hotline or medical institutions.
7. When workplace violence or harassment occurs, you can take the initiative to report or call the police.
Four. Healthy working methods and behaviors
1. Comply with laws, regulations, rules and operating procedures related to occupational health.
2. Actively participate in the occupational health and democratic management of the employer, and put forward opinions and suggestions on the prevention and control of occupational diseases. Actively participate in occupational health education and training, and actively learn and master occupational health knowledge and protective skills. Correctly use and maintain occupational disease protection equipment and judge its running state. Correct selection and standard wearing of personal protective equipment. Correctly identify the toxic components of organic solvents. Proper use of cleaning and spraying equipment in the workplace.
3. When working in a confined space, it is necessary to realize ventilation, detection and monitoring. Report the hidden dangers of occupational diseases in time. Those who are engaged in operations exposed to occupational hazards should actively participate in the occupational health examination before, during and after taking up their posts, pay attention to the inspection conclusions, and follow the doctor's advice, and review them in time if necessary. If you find that your illness may be work-related, go to professional institutions for occupational disease prevention, consultation, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation in time.
4. Avoid long-term continuous work or bad posture work, and arrange rest and exercise reasonably. Understand physical and mental health and self-health management. Actively study mental health knowledge and enhance the ability to maintain mental health. Relieve stress by scientific methods, without escaping or being negative. Understand and care for patients with mental illness, without discrimination or exclusion. Master the knowledge and skills related to the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases such as COVID-19, develop good hygiene habits, and strengthen self-protection awareness.
legal ground
Measures for the administration of national occupational health standards
Article 1 In order to strengthen the management of national occupational health standards, these Measures are formulated in accordance with the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases (hereinafter referred to as the Law on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases).
Article 2 National occupational health standards shall be formulated for the following technical requirements that need to be unified nationwide:
(1) Basic standards of occupational health;
(2) Hygienic standards for working conditions in workplaces;
(3) occupational exposure limits of industrial poisons, productive dust and physical factors;
(4) Diagnostic criteria for occupational diseases;
(5) Radiation protection standards for occupational exposure;
(6) Hygienic standard for occupational protective articles;
(7) Guidelines for the prevention of occupational hazards;
(eight) labor physiological health and ergonomics standards;
(nine) detection and inspection methods of occupational disease hazard factors.
Article 3 These Measures shall apply to the formulation, drafting, examination, publication, examination and interpretation of national occupational health standards.
Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases
Article 2 This Law is applicable to occupational disease prevention and control activities in People's Republic of China (PRC).
Occupational diseases mentioned in this Law refer to diseases caused by workers of enterprises, institutions and individual economic organizations who are exposed to dust, radioactive substances and other toxic and harmful factors in their professional activities.
The classification and catalogue of occupational diseases shall be formulated, adjusted and published by the administrative department of health of the State Council in conjunction with the administrative department of labor security of the State Council.
Article 3 The prevention and control of occupational diseases shall adhere to the principle of giving priority to prevention and combining prevention and control, and establish a mechanism in which employers are responsible, administrative organs supervise, industry self-discipline, employees participate and social supervision, and implement classified management and comprehensive management.
Article 4 Laborers have the right to occupational health protection according to law.
The employing unit shall create a working environment and conditions that meet the national occupational health standards and health requirements for workers, and take measures to ensure that workers obtain occupational health protection.
Trade unions shall supervise the prevention and control of occupational diseases according to law and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of workers. The employer shall listen to the opinions of the trade unions when formulating or amending the rules and regulations related to the prevention and control of occupational diseases.