In the early days of the construction of the weir by Li Bing, the prefect of Qin Shu County, Dujiangyan was named "攔勋". This is because the Yulei Mountain next to Dujiangyan was called "攔山" before the Qin and Han Dynasties. At that time, the main residents of Dujiangyan City The ethnic group is the Di Qiang people. They call the weir "勋", and Dujiangyan is called "拔勋".
During the Shu-Han period of the Three Kingdoms, Du'an County was established in the Dujiangyan area. The county was named after it, and Dujiangyan was called "Du'an Yan". At the same time, it is also called "Golden Embankment", which highlights the role of the dike that separates the water from the fish's mouth, and the dike is used instead of the weir as the name.
In the Tang Dynasty, Dujiangyan was renamed "Jiweiyan". Because the materials and methods used to build embankments at that time were mainly "broken bamboo cages, with a circular diameter of three feet, and solid stones in the middle, which would be tired and block the water." That is, bamboo cages were used to fill the stones, which was called "Juwei".
It was not until the Song Dynasty that Dujiangyan was mentioned for the first time in the history of the Song Dynasty: "The Yongkang army managed Dujiangyan in the 19th century, and the stone snakes cut the river to contain the water to irrigate several county fields."
Li Bing Creation of Dujiangyan
When Li Bing was the governor of Shu County in the late period of King Zhao of Qin Dynasty (about 276 BC to 251 BC), he carefully selected the Irrigation System at the top of the Chengdu Plain on the basis of in-depth investigation and study and summarizing the previous water control experience. The main stream of the upper reaches of the Minjiang River flows out of the mountain pass as the project site. The people of all ethnic groups in Xishu were united and organized. After hard work, Dujiangyan was finally built around 256 BC. Practice has proved that the Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project, which has been effective for more than 2,000 years, has a superior and reasonable geographical location, and the project layout is in line with the laws of nature. The three projects of water diversion embankment, spillway, and Baopingkou restrict and complement each other, and jointly play a role in water diversion, flood diversion, and drainage. important role in transporting rocks and sand. Dujiangyan still exerts huge benefits today.
Sima Qian inspected Dujiangyan
In the sixth year of Yuanding, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (111 BC), when Sima Qian was ordered to go to the southwest as an envoy, he inspected Dujiangyan on the spot. He recorded Li Bing's achievements in establishing Dujiangyan in "Historical Records: Hequ Shu". Later generations built the Xizhan Pavilion and the Xizhan Hall at Minshan Mountain and Lidui to commemorate the event.
Zhang Ling preached in Qingcheng Mountain
During the Eastern Han Dynasty (126-144 AD), Zhang Ling crossed the Qinling Mountains from Luoyang to Heming Mountain to practice Taoism. In the second year of Han'an (143 AD) ) On July 1, he led his disciples to Jie Mao in Qingcheng Mountain to preach. Zhang Ling preached in the mountains around Qingcheng for 13 years. In the second year of Yongshou (AD 156), Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty became immortal in Qingcheng Mountain and was buried in the third Hunyuanding. Qingcheng Mountain became the birthplace of Tianshi Dao, and Chang Taoist Temple was known as "the most mysterious place in the capital of immortals, the land of prosperity, and the place where Zhang Tianshi emerged". Celestial masters from Longhu Mountain in the past dynasties often came to Qingcheng Mountain to pay homage to their ancestors and visit the tomb of Zhang Ling, the Celestial Master of the Han Dynasty.
Zhuge Liang set up troops to protect the weir
In the sixth year of Jianxing of the Shu Han Dynasty (AD 228), Zhuge Liang went on a northern expedition. With Dujiangyan as the foundation of agriculture and an important pillar of the country's economic development, he recruited soldiers 1,200 people are employed to guard it, and full-time weir officials are set up to carry out regular management and maintenance. This is the first time that full-time water conservancy officials have been set up to manage Dujiangyan in the past dynasties.
Marco Polo visited Dujiangyan
During the reign of Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty (1264-1294 AD), the Italian traveler Marco Polo rode a horse from Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, and traveled more than 20 years Arriving in Chengdu on the same day, we visited Dujiangyan. Later, in his book "Marco Polo's Travels", he said: "The Dujiang River system has a very fast current, many fish in the river, and many ships, carrying commercial goods, upstream and downstream."
Richthofen inspected Dujiangyan
During the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty (1862-1874 AD), the German geographer Richthofen (1833-1905) came to Dujiangyan to inspect and praised Dujiangyan with an expert’s perspective. The perfection of the methods of irrigation is unparalleled anywhere in the world. In 1872, there was a special chapter introducing Dujiangyan in the Letters of Baron Richthofen. Richthofen was the first person to introduce Dujiangyan to the world in detail. In 1872, Richthofen praised "the perfection of Dujiangyan's irrigation method, which is unparalleled in the world."
Construction of the Chengdu-Guanxian Road
The construction of the highway from Chengdu to Guanxian County started in 1913. The construction of the 2-kilometer "demonstration road" from one end of Guanxian County was completed and then stopped. In 1923, Lin Huoliangqing of the Sichuan Provincial Supervisory Committee was appointed as the general manager, and the official office was changed to a joint venture between government and businessmen. In 1925, the entire line was completed and opened to traffic on January 1, 1926. It is the first highway in Sichuan Province.
Establishing a joint venture
From 1919 to 1920, after the mayor of Xiaojin County resigned, Yao Baoshan from Guan County gathered people from the business circles in the province and established a joint venture with French Christian Xie Andao to establish Senmao. Logging companies. Based in Guanxian County, the company felled large mountain logs in Lifan (now Lixian County, Aba Prefecture) and other places, processed them into square materials, and floated them into the Minjiang River through small ditches to Zipingpu, Guanxian County for collection, and then tied them into large rafts. Sold by water transport in Chengdu, the profit is huge. It is the first Sino-foreign joint venture in Dujiangyan City. ?
Diexi Flood
On August 25, 1933, a 7.5-magnitude earthquake occurred in Diexi, Maoxian County, the upper reaches of the Minjiang River. The rocks collapsed and cut off the Minjiang River and its tributaries. On October 9, 45 days after the Minjiang River was blocked, Xiaohaizi, the main stream, burst and water poured down. At about 1 o'clock on October 10, the flood entered Dujiangyan City. The peak flow rate was about 10,200 cubic meters per second, destroying Dujiangyan's Jingang Dike, Pingtong Water Conservancy, Feishayan, Herringbone Dike and other water conservancy projects as well as the Anlan Cable Bridge. The inner and outer rivers merge into one, boundless ocean.
16 towns and villages were affected, 1,000 hectares of farmland were destroyed, and more than 5,000 people died. More than 10,000 cubic meters of wood, more than 1,000 tons of coal and medicinal materials were washed away along the Ziping and Baisha Minjiang Rivers. Countless houses, bridges and mills were washed away along the rivers below Dujiangyan, and more than 10,000 people were displaced. ?
Huang Yanpei founded a school in Dujiangyan
In 1941, Huang Yanpei went to Dujiangyan and selected Fengdu Temple in the eastern suburbs of the city as the school site. During the summer vacation of the following year, Lu Shuang, the principal of Chongqing Vocational School, was assigned to Guan County to purchase paddy fields, cattle, and agricultural tools to prepare conditions for teaching practice. In February 1944, "Dujiang Practical Vocational School" opened, with Shen Suwen as the principal. Huang Yanpei and his wife Yao Weijun went to Guan County to preside over the opening ceremony, and personally formulated the school's policy of "seeking truth in principles, seeking truth in deeds, and keeping promises in words." The school motto is to be practical and practical. The school advocates a study style of "using both hands and brain" and pays attention to the cultivation of students' ideological cultivation, cultural knowledge and production skills. The school established a board of directors, with Huang Yanpei as chairman. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the school was handed over to Guanxian County in October 1945. ?
Lin Sen presided over the water-opening ceremony of Dujiangyan
On the Qingming Festival in 1942, officials from the Sichuan Provincial Government and 14 counties in the irrigation district gathered in Dujiangyan to hold a water-opening ceremony. The ceremony was hosted by citizens who were living in Guanxian County at the time. Government Chairman Lin Sen presided over the event. Before opening the weir, worship Li Bing at Fulongguan and worship the statue of Li Bing. After the sacrifice, Lin Sen and his attendants took a sedan chair and went directly to Erwang Temple to worship Li Erlang. After the ceremony, Lin Sen and his attendants went to Yuzui, Dujiangyan, where they witnessed the opening of the weir and the release of water amid firecrackers and cheers from the crowd.
Feng Yuxiang donated money to build the pavilion
In 1941, 1942, and 1945, Feng Yuxiang, vice chairman of the Military Commission of the National Government, stayed in Guan County and Qingcheng Mountain several times. On the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Feng Yuxiang lived in Zhenwu Palace in Qingcheng Mountain. On the morning of August 11, 1945, when he heard the news of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War and Japan's surrender, he immediately donated money to build a pavilion beside Zhenwu Palace, named it "Wen Sheng", and wrote a book and carved a monument to stand in the pavilion.
The People's Liberation Army rushes to repair Dujiangyan
In 1949, the Chinese People's Liberation Army marched into Sichuan. After entering Sichuan, Commander He Long pointed out that Dujiangyan must be repaired first to make up for the delayed annual repair time. It was decided to allocate special funds from military expenditures, and it was determined that Wang Xifu would be responsible for it, and the People's Liberation Army stationed in Guan County would assist in emergency repairs. On December 29, the Dujiangyan annual maintenance project temporary supervision office was established. The Chengdu Military Control Commission allocated 30,000 silver dollars for emergency repair funds. More than 1,500 people from the 184th Division of the People's Liberation Army stationed in Guan County participated in the emergency repair project under the command of division commander Lin Bin and political commissar Liang Wenying. The entire annual repair project was completed at the end of March 1950. On April 2, a water-opening ceremony was held in accordance with Dujiangyan's traditional customs. ?
The 2250th Anniversary Celebration of the Construction of Dujiangyan
On April 5, 1994, it was hosted by the Sichuan Provincial Government and the Ministry of Water Resources, and hosted by the Chengdu Municipal Government, Dujiangyan Municipal Government, and Dujiangyan Administration Bureau The "2250th Anniversary Celebration of the Construction of Dujiangyan in Sichuan, China" was grandly held at the head of the Dujiangyan Canal. 69 missions from the United States, Canada, Japan, Singapore and other countries and regions attended the meeting to congratulate and participate in the celebrations. Participants commemorated the great achievements of Li Bing and his son, and praised the development of the Dujiangyan Irrigation District from more than 190,000 hectares of irrigation in the 1950s to more than 670,000 hectares. , becoming the largest irrigation district in the country and a water conservancy project with huge benefits. During the commemoration event, the participants watched dances, antique sacrificial rituals, and activities of chopping branches and releasing water that are rich in national and regional cultural characteristics.
No damage was seen after the Wenchuan earthquake
At 14:28 on May 12, 2008, an 8.0-magnitude earthquake occurred in Wenchuan County, Sichuan (31 degrees north latitude, 103.4 degrees east longitude) . Dujiangyan is one of the areas closest to the epicenter of the earthquake. According to staff at the Dujiangyan Scenic Area, no signs of damage to the Dujiangyan water conservancy project were found.
[Edit this paragraph] Long-lasting glory
Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project. It has lasted for 2,260 years and is the only remaining grand water conservancy project in the world that is ancient and features no dam to divert water. It is the most successful water conservancy masterpiece in ancient Chinese history. It is also the only remaining wonder of ancient water conservancy projects that has been used to this day to "serve the past for the present". The irrigation systems of ancient Egypt and Babylonia, which were built at roughly the same time, as well as the Zhengguo Canal in Shaanxi, China, and the Ling Canal in Guangxi, have all been lost or failed due to changes in the sea and the passage of time. Only Dujiangyan is unique in that it has been built. It has a long history and still nourishes the vast hectares of farmland in the Land of Abundance.
Dujiangyan makes full use of the local geographical conditions of high in the northwest and low in the southeast. According to the special terrain, water veins, and water potential at the mouth of the river, it takes advantage of the situation to divert water without dams and uses gravity irrigation to dike and divert water. , flood discharge, sand discharge, and flow control are interdependent and form a system to ensure that the comprehensive benefits of flood control, irrigation, water transportation, and social water use are fully exerted. The greatest thing about it is that it has endured for more than 2,250 years and is playing an increasingly important role. The establishment of Dujiangyan was based on the premise of not destroying natural resources and making full use of natural resources to serve mankind. It turned harm into benefit and made people, land and water highly synergistic and unified. It is the only great project left in the world so far. "Ecological Engineering". It created a new era in the history of ancient Chinese water conservancy, marked that China's water conservancy history entered a new stage, and wrote a glorious chapter in the history of world water conservancy.
The Dujiangyan Irrigation Project is the crystallization of the wisdom of the ancient Chinese people and an epoch-making masterpiece of Chinese culture.
Dujiangyan, which was founded under the leadership of Li Bing, correctly handles the relationship between the Yuzui diversion dike, Feishayan spillway, Baopingkou water diversion and other main projects, making them interdependent, functionally complementary, cleverly coordinated and integrated. , forming a systematic project with a reasonable layout, and jointly playing the important roles of diversion and sedimentation, flood discharge and sediment discharge, and water diversion and sand dredging, so that there will be no shortage of water in dry periods and no flooding in floods. The three major parts of Dujiangyan have scientifically solved the problems of automatic river water diversion, automatic sand discharge, and control of incoming water flow, thus eliminating flooding. Specifically, the Yuzui diversion dike is used to divert water from the Mianjiang River for irrigation. During the dry season, 60% of the water from the Mianjiang River is automatically introduced into the inner river, and 40% of the water is discharged into the outer river; during floods, 60% of the water is automatically discharged into the inner river. From the outer river, 40% of the water is introduced into the inner river. Dujiangyan was built at the bend of the Mian River. When the river reaches Dujiangyan, the surface water with less sand content flows to the concave bank, and the bottom water with high sand content flows to the convex bank, draining most of the sand and gravel washed down by the flood away from the outer river. A small part of the sand and gravel that enters the inner river is discharged out through the Feisha Weir and the herringbone embankment using the diversion of Hutou Rock extending to the center of the river, the control of Baopingkou and the support of "Li Dui". River, the Baopingkou water diversion port and the main stream of the irrigation area are protected from sediment siltation; the Baopingkou water diversion port is used to control the water inflow, which not only ensures irrigation water, but also prevents excessive floods from pouring into the Neijiang irrigation area and causing disasters. Dujiangyan can automatically adjust the amount of water entering the irrigation area, making the Chengdu Plain "flood and drought dependent on people" and become the granary of Tianfu. Dujiangyan is a model that successfully uses the fluid gravity formed by natural curves to automatically divert water, discharge floods, and discharge sand. When building the weir, Li Bing also buried a stone horse in the river as a beach sign, and set up a "three-stone man" to observe the rise and fall of the water regime, setting a precedent for water regime measurement in ancient China. The past dynasties have attached great importance to the Dujiangyan water conservancy project, gradually improved the management organization, established maintenance systems such as annual maintenance and flood control, and accumulated and summarized valuable water control experiences such as the "Six-Character Jue", "Three-Character Classic", and "Eight-Character Maxim" to make the ancient The weir continues to develop and will not be abandoned along with it.
Dujiangyan created by Li Bing is a scientific, complete and huge water conservancy engineering system with great development potential. It is an ingenious water conservancy project that benefits the present and the future. It is a model of regional water conservancy network. Later, a number of historical projects such as Lingqu, Tashanyan, Yuliang Dam and Daicun Dam all have the imprint of Dujiangyan. Its engineering structure mainly consists of canal head engineering, ancillary engineering and irrigation canal system engineering. The canal head project mainly consists of Yuzui, Feisha Weir, and Baopingkou; the ancillary projects include Baizhang Dike and herringbone spillway; the canal system project mainly consists of Neijiang Main Canal, Shahei Main Canal, Jinma River Main Canal, etc. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, in order to solve the urban water supply problem during the maintenance of the Dujiangyan Irrigation Project, an industrial water diversion culvert was specially designed and built.
The scientific mystery of the Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project is reflected in the fact that the above three major projects form a complete system, forming a limited amount of water diversion without dams, flood diversion, sediment removal, and water diversion for irrigation under different water volumes in the Minjiang River. This ability enabled the Chengdu Plain to adapt to the needs of social and economic development at that time. After liberation, the functions of water storage and underdrain water supply were added, which fully expanded the scientific and economic connotation of the Dujiangyan Project and adapted to the needs of modern economic development.
In the process of developing the Dujiangyan Irrigation Project founded by Li Bing, the hard-working and intelligent people of Western Sichuan correctly handled various contradictory relationships such as water diversion and flood discharge, water diversion for irrigation, low weir sand discharge, operation and maintenance, etc., and closely relied on Natural conditions, full use of engineering technology to solve various problems, and accumulated extremely rich experience in water control. The Six-Character Jue of "Washing the beach deeply and building the weir low" and the "Three-Character Classic" in both the old and new versions have left a systematic, complete and very specific experience in water control. Seriously studying and promoting the experience of Dujiangyan is still of great significance for regulating the Yellow River, solving water problems in Shandong, accelerating the construction of water conservancy network, giving full play to the natural geographical advantages of our province and even the country, and optimizing the ecological environment.
The Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project aims at the characteristics and contradictions of the hanging rivers between the Minjiang River and the Chengdu Plain, giving full play to the characteristics of self-regulation of the water body, avoiding heights and descending, and curved circulation characteristics, "taking advantage of the situation and adapting to current conditions", which is correct Solve the contradiction between the Xuanjiang Minjiang River and the Chengdu Plain, unify them in one major engineering system, and turn water hazards into water conservancy. Specifically, the "three major projects" of the canal head that are interdependent and mutually restrictive are cleverly constructed in three-dimensional space, optimizing the hard constraints of specific sections of the Minjiang River, forming the mainstream trend and circulation intensity under different flow conditions, and causing the Minjiang River to be unstable under different flow conditions. The different water and sediment distribution ratios of the inner and outer rivers overcome the natural geographical disadvantages of western Sichuan, optimize the relationship between the Minjiang River and the Chengdu Plain, and develop water conservancy networks, making it most conducive to the stable and sustainable development of the local economy. The relationship between the three-dimensional space is: the plane layout is the foundation and the premise; the facade structure is gradually formed based on the plane layout after thousands of years of repeated optimization.
More than two thousand years ago, Dujiangyan achieved such a great scientific achievement, which is unique in the world and is still the best work of water conservancy engineering in the world. In 1872, German geographer Richthofen (1833-1905) praised "the perfection of Dujiangyan's irrigation method, which is unparalleled in the world." In 1986, Franjem, Secretary-General of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, and experts from various countries from the International River and Sediment Academic Society visited Dujiangyan and spoke highly of Dujiangyan's scientific irrigation and sediment drainage functions.
In March 1999, after visiting Dujiangyan, officials from the United Nations Center for Human Settlements suggested that the Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project participate in the 2000 United Nations "Best Water Utilization and Treatment Award".