Rhetoric function and the choice of long sentences and short sentences
Chinese long sentences
There are always long sentences and short sentences in various national languages, thus forming so-called long sentences and short sentences.
The so-called long sentences refer to those sentences with more than one modifier and complex structure. For example:
Lu Xun represents the majority of the whole nation on the cultural front.
(
The most correct, courageous, resolute and loyal people charge the enemy.
) (
The true and most enthusiastic national hero.
) ( ) ~~~~~~~~
Quoted from Mao Zedong's Theory of New Democracy.
The backbone of this sentence is "Lu Xun is a national hero". However, before the object center "national hero", three attributes are attached-"on the cultural front, representing the majority of the whole nation and charging against the enemy", "the most correct, the bravest, the most determined, the most loyal and the most enthusiastic" and "unprecedented". Among them, "on the cultural front, representing the majority of the whole nation, charging at the enemy" is a compound phrase, and "the most correct, courageous, resolute, faithful and enthusiastic" is a compound joint phrase. In this way, the sentence is naturally elongated. It can be seen that the grammatical essence of long sentences is to contain modifiers with complex structures.
Chinese short sentences
The so-called short sentences refer to those sentences with no modifiers or simple modifiers. For example:
Today, are there any spies here? You || stand up. You ||
[ ] ——— —〈 〉
Come out and say, || Why did you kill Mr. Li? |||| Assassinate | people,
——— [ ][ ]—〈 〉 ——
|||| Even slander | people, ||| Say | What's the "peach case", |||| Say |
[ ] —— ( ) ~~~~~~~~ —
What * * * producer killed * * producer, || shameless! || shameless! This || is
( )~~~~~~~~~~~~~ —
The shamelessness of a certain group is the glory of Mr. Li. Mr. Li ||| Zaikun
( ) ~~~~ —( ) ~~~~ [
Ming assassination, ||| is the glory of Mr. Li, ||| belongs to Kunming people.
][ ] —— —( ) ~~~~ [ ]—( )
Glory!
~~~~
Quoted from Wen Yiduo's The Last Speech
This is a sentence group, which consists of 15 sentences or clauses. The modifier structure of each sentence is not complicated, and many of them are directly used as words, which are short and concise. It can be seen that the grammatical essence of short sentences does not contain complex modifiers.
Functions of long sentences and short sentences
Rhetorically, long sentences and short sentences have their own functions and cannot replace each other.
Long sentences are complex in structure, rich in connotation, compact in concentration and strict in logic. They can express ideas in detail, are mostly used for argumentation and appear frequently in written language.
Short sentences are simple in structure, clear in meaning, concise and lively, and are often used for narration, description and lyricism, especially in spoken English.
Therefore, according to different styles and the intention and needs of expression, choosing long sentences or short sentences purposefully can effectively improve the expression effect. So learn how to organize long sentences and short sentences, especially long sentences.
Chinese is based on short sentences.
However, it is necessary to emphasize that:
In Chinese, the choice of long sentences and short sentences is based on short sentences.
The generation and choice of Chinese sentences are determined by the way of thinking of the Han nationality and the cultural characteristics of Chinese. It is rooted in the profound China culture and Chinese grammar mechanism, and is independent of human will. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze as follows:
In Rhetoric of Words, we once pointed out that simplicity is the "best state" that China people pursue in the process of choosing words and making sentences. This determines the syntax of Chinese, just as qú of Qing Dynasty said: "The same is true of sentence rules such as pairs, four characters or four or six (in Chinese)." For example:
(1) The nature of destiny, the nature of Tao and the practice of religion.
2 people are ruthless, such as courtesy? What's the fun of not dying?
(3) Guan Guan pheasant dove, in Hezhou; A beautiful and virtuous woman is a good spouse of a gentleman.
This is true not only in ancient Chinese, but also in modern Chinese. For example:
(4) Famous dramas gather in Guangzhou, singing Southern accent and Northern tune, and reliving the beauty of Chinese dramas.
Quoted from Guangzhou Daily, 2005 edition165438+1October 2, B 1.
⑤ This newspaper joins hands with Guangzhou Metro to build subway media.
Quoted from Guangzhou Daily, 2005165438+1edition A 1 on October 2nd.
6. Millions of people take the civil service exam, and the most popular one is one in two thousand.
Quoted from Guangzhou Daily, A7 edition, 2005 165438+ 10/.
This is entirely the restriction of China people's world outlook and dialectical thinking mode on Chinese syntax and the externalization of sentence structure. Like Wen Xin Diao Long? Li Ci said:
Naturally formed, with double branches and whiskers; God makes sense for use, and things are not isolated. Fuxin
Born with words, you have to worry about everything and compete with each other, so it is natural to pair up.
The body and limbs endowed by nature must be in pairs. This is the law of nature.
The result of the law is that everything in the world is in pairs. So, send
From the inner words and articles, when thinking, always
Match them up and down, and let them match naturally. )
Liu Xie's dual view and its causes
Liu Xie divided this sentence of "made for each other" into:
Correctness is to pair words and expressions that express abstract things. For example:
Cultivate the "Li" Garden and soar the "Book" Garden. ("Shanglin Fu")
Decorated in the palace of etiquette, flying in the garden of books. )
When things are right, that is, things that can be verified are compared at the same time. For example:
This is not a program; The stone hid his face, making his face bloodless.
(Goddess Fu)
(Beauty covers her sleeves and thinks that she is not up to standard; Beauty beauty Xi Shi
Cover your face, there is no glory. )
Objection, that is, the context is opposite and the theme is the same. For example:
Quiet and Chu are playing, and Zhuang Zhen (Xing) is getting louder and louder. ("Ode to the Building")
(Zhong Yi, a Chu man, was imprisoned by the State of Jin, and Zhuang Gan, a Yue man, was the State of Chu.
The official sang the tune. )
Yes, it means different contexts but the same meaning. For example:
Han zu wanted to cultivate elm trees, and he thought of white water in light and martial arts. ("Seven Wounded Poems")
(Emperor Gaozu missed Yushe in his hometown, and Emperor Guangwu missed the white in his hometown.
Narcissus )
Liu Xie also pointed out with the "classical Chinese" and "copula" in the Book of Changes as examples:
Order "dry" four virtues, then every sentence is in the same phase; A sense of dragon and tiger, so clear pronunciation and mellow voice;
Gankun is easy to simplify, and then it's the same; When the sun and the moon come and go, the line hangs; Although this sentence
Or special, or even the same meaning.
([The Book of Changes "Classical Chinese" and "Cohesion"), expounding "dry hanging"
Four virtues, then the sentences are relative; Talk about the same kind of feeling like a cloud.
Dragon in the wind, tiger in the wind, words are relative; Speaking of the simplicity of heaven and earth,
It will be skillfully undertaken; When it comes to the communication between the sun and the moon, when the weather changes, it is relative.
Although the number of words in these sentences is different, their meanings are a pair.
Go through. )
It can be seen that in traditional Chinese syntax, ideographic words, things, opposites, opposites and structural duality and parallelism are organically combined. This is because, on the one hand, the Han nationality, under the influence of the cosmology and dialectical thinking mode of "harmony between man and nature", has shaped the sentence-making mode of "paying equal attention to body and plant, collocating words and verbs"; On the other hand, the monosyllabic and easy combination of Chinese words provide conditions for pairing; Therefore, it can be "sentence by sentence", "word by word", "homology" and "antithesis", which is concise and to the point. Of course, such sentences are mostly short sentences.
Long and short sentences have existed since ancient times
However, the relationship between everything in the world is complex, and it is not always necessary or possible to describe it in a relative way. Especially with the deepening of people's understanding of everything in the world and the refinement of thinking, the structure of sentences is not limited to short sentences with symmetrical structure and semantic opposition. Thus, long sentences came into being. In view of this, [Qing] Zhou Xiangyu pointed out:
There is no limit to the length of sentences. If the word is a sentence, then "pray for the father",
The genus "Zhao" is also. Three words as a sentence mean "thinking innocently" and "thinking in deduction"
Genus also. The words four, five, six and seven have been widely used since the sixth generation, but they have not.
Open. If it is eight characters, it belongs to "I dare not help my friends escape." Nine characters,
It is also a genus of "people don't stay in the mountains". Cross, "so porridge.
So it is also a genus of paste. Over eleven characters, Xun Qing "becomes a stage".
Have a prepared speech. Although as one person said, everything, redundancy, promise, consultation, and load.
There are many poems about songs in the Second Canon, but the sixteen-character order of Song poetry is the first.
There is a saying. (Press: Mountain, galloping without saddle, looking back in shock, leaving the sky behind.
Three feet three) If it is cold, "So spring is not my spring, summer is not my summer, and autumn is not my autumn."
I am autumn, and winter is not my winter. It is rare to regard seventeen words as one sentence. if
If you have more than seven words, although you have made a sentence, you must have something to read. It's don.
People close to the body stop at seven words, seven words sound and. I met eight characters today.
The last sentence, read more
Quote from arrogance to generalization? Xin Quyuan
Divide a long sentence into several parts
It can be seen that as early as the pre-Qin classics, long sentences appeared in Chinese, long and short sentences coexisted, and the number of words varied greatly, but short sentences were the norm. Because there must be something readable in long sentences, people use the methods of "breaking the whole into parts" and "gathering the whole into parts" to generate long sentences, which are all "reading". For example:
Ji's father Zang's uncle Sun Qiaoru GongSunYing promoted Qi Shuai to Song Zhi.
Sun Liang's father Cao Gongzi and Qi Hou fought in Hebei.
This is a long sentence organized in the way of "breaking the whole into parts". It has 36 words, and through reading, it is combined into a sentence consisting of 8 sentences:
Ji's father, Zang's uncle, Sun Qiaoru, and others are all generals.
Jin Yunke, the father of Wei and the head of Cao Gongzi, fought against Hou of Qi in Ji.
For such a long sentence, the sentence structure is relatively neat and the sound is relatively harmonious. Although it is long, it is not long.
Long sentences are rounded to the whole.
Please look at the example again:
At this time, the world is big, people are numerous, governors are strong, and counselors are numerous.
Yes, everyone wants to be sure of Su Qin.
This is a long sentence * * * with 27 words, which is organized in a way of "gathering zero into one". Among them, "the world is big", "the people of all peoples", "the power of governors" and "the power of counselors" are originally sentences with no direct semantic connection. However, when "everyone wants to decide Su Qin's policy" was laid out, it was aggregated into the object of "everyone wants to decide Su Qin's policy" and "when" was aggregated at the beginning of the sentence. In this way, a long sentence of "additional reading" is generated, which is quite neat in structure and harmonious in rhythm.
Generation of Chinese Long Sentences
In this way, Chinese generates long sentences through "additional reading" and at the same time turns long sentences into simple sentences. This is true not only in ancient Chinese, but also in modern Chinese, and it is more common. For example:
Lu Xun represents the majority of the whole nation on the cultural front.
(
The most correct, courageous, resolute and loyal people charge the enemy.
) (
The true and most enthusiastic national hero.
) ( ) ~~~~~~~~
Another example is:
These works, through their personalities and lives, are exemplary.
( )==== [ ] [
Power, power of thought, power of enlightenment and power of beauty come from different sources.
] [
Angle and side, with different language colors, opened for us |
][ ][ ] ——
What a vast, rich and real life world.
( )( ) ~~~~~~~~
This is a long sentence composed of many adverbials and attributes. Due to the adoption of the method of "reading", its tone becomes soothing and its syntactic relationship becomes clear, although it is not long.
Necessity and method of transforming long sentences into short sentences
It should be emphasized that although Chinese long and short sentences coexist, short sentences are the norm in the generation and selection of long and short sentences.
However, due to the increasing diversification and complexity of modern society and the influence of Europeanized syntax, the common problem in Chinese language practice is not to use short sentences or to use long sentences when short sentences should be used. Therefore, in today's Chinese sentence rhetoric, it is necessary to understand and master the method of transforming long sentences into short sentences. These methods mainly include:
1. dispersion method
Dispersion method is a sentence generation strategy, which attempts to convert subordinate components into several clauses by dividing the whole into several parts. For example:
There is a new classmate in our class || A handsome face and kind eyes.
[]-() (Complex union
A female classmate with a thin figure and simple and generous clothes.
Phrases) ~ ~ ~
Using dispersion method, we first grasp the trunk of the sentence "a new classmate in our class" as the antecedent, and then try to transform the complex joint phrase as the attribute into several clauses, and disperse after the antecedent until the meaning of the original sentence is fully expressed. For example:
There is a new girl in our class. She has a beautiful face.
[ ]— ( )~~~~~~
|||| Good eyes, |||| Thin figure, |||| Simple and generous clothes.
Thus, the original long sentence is divided into five short sentences.
Another example is:
I || sit here and do it by myself during the holiday, reviewing my lessons.
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