1, military national education
Military national education is military sports. He believes that "military national educators run counter to socialism" is not an education in an ideal society. However, he believed that at that time, "the neighboring traffic was strong and the national strength lost over the years could not be restored by force", that is, in order to oppose imperialist aggression, it was necessary to defend itself by force, which required the implementation of military national education. At home, in order to break the reckless support of domestic feudal warlords at that time, it is necessary to "balance the country's soldiers" and "balance the power" and also carry out military education. Later, he developed military sports into ordinary sports. He believes that sports is an important link in cultivating "the sound personality of the people of the Republic." He said: "A sound spirit must stay in a sound body."
If a person is not healthy, he will feel mental pain. He asked students to "suit their interests and exercise more" to develop their bodies and cheer up their spirits.
2. Materialist education
Materialist education is intellectual education. Materialist education is mainly to give people all kinds of common cultural and scientific knowledge, develop industrial knowledge and skills, and provide certain vocational training. The purpose of industrialism education is to improve people's wealth and strengthen the country's financial resources, so as to be invincible in the world competition. He believes that "today's world depends on competitors, not only in strength, but also in financial resources." Moreover, half of the strength is also bred by financial resources. "At the same time, he also pointed out that" China's treasures are underdeveloped, the organization of the industrial sector is still immature, there are many unemployed people, and the country is very poor. Materialist education is also an urgent task. " He regards materialist education as an important means to enrich the country and strengthen the people and develop the national economy.
He believes that materialist education can not only make people learn cultural and scientific knowledge, but also make people's thinking "meticulous". For example, learning arithmetic can not only increase knowledge, but also make people's thinking more meticulous.
3. Civic moral education
Civic moral education is moral education. He believes that although military physical education and materialist education are ways to "enrich Qiang Bing", they are not enough, and civic moral education is also necessary.
"What is civic morality? Yue and French revolutions in Japan are also marked by freedom, equality and love. All the essentials of morality are enough. " Freedom, equality and fraternity are the moral concepts of the bourgeoisie. He advocated that this moral concept was opposite to feudal ethics, and tried to liberate people from the bondage of feudal ethics through this kind of civic moral education, thus changing the relationship between people bound by feudal ethics. The civic moral education advocated by him is of great progressive significance in opposing feudalism.
4. World outlook education
World outlook education belongs to the real world and is "super-anecdotal and political". He believes that the main task of world outlook education is to cultivate people's thoughts beyond secular life and reach the highest spiritual realm of the material world. "The reason why the phenomenon world is an obstacle to the physical world is nothing more than two kinds of consciousness, one is the difference between people and me, and the other is the pursuit of happiness." Through the education of world outlook, we can break the "difference between people and me" and forget the "pursuit of happiness", so that people can reach the highest spiritual realm and life will become more valuable.
Cai Yuanpei initiated world outlook education in the history of modern education in China, and thought that world outlook education was the ultimate goal of education and deserved attention. Of course, his world outlook education is based on the idealistic view that education is divided into the phenomenal world and the substantive world. However, his purpose is to guide people to pursue truth and a valuable life, "rather than sticking to the teachings of a school of philosophy." This shows that he denied the feudal traditional education at that time, which is of great anti-feudal significance.
5. Aesthetic education
Aesthetic education is also called aesthetic education. In China, aesthetic education is an integral part of the educational policy advocated by Cai Yuanpei. He pointed out that "aesthetic education is to apply aesthetic theory to education for the purpose of cultivating emotions." He attaches great importance to aesthetic education, and thinks that aesthetic education is a bridge to guide people to transition from the phenomenon world to the entity world. He pointed out that guiding people to transition from the phenomenon world to the physical world cannot be achieved by "criticism" or by "simple words". "Therefore, educators have to resort to aesthetic education if they want to introduce the concept of reaching the material world from the phenomenal world." The task of educators is to make people reach the highest spiritual realm through aesthetic education.
He believes that the function of aesthetic education is to "cultivate our feelings, make us have noble and pure habits, and make people's ideas of self-determination, self-interest and loss of others gradually disappear." "
Aesthetic education can cultivate regret and make people more noble; You can be selfless and detached; It can make people rely on the enjoyment of beauty, get rid of bad habits in life and beautify life.
On the educational thought of "showing individuality and respecting nature"
Cai Yuanpei advocates that education should adapt to the reality of the physical and mental development of the educated. He said that educators should "fully understand the process of children's physical and mental development and choose various appropriate methods to help them." Just like farmers treat plants, "thousands of plants are irrigated, weak plants are supported, cold-resistant greenhouses are put in, and fast food is used as fertilizer." To this end, he strongly opposes education that goes against nature and binds personality. He accused the old education that "educators set a goal and forced the educated to follow it;" Therefore, if there is no movement in its nature, resources will become sharp and stiff, and there is only one way to teach it. Those who can reward it can't punish it. "
In order to be "natural and show personality", he attached importance to heuristic teaching and advocated automatic, self-study and self-study methods in teaching methods. He said that teaching is not like filling a bottle with water. When it is filled, it will be over. The most important thing is to stimulate students' interest in reading and let them learn automatically. Teachers should not tell students word by word. It is better to let students do their own research and help them when they really can't solve their homework on their own. He said, "in school, we can't just teach textbooks and lessons, but the lessons in the lecture hall are of course important;" More importantly, it is self-study and always pays attention to your learning path and interest in learning. " His thought of "showing individuality and respecting nature" is consistent. When he was a teacher at Nanyang Public College, he advocated "students study by themselves" to show their individuality. When he was the president of Peking University, he put forward two plans: "improving lecture notes" and "buying more books". Presenting the handout only lists the outline, details, essence and significance, or it is dictated by the teacher or for your own reference, in order to learn something.