Rules are to be broken, so even though F1 has strict race rules, it still does not prevent the team from searching for loopholes in the rules ...
Tyrrell six-wheel racing? P34
As a weak F1 team for ten thousand years, Tyrrell worked in Jackie in the early 197s. Stewart led the team to the peak since its establishment. However, as this grumpy Scottish master washed his hands, he was called Uncle? Ken's Ken? Tyrrell had to prepare a secret new weapon urgently, and finally this weapon appeared in an almost impossible form.
P34 is Derek, the chief designer of Tyrrell? Gardner's painstaking efforts, the design premise is to reduce the size of the front wheel, so as to minimize the wind resistance, and the reduction must be really drastic.
Gardner thinks that greatly reducing the windward area will not only make P34 easier to cut the air, but also make the air flow across the body surface more orderly, thus increasing the downforce. However, the pocket wheel with a diameter of only ten inches has its own problems, and the biggest problem is that the grip will be greatly reduced. In order to offset this shortcoming, Gardner came up with a way to simply add a pair of front wheels, so as to obtain a larger total tire contact area and a stronger braking force, which is not done.
objectively speaking, the appearance of P34 is undoubtedly very strange, but there are reasonable arguments and brilliant engineering technology behind it. In 1976, Swedish GP won the championship and runner-up by using the 1 km long straight road at Anderstorp Circuit. However, it is only a matter of time before P34 reveals its fatal flaw-on the winding track, one of the front wheels often leaves the ground at the corner of P34, which leads to shocking understeer in the racing car. At the end of the season, star driver Jody? Scheckter and Tyrrell broke up.
AUTO? UNION? TYPE? C
Auto? Union Grand Prix is indeed an engineering masterpiece in the mid-2th century, in which the Type of 6.-liter 16-cylinder engine with mid-engine supercharged is adopted. C is the most beautiful, and the designer is certainly not Ferdinand? Porsche is the only one.
With a simple but very strong tubular frame, plus 52bhp Gateshead, torsion bar rear suspension and tires with a width close to that of mountain bikes, Type? The terrible degree of C's exertion really scares his opponent.
Bernd? Rosemeyer uses Type? C dominated the 1936 Grand Prix season and won the European Championship, and became a demigod national hero in the process of sweeping opponents, but it was transformed into an extraordinarily streamlined Type in order to challenge the land speed record. C ruined the hero. In January 1938, this Type? C rushed out of the road at a speed of more than 4km/h on the newly built infinite speed highway, killing the SS captain Sineitai on the spot.
the second tank of p>BAR
British? American? Racing (later renamed Brawn, then Mercedes F1 Team) has two most memorable points, namely Lucky? Strike pattern and "creative interpretation of the rules of the game". In order to subvert the minimum weight regulation, BAR installed a second fuel tank on the 7 racing car in 25. With the 11.5k extra fuel in the No.2 fuel tank hidden behind the engine bulkhead, the overall weight of the car can still be higher than 6kg when the main fuel tank is pumped out and sent to the general assembly for inspection.
Brabham fan car
by Gordon? Murray and his engineer David? Brabham created by Cox? BT46B is another F1 legend with a flash in the pan.
in response to Colin? Chapman's ground effect racing car, this pair of partners took subversive measures, on the grounds of improving heat dissipation efficiency and coping with the Alfa Romeo horizontally opposed twelve-cylinder engine that overtook hell, in Bernie? Ecclestone's Brabham racing car has a big fan on its ass.
However, this fan has a side effect, that is, it will suck the air under the car, so that the car can be firmly attached to the ground like a sucker. Strictly speaking, this move did not violate the rules of the race, but after the first appearance of GP in Sweden in 1978, the smell of gunpowder stirred up by the big fan was enough to make Bernie, who had a keen sense of touch, put the car away.
Lotus's Double Frame
Lotus 88 frantically attempts to bypass the prohibition of the ground effect by using a double frame design, in which one frame is used to support the cockpit and the other frame acts like a super giant movable spoiler. This move is very clever, but it is also very unpopular, so Lotus 88 was banned by the Competition Committee before its first battle, for reasons that everyone knows well.
McLaren's extra brakes
The 199s was another golden age for F1, with Williams, Ferrari and McLaren locked in a tight fight, as well as Hill, Villeneuve, Schumacher and hakkinen, which were very popular drivers (fierce battles were guaranteed).
This kind of healthy competitive condition usually intensifies the upgrading of creative means, which was proved by McLaren MP4/12 in the 1997 season. It is said that McLaren was plagued by engine reliability problems for most of the season, but as long as it didn't quit halfway, MP4/12 was able to play an extraordinary speed at other times.
the outside world has been wondering why MP4/12 was faster than others until F1 photographer Darren? Heath caught a glimpse that the rear wheel disc brake was so hot when the MP4/12 was supposed to have the full throttle, so she realized that there might be something behind it. Heath later sneaked the camera into Xia Jianlun's car and took pictures of the inside of the cockpit by luck, which resulted in the famous photo above.
This photo immediately surprised people in F1 circle, because it showed that there was an extra pedal in the footwell of the cockpit. After the Race Committee intervened in the investigation, it was quickly found out that it was the pedal of the two-stage braking system. Drivers can use this system to brake the left or right rear wheels according to different tracks, thus eliminating the tendency of understeer in cornering. It is precisely because the brakes can be applied to individual rear wheels to help steering when the throttle is wide open that MP4/12 can play faster than all opponents in the same period, so the lap speed can be faster by half a second.
this design is very simple in concept and implementation, and the most important thing is that it does not violate the rules of the competition at all. Needless to say, everyone guessed that Ferrari was furious after learning about this incident, and other teams also began to lobby FIA to take action on the grounds that it was too expensive for them to catch up with Mercedes-Benz. F1 regulators then updated the rules again, and banned the use of this braking system in the following season's competition. Ironically, McLaren still managed to install similar systems for their cars, which they explained was only "using 5 pounds of ready-made parts that had been put on the logistics van."
the ground effect of Lotus 79
Author:? Chris? Harris
law of diminishing returns is never kind to racing creativity, mainly because it is a competitive world where any player has a huge advantage and will attract strong protests and bans. Therefore, if you want to write a winning secret, you will probably suggest avoiding a huge leap in performance and strive to outsmart your opponent with many slight increases or decreases. You might say that this is tantamount to asking people to "never use the ground effect to create Lotus 79 like Lotus", because Colin? Chapman and his team found an advantage that was too strong and had to try to hide their amazing discovery in the preliminary round.
what did they find? Lotus engineers who used the scale model to carry out wind tunnel experiments in Royal College found that if the gap between the two sides of the car bottom and the ground can be sealed, a low-pressure area will be formed under the car bottom, so that the downward pressure will increase by geometric multiples. The physics involved in this concept is very simple, but the most time-consuming thing is to find a way to make the telescopic skirt hidden in the car side rectifier cabin, because you have to use very clever materials to withstand that strong friction. So Lotus used a Renault 4 van to tow samples of different materials at Hethel base camp (just to prove that Chris? Harris's theory that Renault 4 or Citroen 2CV contributed more or less to all the major inventions in the post-war car world), although they actually spent more time to prevent the news of this major advantage from leaking out. At that time, it coincided with the rumor of confusing the differential in F1 circle, so Chapman would arrange a technician to sneak out of the garage from the back door with a mysterious object of considerable size wrapped in a towel after each pre-race test run. Everyone thought the mysterious object was a differential, but it turned out to be a big kettle.
Lotus 79 swept its rivals from the beginning, and the excellent foundation and reliable performance of Ford DFV engine and Hewland transmission system made it even more powerful.
the ground effect will make drivers feel very strange. I have tasted this feeling twice, and the second time happened to be in Mario? Andretti won the world championship on Lotus 79. This car was very powerful in his first test drive, so I'm pretty sure Mario already knew that the winner of the championship was himself. However, this racing car has now become a historical treasure, and the telescopic skirt still retains the friction traces of that year, so Clive? Chapman only allowed me to lower my skirt in one lap, but it was enough for me to appreciate how big the change was. The stability and high-speed grip seemed to be artificial.
in contrast, I was allowed to drive another famous ground effect weapon-Porsche 956 in a more ruthless way. The faster this car drives, the stronger its grip will be. It's crazy. Imagine you had a 45bhp in 1978? The DFV engine can't push the weight of 61kg from behind, and it must feel like driving a monster. However, Chapman's winning secret could not be kept secret for a long time, and soon everyone saw through that it was the ground effect. As a result, everyone could drive faster, which meant that the crash scene was even more tragic. Eventually, everyone was inevitably ordered to ban the use of the ground effect.
Two-axle steering technology of Mercedes-Benz AMG
The p>22 season soon became famous because the champion team Mercedes-Benz AMG released a radical new invention for defending the title. From the cockpit images of Hamilton and Baudas, the steering wheel of W11 car can not only twist left and right, but also push and pull back and forth. Fans and experts all said that they were puzzled, while the technical staff of the opponent once again hid in the corner and quietly wept. According to Mercedes-Benz technical expert James? Allison said that this design is called Dual-Axis? Steering, DAS for short.
DAS is an unprecedented system that allows drivers to adjust the front toe angle of W11 at any time. The front wheels of modern F1 racing cars usually adopt the outer toe angle that can be recognized by the naked eye, which looks like a pair of outer splayed feet from the top. This design makes the car more stable in corners, but it will accelerate the wear of the inner edge of the tire, and it is difficult to raise the temperature on the outer side, thus weakening the overall efficiency. At least in theory, DAS allows drivers to release the toe-in angle on straight sections, thereby making the tire thermal distribution more even, reducing tire wear, and maintaining ideal suspension geometry when turning. DAS may further reduce the resistance in the straight road, but frankly speaking, no one can be 1% sure whether DAS has other benefits, and even Mercedes-Benz probably has little knowledge about it.
anyway, this move is really brilliant, but it must be against the rules, right? The answer is yes and no. Mercedes-Benz follows the consistent practice in F1 circle, and solves the problems by interpreting the rules of the race. Everything it does is in accordance with the rules of the race. What FIA can do is to allow them to use this technology in the 22 season and wait until the next season to start banning it. Considering that the 22 season has been greatly shortened, in other words, we may never see the day when DAS reaches its full potential, wouldn't it be sad (if so, there must be a lot of champagne in Maranello).
CISITALIA? TYPE? 36
Cisitalia? Type? 36 is a GP racing car that has never been unsheathed. When it came out in 1949, it was too advanced and destroyed the company responsible for making it.
before becoming a street car, the 36 was designed by Porsche. They went from the last batch of Auto before the war? Inspired by the Union racing car, the horizontally opposed twelve-cylinder engine was installed in two shafts. However, with the rapid development of racing technology, Porsche's vision has also taken on a new look, so it adopted the pipeline frame and hydraulic shock absorption technology, and the engine used four camshaft wet cylinder liners and double mechanical supercharged all-aluminum products. The finished product once reached 35bhp output on the dynamometer, and the rotation speed was as high as 1,5rpm, which was deafening.
but Type? The best part of 36 is actually the transmission system. This system using sequential synchronous meshing can actually change between rear drive and all-wheel drive, which is bound to completely subvert the competitive situation, at least it should. But Cisitalia went bankrupt because of building this racing car, and by the date of completion, the revision of the racing rules made it an outdated product.
there is an ADRIAN? The most unfair advantage of NEWEY in
is, of course, that there is an Adrian in the team? Newey。 The technical director of Red Bull, who is widely recognized as the king of design flaws, has helped the team win more than 15 Grand Prix titles so far, setting a record for the same team to win 1 team championships. With such a unique advantage, it is yours to pay about 1 million pounds a year.
This article comes from the author of Chejia, car home, and does not represent car home's standpoint.