Ceramic mosaic tiles are characterized by good porcelainization, low water absorption and strong frost resistance, making them an important material for exterior wall decoration. In particular, glazed and polished products have a crystal clear and delicate texture, which further improves their resistance to pollution and the nobility of the material. Ceramic mosaic tiles have thin brick bodies and light weight. The dense lines (gaps) are filled with mortar to ensure that each small tile is firmly bonded in the mortar and therefore not easy to fall off. Even if a few bricks fall down after many years, they will not pose a danger of hurting people, so they feel safe. This may be the reason why ceramic mosaic tiles still have a place in today's ceramic tile world with so many strong players. (1) Materials Ceramic materials The varieties, specifications, colors, patterns and product grades of ceramic mosaic tiles should meet the design requirements; product quality should comply with current relevant standards, and be accompanied by product certificates; for corner loss, threshing, cracking or lining paper Products damaged by moisture will be discarded. Ceramic mosaic tiles must not be scattered in bulk on site and must not get damp. Auxiliary materials: cement, sand, water, etc.
(2) Tool sieve, window sieve, wooden trowel, iron trowel, small ash shovel, straight wooden pole, level, ink fountain, figure ruler, line support board, hardwood clapper, broom, sprinkler Kettle, nutcracker, small hammer, iron wire, large wire hammer, steel sheet cutter, paper knife and ash mixing tools, etc.
(3) Operating conditions that should be met
① The reserved holes and drainage pipes should be processed, and the door and window frames should be fixed. Use 1:3 cement mortar to plug the gaps. The caulking material for the aluminum alloy door and window frames should meet the requirements, be plugged tightly, and put on a protective film.
②Set up scaffolding or hanging basket in advance. It is best to choose double-row shelves (suspended baskets should be used for high-rise outdoor buildings, and bridge-type shelves can also be used for multi-layers). Horizontal and vertical rods and tie rods should be 150-200MM away from the door and window corners, and the shelf height must meet the requirements.
③Clean the base and block the feet, hands and eyes.
④ Before large-scale construction, a sample should be made first. Only after the sample passes the appraisal by the quality inspection department can formal construction be organized. (1) The base layer should be treated to smooth out the protruding concrete on the wall. The concrete wall constructed with large steel formwork should be chiseled, brushed completely with a wire brush, and then watered and moistened. Smooth concrete walls need to be "textured", that is, first clean the dust and dirt, scrub the oil stains with 10% caustic soda water, then rinse the alkali solution with clean water and dry it. Use 1:1 cement fine mortar, mixed with 20% water content of 107 glue, spray or use a broom to evenly throw it on the wall, and water it after final setting.
(2) Hang it vertically and find the rules. Find out the rules for laying ceramic mosaic tiles according to the wall structure and flatness. If the exterior walls of the building are all covered with ceramic mosaic tiles and it is a high-rise building, you should install ceramic mosaic tiles on all sides. Use a theodolite to draw vertical lines at large corners and door and window sides to find the straightness; if the building is multi-story, use a large wire hammer from the top floor to stretch the wire with a diameter of 0.7mm vertically, and then set points according to the specifications of the ceramic mosaic tiles. piece. The horizontal lines are controlled with the floor as the horizontal baseline and the vertical lines are controlled with the surrounding large corners, through columns and stacks as the baseline. When laying the base for each layer, use this mark block as the reference point to make mark ribs to make the bottom layer of gray horizontally, vertically and squarely. At the same time, attention should be paid to finding the protruding cornices, waistlines, window sills, awnings and other facings. They must be whole bricks, and have running slopes, drip lines (troughs) and water stops. Their depth and width should not be less than 10mm, and they must be neat and consistent.
(3) The primer is usually carried out in two steps. First, apply a layer of cement slurry mixed with water and a weight of 10% 107 glue, and then apply the first layer of cement slurry mixed with a weight of 20% cement and 107 glue 1:2.5 or Apply a thin layer of 1:3 cement mortar and compact it with a trowel. For the second time, use the same proportion of mortar to smooth it according to the standard ribs, scrape it evenly with a short pole, and finally use a wooden trowel to rub out the pitted surface. However, the requirements for the flatness of the base ash of mosaic tiles are stricter because the bonding layer is relatively thin. After the base plaster is plastered, it is cured by final setting and watering.
(4) Before laying the ceramic mosaic tiles on the spring line, a large construction sample should be released, and several horizontal and vertical lines should be popped up according to the height. When playing the thread, the number of ceramic mosaic tiles should be calculated so that the entire number is maintained between the two lines. If there are requirements for dividing the tiles, they need to be divided equally according to the total height, and the seam width is determined according to the design and the type and specification of the ceramic mosaic tiles, and then the millimeter strips are processed. However, there must not be more than one row of non-solid bricks on the same wall, and they should be arranged in a hidden place.
(5) When laying ceramic mosaic tiles, first wet the bottom ash, and place a ruler on the lower opening of the horizontal line. Generally, three people work in groups, and one person boils water to moisten the wall. On the surface, first apply a layer of plain cement slurry (107 glue mixed with 10% water). Then apply a 2-3mm thick mixed ash adhesive layer, the ratio is paper tendon: lime plaster: cement = 1:1:2 (first mix the paper tendon and lime plaster evenly through a 3mm sieve, and then mix evenly with the cement) . The second person placed the ceramic mosaic tiles on the wooden pallet with the brick side facing up, poured 1:1 cement fine sand ash into the seams, brushed the brick surface with a soft brush, and then applied a thin layer of mortar . Then, pass each piece to the third person one by one, scrape off the remaining dust on the four sides, hold the upper edge of the mosaic tiles with both hands, place them accurately on the already set ruler, seat them according to the number, and lay them from bottom to top. If you need to divide the grid, after pasting one group, place the millimeter strips on the top line and continue pasting the second group. The paving height can be determined according to climatic conditions.
Another paving method is: moisten the base ash and apply a thin layer of plain cement slurry (you can also add 107 glue with 7% to 10% of the cement weight). Then apply 1:0.3 cement fine paper tendon ash or use 1:1.5 cement fine mortar adhesive layer mixed with 10% 107 glue, and pass the sand through a window sieve.
The thickness is 2-3mm. Use a ruler to smooth it and smooth it with a trowel. At the same time, lay the ceramic mosaic tiles on the wooden board with the brick side facing up, and pour white cement slurry into the gaps between the bricks. If it is colored mosaic tiles, pour colored cement. After the joints are filled, brush them with a brush with appropriate moisture content, and then apply 1-2mm thick plain cement slurry or polymer cement slurry bonding mortar. Scrape off the remaining dust on the four sides, then align the horizontal and vertical elastic lines, and stick them on the wall one by one.
In the process of laying ceramic mosaic tiles, the most important thing is to grasp the time well. Some people have concluded that as the wall adhesive layer is applied, the mosaic tiles are adhered to the mortar, and then the mosaic tiles are adhered to the mortar. The "three following" operation method for paving on the wall. The "three follow-ups" must be followed closely and cannot be neglected. If the time is not mastered well and the mortar has to collect water before applying it, the bond will not be strong and threshing will occur.
After the ceramic mosaic tiles are pasted, place the water slapping board close to the surface of the lining paper, and tap the board with a small hammer to achieve a full, light, solid, and flat state to make it firmly bonded. Strict and orderly.
(6) After removing the paper and adjusting the seams of the ceramic mosaic tiles for 30 minutes, you can use a long-bristled brush dipped in water to moisten the kraft paper. After the paper surface is completely wet (15-30m minutes), remove it from the top Then peel off the paper. When operating, hold the two corners of the upper edge of the paper and maintain coordinated movements parallel to the wall. Do not pull or tear the paper randomly to avoid driving the ceramic mosaic tile particles.
After removing the paper, carefully check the size and straightness of the gaps. If the gaps are uneven in size and horizontally and vertically, they must be straightened with a steel blade. The seams must be adjusted before the initial setting of the cement. First adjust the horizontal seams, and then adjust the vertical seams to ensure that the seam widths are consistent and horizontal and vertical. Then, use a wooden clapping board close to the surface layer, knock the wooden board with a small hammer, and pat it flat and firmly to remove the joints of the bricks and ensure that they are firmly adhered.
(7) When wiping joints, first use wooden socks to smear joint wiping grout similar to the color of ceramic mosaic tiles into the gaps. Then, use a scraper to scrape the cement slurry into the cracks firmly, fully, and tightly. Then use linen silk and a rag to wipe the surface clean. The floating sand left in the joints can be gently brought out with a damp and clean soft brush. If the surface needs to be cleaned, it should be done after the jointing material has hardened. The seams with 1/2-inch strips should be carefully smoothed with 1:1 cement mortar, and then wiped clean with a rag. After the surface layer is dry, apply a waterproofing agent on the surface to avoid alkali formation and improve the appearance. (1) During winter construction, thermal insulation measures should be taken for plastering mortar. The mortar temperature should not be lower than 5℃ when plastering.
(2) The mortar plastering layer shall not be exposed to freezing during the initial hardening stage. When the temperature is lower than 5°C, an appropriate amount of admixtures that can reduce the freezing temperature can be added to the mortar for outdoor plastering.
(3) For walls built by the freezing method, outdoor plastering should be carried out after they are completely thawed. Do not rinse with hot water to allow the wall to thaw and eliminate frost.
(4) During winter construction, hot air or a stove with a chimney can be used to accelerate the drying of the plaster layer. When using hot air, ventilation and dehumidification equipment must be installed. (1) The cavitation and shedding of the wall surface is due to unclean treatment of the base layer and poor watering. The time between the plain cement slurry and the bonding mortar scraped when laying the mosaic tiles is too long. The strength of the bonding mortar is too low and the water loss is too fast. caused by.
Measures to overcome: When pasting, the base layer should be treated cleanly; all processes should be connected tightly; the bonding mortar should not be too thick; expired cement mortar should not be used. It is best to use No. 425 cement to lay ceramic mosaic tiles.
(2) The mosaic tiles are misaligned and have obvious joints. The surface is uneven due to the uneven base layer. The bonding layer is too thick (preferably no more than 1-2mm). The bonding mortar is too thin and the brick arrangement lines are unclear. Wrong, due to inconsistent specifications of mosaic tiles.
Measures to overcome: During construction, the modulus of mosaic bricks must be designed in advance, the bricks should be arranged, grid lines drawn, and horizontal lines hung. Especially for window sills, column stacks, yin and yang corners and other parts, the modulus should be calculated and the bricks should be arranged properly. During construction, the mortar should be scraped into the gaps between the mosaic tiles and pasted according to the exact location.
(3) The yin and yang angles are not square, which is mainly caused by the failure to straighten, square and follow the process specifications.