1. Simple and generous Jino people wear it.
The costumes of Jinuo nationality are sewn with the special materials of this nationality. The patterns on the dress are cleverly arranged when knitting, and the patterns that can be knitted are woven on the cloth when knitting. Therefore, fabrics can be divided into tops and skirts, and generally cannot be mixed. Traditional clothing, with white and black as the basic colors, is backward in textile processing, so cotton fabric lacks tightness and smoothness, similar to linen. Jinuo people like embroidery patterns, and women's clothes are decorated with horizontal and vertical color bars and geometric patterns. Men's jackets are collarless and buttonless double-breasted shirts, which are made of white cloth woven with criss-crossing colored stripes. There are strong color stripes above the chest of the coat, and the horizontal color stripes are brightly colored and extremely conspicuous. There is a 6-inch square pattern in the center of the back of the clothes, surrounded by radioactive lines, which bloom like sunflowers. But the sun shines again. This pattern is called "Polo Apo" in Jino language, which means sun flower and moon flower. The skirt, sleeve roots, elbows and cuffs are all inlaid with several horizontal stripes, which are very conspicuous. A coat with a white background is decorated with specially woven patterns and red, yellow, blue and black stripes to make a colorful floral dress.
Men's trousers are white trousers with wide and fat crotch, and the edges of trousers are inlaid with horizontal red, black and white colored stripes. There is a 3-inch seam on each side of the wide belt, and a square black cloth is sewn on it. White trousers are discounted in front of the abdomen and tied around the waist with a belt decorated with colorful tassels. This man has three locks of long hair on his head, and he wears a black headscarf, which is more than 1 m in length. The foot wrap is wrapped around the calf. Men's clothes are thick and loose, and they are worn on the body, which enhances men's firmness and toughness. A woman uses a piece of cloth with colorful stripes and embroidery patterns to tie her chest. The colors of coats are mostly cyan, black, collarless and double-breasted, and red, yellow, black and white stripes are deliberately used to decorate the edges of skirts and clothes. All women, old and young, are knee-length, with white on the top and black on the bottom. The skirt is decorated with red stripes and tied at the waist in front of the abdomen. Adult women wear a pointed triangular white cloth hat with longitudinal color stripes. The corner of the hat hangs over the shoulder, and the brim of the hat on the forehead is turned out, so that a pointed white dustpan is buckled on the back of the head. Unmarried women like to hang their hair behind their heads, while married women like to hang their hair above their plastic foreheads. Women's clothes, simple and elegant, make Jino girls look cute.
The distinctive feature of Jinuo clothing is to decorate sleeves, skirts and backs with colored stripes. People decorate their clothes with colored stripes, which is said to be related to the rainbow in the sky. According to folklore, in ancient times, there was a pair of Jino men and women who were inseparable. A vicious rich boy, seeing this girl look so beautiful, suddenly had a bad intention, stole her with a trick and forced her to get married. The girl was disobedient and was beaten black and blue, dying. Her lover went through all kinds of hardships to save the girl. The two men escaped from the jaws of death, and the rich boy followed them closely. The young man fell to the ground and got several arrows in his leg. When disasters befell many times, several rainbows appeared in the sky to entangle the couple, giving off colorful light to repel the rich boy, and a couple rose into the air surrounded by rainbows. Therefore, in order to avoid disaster, later generations used colored stripes to cover the rainbow when sewing clothes.
2. Folk customs in Kunming
Kunming is a multi-ethnic city with 26 nationalities living in the world. There are villages or mixed villages composed of Han, Yi, Hui, Bai, Miao, Hani, Zhuang, Dai and Yi nationalities. In the long-term production and life, all ethnic groups have not only influenced each other, but also maintained their own national traditions, continuing many unique lifestyles, folk customs and culture and arts. The compatriots of all ethnic groups living in Kunming are warm and hospitable, good at singing and dancing, and simple in folk customs. No matter how they treat people, unique food, colorful costumes, different styles of residential buildings and interesting weddings, people can feel distinctive national characteristics.
Among many ethnic festivals, the Torch Festival of the Yi nationality, March Street of the Bai nationality, Around the Three Souls, Water-splashing Festival of the Dai nationality, Huashan Tour of the Miao nationality and the Knife and Pole Festival of the Wa nationality have long enjoyed great fame, and the festival activities are rich and colorful. On festivals, people of all ethnic groups will wear their own embroidered national costumes and gather from all directions to hold wrestling, bullfighting, duets and other activities. According to the season of the New Year, many customs are very popular among the people, such as the adjustment of the Western Hills on the third day of the third lunar month, the spring outing in the Golden Temple on the ninth day of the first lunar month, climbing the snail peak on the ninth Chongyang Festival, and the grand view of the moon on the night of the Mid-Autumn Festival.
There are many kinds of local literature and art in Kunming, such as Yunnan Opera, Lantern Festival, Kunqu Opera, folk songs, ethnic minority operas, folk narrative poems, folk legends and so on. After hundreds of years of development and praise, it is deeply loved by the broad masses of the people.
3. Buyi family education is a way for the older generation to preach their national ethics to the younger generation, which can also be called family training. Buyi people think: "Family education is not strict; Harm future generations. "
Buyi people are polite and hospitable, simple and courteous, respect the old and love the young, and help others, all of which are cultivated by the older generation with strict self-discipline and cruel words and deeds. Buyi elderly people often encourage themselves: "The prosperity of the family depends on people, and the trees are big and leafy."
Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, few Buyi people went to school. From birth to death, they all live in the family. Therefore, Buyi family is the education base for children's life, and family education is a lifelong education method.
Cloth family education began at an early age. "Small bends, big bends" and "If you don't teach, you will see the world degenerate", which is what the old man warned young parents. Young parents always follow the code of conduct handed down from the older generation and try their best to teach their children by example with a loving attitude, so as not to let their children get into the bad habits of arrogance, laziness and greed. They teach children that "the burden should be tied tightly and things should be polite", "fools don't study, scholars are not stupid", "wise men argue for time, fools take time" and "the younger generation should learn from their predecessors."
The education of the old to the young focuses on how to be a man. Such as: "Don't eat more delicious food, don't say it all", "Parents should stay shallow and eat shallow, and don't rob others to eat; Parents should stay deep and eat deep, and don't cheat people by eating; When meeting, be outspoken and be polite first; Neighbors are in trouble and need more help; When the sky falls, everyone will support it; Don't have too much wealth in the right way, and don't touch ill-gotten gains; Stupid people should take care of them more, while smart people can help them less.
The traditional Buyi people practice paternalism, and the oldest is the longest. There are many families with three generations living under one roof and four generations living under one roof, which provides soil and conditions for family education. For Buyi people who work outside the home or are officials, the old people's warning words are: "To be an official, you should know the culture, and to be an official, you should learn the king's law", "The bottom of the river is visible to the official, and the heart is visible to the official", "If the official is dissatisfied, the people can cry". ……
Buyi people have a tradition of tutoring for generations. When the bride gets married, her mother will sing "Training Women in Marriage" to educate the bride "... Heaven is everyone's day, parents are their own days, delicious food should be left to in-laws, and others can't say that they don't know manners. ……"
When the Buyi old people are dying, the prestigious old people in the village should sing "Legacy Song" for their children, not the dying old people. Admonish future generations with the old man's legacy: "Brothers divide ... sisters divide each other, so don't quarrel if you are narrow-minded, and don't fight if you hate each other, so as not to lose face in front of the old man and friends."
Large family life often allows the younger generation to witness the actions of the elderly, and parents often set an example for the next generation. Old people's mistakes often need the next person to make up. This continuous improvement of family education has benefited the country and the people, and has created a large number of outstanding Buyi children in the world-Ricky of Xiaodejiang Village, Zhongshan Township, Luoping County. Influenced by Buyi family education since childhood, he is hardworking, simple and fearless. At the beginning of 1940, he led the youth to carry out the liquidation struggle against local tyrants and evil gentry. After joining guerrillas and party organizations, he undertook logistics work and went from village to village to raise food and funds. When the troops go out to open up new areas, he often makes preparations for arranging accommodation before the troops arrive at their destination, which is done for many years. Unfortunately, Li Jiaqi was at the mercy of the enemy, so he was strong and brave. Finally, he was skinned, cramped and sacrificed heroically by the enemy. It shows the noble integrity of a Buyi people who produced party member.
Xiong Xiufen, the daughter of Buyi nationality who served as the eighth, ninth and tenth deputy magistrate of Luoping County, is honest and self-disciplined, lives simply, works hard and is approachable. When he was a deputy county magistrate, he was in charge of cadre and personnel work, but his lover was a farmer. Although little bear has deep feelings for her husband, he has no job for him because he has power in his hand. Before her death, several county leaders asked her for personal requirements. She only asked that after her death, the funeral should be simple. When asked if her husband and children needed to be taken care of, Xiong, the deputy magistrate, was silent for a while before answering, "My wife is a good person, used to it in the countryside and diligent in the car. The county government guest house has many chores and often looks for temporary workers. When the guest house is busy, please give priority to him as a temporary worker. "
Buyi family education is one of China's precious moral heritages. If officials can be familiar with and accept some Buyi family instructions, they can avoid falling into the mud pit of corruption and sin; If people are familiar with and accept some Buyi family instructions, they can turn themselves into civilized and kind people.
4. Miao folk customs
Miao ancestors lived in the "Five Rivers" area in the Qin and Han Dynasties, that is, the areas of western Hunan and eastern Guizhou. In China's ancient books, there are records of Miao ancestors as early as 5,000 years ago, that is, clans and tribes from the Yellow River valley to the south of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, which are called "Nan Man". Miao nationality has a long history, and its ancestors may be part of the ancient three south areas. One theory originated from the "mane" people in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, they mainly lived in western Hunan and eastern Guizhou, including in the name of "Changsha-Wuling Revolution" or "Wuxi Man", and then gradually migrated and scattered in the southwest mountainous areas. Others believe that it is related to the ancient "Jiuli". Miao people in Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan and other places have regarded Chiyou as their ancestors so far. Legend has it that Chiyou is the king of Jiuli. Five thousand years ago, the Jiuli tribe clashed with the Huangdi tribe, withdrew from the lower reaches of the Yellow River and occupied the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Gradually form a "three seedlings." After the 2nd century BC, most Miao ancestors migrated to Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places. The Miao people in Hainan were soldiers who went from Guangxi in the16th century.
Miao people are mainly distributed in the southeast of Guizhou Province, Damiao Mountain in Guangxi, Hainan Island and the border areas of Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan and Guangxi provinces, with a population of 970,000. Miao nationality has a long history. In China's ancient books, there are records of Miao ancestors more than 5,000 years ago. This is the clan and tribe called "Nan Man" from the Yellow River valley to the south of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Miao people have no written language, and Miao language belongs to the Miao branch of Miao Yao language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. Miao people live on high mountains, mainly in agriculture, and the crops are upland rice. Bags, buckwheat seeds, potatoes, beans, and cash crops are hemp, which are generally grown and spun by themselves. Miao people are rich in folk oral literature, such as ancient songs, poems and love songs. Miao people are also good at dancing, and Lusheng dance is the most popular.
The Miao population in Yunnan is 907,000, accounting for 12.2% of the national Miao population. Mainly living in Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Zhaotong area and Wuding and Luquan counties. Miao people have their own language and writing.
Miao nationality has its own language, which is divided into three dialects: Xiangxi, Qiandong and Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan. After 1956, the Latin alphabet writing scheme was designed. Due to the long-term contact between Miao and Han, a large number of Miao people are fluent in and use Chinese.
Agriculture is dominant in Miao areas, supplemented by hunting. Miao people's arts and crafts such as flower picking, embroidery, brocade, batik, paper cutting and jewelry making are magnificent and colorful, and they are well-known at home and abroad. Among them, the batik process of Miao nationality has a history of thousands of years. There are more than 130 kinds of Miao costumes, which can be compared with the costumes of any nation in the world. Miao nationality is a nation that can sing and dance well, especially love songs and wine songs. Lusheng is the most representative musical instrument of Miao nationality.
Miao people are famous for their ability to sing and dance, especially for their rich folk songs. Every year, on the second day of the first lunar month or Huashan Festival (that is, stepping on Huashan Mountain), young men and women get together to step on drums and dance Lusheng, express their feelings for songs and seek spouses. At the same time, flower pole climbing and fighting competitions were held. Miao people are good at weaving hemp, embroidery and batik, and their craftsmanship is exquisite, which has won praise at home and abroad. Young men and women like to wear "five-point clothes", which combine batik and embroidery with rich colors. Miao people are mainly engaged in family business. In the past, hunting was the main sideline. Bows and arrows and muskets are often used to hunt prey, and the distribution method of "shooting birds over mountains, seeing people have a share" is implemented. Some Miao compatriots believe in folk polytheism and Christianity.
well-behaved
Miao people attach great importance to etiquette. When guests visit, they will kill chickens and ducks to entertain guests. If you are a distinguished guest from afar, the Miao people are used to inviting guests to drink croissant first. When eating chicken, the head of the chicken should be given to the older guests, and the drumsticks should be given to the youngest guests. In some places, there is also the custom of dividing chicken hearts, that is, the oldest owner in the family gives chicken hearts or duck hearts to the guests with chopsticks, and the guests can't eat them themselves, so they must divide the chicken hearts equally among the old people present. If the guest drinks less and doesn't like fat meat, it can explain the situation. If the host is not reluctant, but dissatisfied with eating and drinking, it is considered to look down on the host.
Miao people pay attention to truth and sincerity, and are very enthusiastic. Most of them avoid glitz and hypocrisy. Host Lu Yu guests don't take the first step, don't walk in front; Use honorifics in conversation; Welcome guests to wear holiday clothes; For distinguished guests, wine is welcome outside the village; When the guest arrives at the door, the host will call the door and inform the hostess at home that she will sing and open the door to welcome the guests; In front of the guests, the hostess does not climb upstairs; At the banquet, chickens and ducks are the most precious delicacies, especially the heart and liver. It should be given to the guests or the elderly first, and then the guests will share it with you. The order is first long and then small. Guests should not call the host "Miao Zi"; They prefer to call themselves "Meng".
Dress
It is the nature of Miao girls to like to wear silver ornaments. They tied a bun on their heads, about 20 cm high, and made a beautiful silver corolla. There are six jagged silver wings inserted in front of the corolla, most of which are the patterns of two dragons playing with beads. In some areas, in addition to silver pieces, silver horns with a height of about 1 m are inserted into the silver crown, and the tips of the horns float in color, which makes them more noble and rich. There is a silver ribbon at the lower edge of the silver crown, and a row of small silver pendants hang down. The silver collar worn around the neck has several layers, mostly made of silver pieces and small silver rings. Wearing a silver lock and a silver collar on his chest, wearing a silver cloak on his chest and back, and hanging many small silver bells. Earrings and bracelets are all made of silver. Only the two sleeves are embroidered with lux as the main tone, but the cuffs are also inlaid with a wide circle of silver ornaments. The costumes of Miao girls often weigh several kilograms, and some have been accumulated and passed down by generations. Known as "a fairy dressed in strange clothes and wrapped in white." The craftsmanship of Miao silver ornaments is gorgeous, exquisite and ingenious, which fully shows the wisdom and talent of Miao people. Miao costumes are not exactly the same everywhere. Men usually wear cloth shorts, but Miao women generally pay attention to clothing, especially clothing, which is extremely exquisite and has many flowers. Some skirts have more than 40 layers, so they are named "pleated skirts". The patterns embroidered on the dress are antique and colorful. Women are good at weaving, embroidery and batik, with exquisite craftsmanship.
custom
When you are a guest in Miao family, remember not to eat chicken head. Guests are generally not allowed to sandwich chicken liver, chicken offal and chicken legs. Chicken gall and chicken offal should respect old women, and chicken legs should be left to children. When you leave the Miao host family, you must say "Wow Zhou" politely, which means "thank you" and thank the Miao family for their hospitality.
In some Miao areas, it is forbidden to wash and drink rice retort, rice bag and rice basin at any time, and only when eating new rice, to show that the old rice has passed away and welcome the new rice. Washing at any time will wash away the family wealth and there is not enough food. Drinking raw water in the mountains should not be directly drunk. You must mark the grass first to show that you are killing sick ghosts. Don't touch other people's clothes on the roadside, so as not to catch leprosy. Avoid children playing with small bows and arrows at home for fear of shooting their ancestors. Avoid crossing the child's head, or the child will not grow tall. It is forbidden for women to sit on a bench with their elders.
marriage customs
Miao nationality is monogamous, and young men and women have traditional social activities before marriage. For example, "meeting girls" is the way for Miao youth to fall in love freely. The traditional festival of Miao nationality is the annual Huashan Festival (held on the fifth day of the first lunar month, also known as "stepping on Huashan Mountain"), which is the most prosperous festival of Miao nationality. During the festival, young men and women dressed in festive costumes get together to sing and perform drums, lions and lusheng, which is very lively.
Glutinous rice is also an essential food for young men and women to fall in love and get married. Miao people in Chengbu, Hunan Province gave each other glutinous rice cakes painted with mandarin ducks as souvenirs. When the wedding is held, the bride and groom should make a toast, and the person in charge of the wedding also invites the bride and groom to eat glutinous rice cakes painted with dragons, phoenixes and dolls.
Dietary customs
In most areas, Miao people have three meals a day, and rice is the staple food. Fried Baba is the most common fried food. If you add some fresh meat and sauerkraut as stuffing, the taste will be more delicious.
Most meat comes from livestock and poultry farming. Miao people in Sichuan and Yunnan all like to eat dog meat, and there is a saying that "Miao's dog is Yi's wine". In addition to animal oil, Miao people's edible oils are mostly tea oil and vegetable oil.
Pepper is the main condiment, and in some areas there is even a saying that it is inseparable from pepper. There are many kinds of Miao vegetables. Common vegetables are beans, melons, greens and radishes. Most Miao people are good at making bean products.
Miao people everywhere generally like to eat sauerkraut, and sour soup is a must for every family. Sour soup is rice soup or tofu water, fermented in a crock for 3-5 days, and then used to cook fish and vegetables.
The food preservation of Miao people generally adopts pickling method, and vegetables, chickens, ducks and fish like to be pickled into sour taste. Almost every Miao family has a jar for curing food, which is collectively called a sour jar.
Miao nationality has a long history of brewing, and has a set of techniques from koji making, fermentation, distillation, blending and cellar storage. Camellia oleifera is the most common daily drink. Miao people in Xiangxi also specially made a kind of scented tea. Sour soup is also a common drink.
Typical foods mainly include: blood soup, Chili bone, Miaoxiang Guifeng soup, cotton vegetable cake, insect tea, scented tea, fish paste, sour soup fish and so on.
Holidays and festivals
Miao people used to believe in animism, worship nature and worship their ancestors. There are many festivals, besides traditional festivals and sacrificial festivals, there are also special festivals related to eating. Such as: duck festival, new year festival, fish killing festival, tea picking festival, etc. Besides preparing wine and meat, seasonal food is also essential for festivals.
Miao Nian Miao Nian usually starts from the first day of the first month and lasts for three, five or fifteen days. Years ago, every household should prepare rich new year's goods, besides killing pigs and sheep (cattle), they should also prepare enough glutinous rice wine. New Year's Eve dinner is rich, paying attention to "all seven colors" and "all five flavors", and making "rice cakes" with the best glutinous rice. Banquet and gift exchange
Most of the killing festivals are held by the river. Women bring rice, bacon, sausages and other dining tables. As long as they catch fish, they light a bonfire and cook fish in a pot until they enjoy themselves.
Drum Festival is the biggest ritual activity of Miao people. Generally, a small sacrifice lasts for seven years and a big sacrifice lasts for thirteen years. It is held on the second day of October to November in the lunar calendar. At that time, a roe deer will be killed and a Lusheng dance will be performed to commemorate the ancestors. Invite friends and relatives to get together during meals to enhance feelings and family harmony.
Stepping on Huashan Mountain is a grand traditional festival of Miao people in China, which is usually held on the first, third and sixth day of the first lunar month. In all counties where Miao people live, flower poles will be erected these days and a grand stepping on Huashan Mountain will be held. This is not only a good opportunity for young Miao men and women to fall in love, but also an important place for Miao people to carry out cultural and recreational activities. Miao people, old and young, dressed in gold and silver, rushed to the foot of the flower pole from all directions, playing reeds, playing tricks, bullfighting, wrestling, playing thrush and climbing the flower pole.
Back-pounding Festival is very popular in some areas of Funing County. It is held from the third day to the fifteenth day of the first lunar month every year. This is a festival for young Miao men and women. During the festival, young men and women gather on the scenic hillside. When the back-beating began, men flocked out and rushed to the girl they chose, with one hand around the girl's neck, the other hand covering her eyes, and other boys hitting her on the back. Not to be outdone, the girl struggled with a smile. When you break free, catch that young man and deal with him as he deals with you. Throughout the venue, men chased women and jumped around. Tired of playing, men and women find a place to make local calls (that is, two bamboo tubes with a long line in the middle, each of which can hear the voice of talking and singing), pour out sweet words to each other and form a partner. After falling in love, tell your parents that you will get married on an auspicious day.
build
Due to long-term scattered living, different regions have their own characteristics. Most houses are made of wood, and the roofs are covered with tiles, fir bark or thatch. In central or western Guizhou, thin slate is used to cover roofs. Mountainous areas are mostly diaojiao buildings; Hainan Island and Zhaotong, Yunnan Province are inhabited by long thatched houses or "fork houses" built with cross trunks; Xiangxi area is full of stone houses.
Most Miao people live in mountainous areas, and their houses are made of hedges, bark, tiles, or gables, bamboo chips or sawdust, and are divided into bedrooms, kitchens and stables, with simple furnishings. Some Miao people live in the dam area, and their houses also have tile houses with water and soil structure, which are divided into three rooms, with side doors on the left and right and a gate in the middle, that is, the main entrance. In some Miao people, the main entrance is generally not allowed to go in and out casually. Only when there are weddings, funerals, sacrifices and other activities at home can you go in and out through the main entrance.
5. Naxi marriage customs
In the past, due to the deepening influence of Han culture in the first year of Yongzheng in 1723, the Naxi people in Lijiang dam area always practiced monogamy, and their parents arranged marriages. The marriage of children is decided by parents, arranged by matchmakers, and the marriage of cattle, sheep, pigs and wine. Marriage pays attention to the traditional ethics of the Han nationality, such as being opposite to the family, obeying three virtues, and singing with the woman. There are many marriages between Naxi people in Lijiang and Han and Tibetan people. Within a nation, people with the same surname and different clans can marry, but it is absolutely forbidden for people of the same family to marry. Marriage should go through betrothal, wine invitation, wedding and other procedures:
Engagement is called "Japanese clam" in Naxi language, which means "sending two people away". The boy grew up to five years old. When he was six years old, his parents paid attention to finding him a daughter-in-law, asking a fortune teller or father Dongba to arrange birthdates for him, or burning incense in the temple for a visa. If the girl's birth date coincides with her son's, parents will ask the matchmaker to bring a pot of wine to the woman's house to speak for her son. If the woman's parents agree, the wedding will be held when the girl is about ten years old. When engaged, the man must give the woman a gift, and call it "Little Wine" for the first time. The man gave the woman two liters of white rice (about 20 kg), an altar of wine (about 5 kg), two to four boxes of brown sugar and two packs of tea. Among them, sugar, tea and wine are essential gifts, and the number of other gifts depends on the wealth of the man. After drinking a little wine, either party can go back on their word if they think marriage is inappropriate. If the woman wants to break off her marriage, she must return all the money she received to the man's home; if the man wants to break the contract, she can inform her of the decision.
After drinking a little wine for about a year, the man's family gave the woman a second gift, called "drinking too much." In addition to giving a little wine, you should also give a piece of cloth (about 7 feet), two clothes, a pair of jade bracelets or silver bracelets, 30 kilograms of pork, some cash, etc. Will be sent to the woman's home by the matchmaker and the man's relatives and friends. The woman gave a banquet to treat each other, and the guests drank the wine sent by the man's family, praised the wine for being delicious and sweet, and congratulated the two families on their marriage. After the banquet, the woman sent a pot of wine and two boxes of brown sugar or some rough hands to the man. The man will then offer the wine sent back by the woman to his ancestors and entertain relatives and friends. After the "big wine", the two sides can no longer go back on their words and get married.
On the second day after the "Dajiu" was delivered, the closest relatives of the male family went to the female family to visit their relatives. After that, the two families began to exchange visits. From marriage to marriage, every year on Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and winter solstice, the man asks the matchmaker to send a plate of rice (about 5 kg) to the woman's house. Two packs of tea and two boxes of brown sugar. In some places, when the harvest is busy, the man asks his unmarried daughter-in-law to help him cut wheat for a day and give her one or two loads of high-quality wheat as her "private money". Every Spring Festival, unmarried men and women each find a companion and accompany them to each other's home to pay New Year greetings. When something happens at home, it is convenient for both parties to help, but unmarried couples can't talk and contact, and they must strictly abide by traditional ethics.
Men and women are about twenty years old, so choose an auspicious day to get married. Naxi language is called "first beauty", which means "getting married". The wedding is organized by the capable elders of the groom's family and assigned to the same family. A few days before the wedding, tents will be set up in the yard of the groom's house, and archways will be tied up in the gate and yard. Rich people also hang palace lanterns, calligraphy and painting, and decorate lanterns and decorations everywhere. Above the doorframe of the bridal chamber, there is a sieve made of red paper with three arrows made of willow leaves or peach blossoms. The word "Kirin is here" is written on the red paper to exorcise evil spirits and pray.
On the first day of the formal wedding, the matchmaker leads the relatives and friends of the man's family and the trumpeter, carrying wedding clothes, cloth, wine, meat, rice, sugar, tea, moon cakes and acetylene bait (rice or glutinous rice is steamed and pressed into the wooden mold), and then adds 30 to 50 yuan (the past value) to the woman's family. It was very lively all the way. The bride price of the man's family was put on the table of the Eight Immortals in the yard by the woman's family, and a simple ceremony of collecting money was held. The giver comes back after drinking tea or having a light meal at the woman's house. That night, the man put candy, candied fruit, wine and tea in the yard to entertain young people in Tongfu and neighboring villages. Young men and women sang wedding songs, danced, guessed fists and celebrated with smiles. The woman's family also entertained young men and women in the village, singing and dancing the ancient song "Marry a Woman". Young people look forward to a happy life in the future and dance until late at night. The groom and a little boy or friend of both parents share a new house, commonly known as "pressing the bed". It symbolizes that the groom will be like a friend's house in the future, with children and grandchildren all over the house and many photos of the whole family.
The next day, a formal wedding banquet was held, and guests and friends were invited to have a big banquet, also called "holding a big wine". Early in the morning, matchmakers, trumpeters, relatives and friends of the man's family came to the woman's house to welcome the bride with the clothes that the bride needed to wear at the wedding. The bride puts on the new clothes sent by the man's family, a red coat, initials and flowers on her head, and a red handkerchief on her head. When she paid homage to her ancestors and bid farewell to her parents and relatives, she cried, expressing her reluctance to leave them. Whether the bride takes a sedan chair or walks depends on the economic conditions and distance of the man's family. However, she must go to the man's house accompanied by her elders, brothers, sisters and female companions. Generally, there are two big wooden cabinets, a pair of boxes, two to four beds of bedding, several sets of clothes, one or twenty pairs of embroidered shoes, utensils, copper pots, copper pots, copper plates, copper spoons, copper locks, copper barrels, and daily necessities such as toiletries.
The groom greeted the bride in front of the door in a gown, jacket and hat (some went to the woman's house to meet the bride in person). As soon as the bride arrived, the groom stepped forward to lift the curtain of the sedan chair, helped the bride out of the sedan chair, and then bent down to thank the people who saw her off. When the bride enters the door, she must cross the "saddle" in the middle of the threshold (wrapped in red paper and pasted on the door), which means that if she crosses the "saddle", she is a member of the male family. The bride and xinliang. Before entering the bridal chamber, the groom should put on new shoes immediately, with red silk thread attached to them, indicating that they will never part again, and then go out to welcome guests. The bride took off her red coat in the room and dressed herself up again. After a while, friends crowded the bride and groom into the main room and held a "ceremony to divide the size", that is, to thank the groom's elders according to their parents and relatives, and finally to pay their respects.
After the ceremony, according to the traditional custom, the male and female guests were seated separately? In the male guest table, the bride's brother or nephew is honored as the guest of honor, sitting in the chief and female guest table, and the bride's mother and accompanying daughter are most respected: the rest of the guests are seated according to their seniority. There should be at least six plates and six bowls at the wedding banquet. The groom will propose a toast to the male guest table, and the bride will go to the female guest table to propose a toast. Friends and relatives will drink heartily and wish the couple a long life together. In the evening, young people sang wedding songs, happy songs and happy tunes around the bonfire, and some stayed up all night. The host entertained the guests with wine, tea, fruit and candy, and the bride and groom also came out to propose a toast. The higher the guest's interest, the more glorious and auspicious the host feels. After the bride and groom get married, there is a custom of getting married in some places.
On the third day, the couple returned home and were hosted by the woman's family. After breakfast, the dressed bride and groom, accompanied by male and female companions and relatives, visit relatives at the woman's house and bring tea, sugar, meat, bait and other gifts; When she approached her parents' home, the bride burst into tears, expressing her desire to see her parents and brothers and sisters. After arriving at the bride's home, the couple first worships their ancestors, then their parents and elders, and finally propose a toast to the guests: the groom kowtows three times and the bride kowtows four times and eight times. The guests raised their glasses and gave the bride some gifts. Young men and women go to the special table where the groom and boyfriend sit to propose a toast and tease them at the same time, such as giving them a big bowl of Weifang root long fans; String pieces of meat together with ponytail hair or hair, pile rice full and sharp, and so on. That night, the couple had to return and could not stay at the woman's house. The woman's family will give back some gifts such as wine and sugar to her daughter and son-in-law.
On the fourth day, if the bride and groom are close to Old Town of Lijiang, they will visit the streets of Old Town of Lijiang together and distribute wedding candy to relatives and friends in Lu Yu. On the fifth day, the bride went back to her parents' home alone to accompany her mother. Sisters and girlfriends chat. Her parents taught her the rules and manners of life again. But the bride must go back to her husband's house that night.
In terms of marriage, Naxi people in Lijiang dam area are popular with aunts, uncles and cousins (called "Abe Mei" in Naxi dialect, which means "uncle can strongly recognize his aunt's daughter as his wife"). According to traditional customs, uncle's sons have the priority to marry cousins, even if they are fools, they have no right to refuse to marry. My uncle only allows my niece to marry an outsider when she is ill or has a personality incompatible with her son.