detailed biography
[ edit this paragraph] 1. He made a fortune overseas
His predecessor lived in Gushi County (now Huangzhou County, Henan Province). "I entered Fujian between Zheng Zitang and Guangqi, or in Sanshan (Fuzhou), Pupu (Putian), Zhangzhou (Zhangzhou) and Chaozhou (Chaozhou), which are different places. Alone, my husband, Wulang, hides Shixing, and two or three relatives, if Xu Ruowu, Dill is attached, which means that he is in harmony, so he is at the Shijing family in the lower reaches of Yangzi Mountain (Nan' an County, Quanzhou). "
in the thirty-second year of Wanli in Ming dynasty (164), Zheng Zhilong was born in a small official family in Shijing, Nan 'an. His original name was Yiguan, and his word was Fei Huang, later he was changed to Zhilong. The Dutch literature case, Minnan pronunciation, is spelled Iquan, or the name of Lianjiao is Nicholas Iquan.
Shijing is a fishing village in southern Fujian. Zheng Yiguan was "a little lonely" and studied maritime affairs since childhood. Taiwan Province Waiji said that he was "easy-going, didn't like reading, had brawn and a good fist stick", indulged himself, gradually drifted away and lost his father's love.
at the age of seventeen, Zheng yiguan went to Xiangshan ao (macau), Guangdong province, with his brothers Zhihu and Zhibao, depending on his uncle Huang cheng, which was one of the locations of Chinese and foreign trade centers at that time. Huang Cheng is a maritime merchant, engaged in overseas trade in Macao. He left Zheng Yiguan as a helper to help with business. Zheng Yiguan showed his wisdom and talent in business competition and interest competition, learned to do business and trade, went to Manila, and learned Lusita and Portuguese. In dealing with the Portuguese, influenced by them, he was baptized by Catholicism and took his Christian name Jasper and another name Nikolai. Foreigners called him Nikolai Yiguan.
Huang Cheng bought ships for business and prospered to sell in the East. Seeing that Zheng Yi was an able official, in the third year of the Ming Dynasty (in 1623), he sent a ship attached to Li Dan, an overseas Chinese from Pinghu, Japan, to escort a batch of goods such as sugar, Qinan, musk, deerskin, etc., and set sail from Xiangshan Bay to Japan to live in Nagasaki. In a strange place, I began to "sell shoes" or "sew for people to paste their mouths". Later, he turned to business and sold sugar, Machilus, musk and other things for his uncle Huang Cheng. Zheng Yiguan was engaged in commercial activities and foreign trade, and later he went to Li Dan's door to help Li Dan do business, and became a subordinate of Li Dan, the most powerful maritime merchant at that time, and "took it as his father's job." Li Dan has abundant capital, owns a fleet, specializes in overseas trade, and is the leader of local overseas Chinese. Li Dan felt that an official was capable and reliable, and "caressed him as his adopted son", and gave him some assets and ships to do business in Vietnam and make a profit. In a few years, Zheng Yiguan became a tycoon, and he often traveled between China and Japan, and lived in Japan for overseas Chinese.
Zheng Yiguan was also keen to learn swordsmanship, and got to know the "Quanzhou Metallurgical Worker Weng" who started as a "forging sword for the Lord of the city". Zheng Yiguan, as a leader of overseas Chinese, paid an audience with Japanese shogunate general Tokugawa Ieyasu Yu Junfu (now Shizuoka) to offer medicine, and Jia Kang asked about China, so he was overjoyed and ordered to entertain him at Nagasaki Hotel. Zheng Yiguan was summoned by the shogunate, and the Japanese regarded him as a glorious and prominent figure. Naturally, the local nobles often made friends and were called "Old Yiguan".
hirudo island was the foreign trade center of Japan at that time, and merchant ships from various countries gathered. Because Zheng Yiguan was familiar with overseas affairs and good at diplomacy, he was valued by the Japanese government. After his initial call, he "visited the vassal family repeatedly". After moving to fat, Guo Ping's family was met by Hou Matsuura, who gave a new house to a homestead in Puqianlibin, Hanoi, near Nagasaki (now Qianlibin, Matsuura County, Nagasaki Prefecture), and introduced Tagawa Matsu, the daughter of Emperor Yuhuang, the family minister of Hirado, to get married.
Emperor Yu of Tian Chuan, namely Weng Yuhuang, is an expatriate from China who moved to Pinghu (said to be a maritime merchant from Quanzhou in Japan). In Japan, he is the family of Tian Chuan. Lany Matsuri himself is the adopted daughter of Emperor Weng Yu, so she is also called Weng's. Tian Chuanshi, seventeen years old, has a good nature. Married the following year, in the fourth year of the Ming and Apocalypse (1624), at the age of 14, July in Jiazi ancient calendar, Tian Chuanshi traveled thousands of miles to pick up Wenbei, and Russia will give birth before returning home, which is based on the boulder in the shore, for the eldest son Zheng Chenggong (nicknamed Fu Song). This stone is called the Birthday Stone of Children, and the monument of "Zheng Chenggong's Birthday Stone" is still erected today. In 1629, he gave birth to his second son, Saemon.
[ Edit this paragraph] 2. Businessmen also steal
In the first half of the 17th century, the Dutch became a "superpower" in the western marine economic world. Their military and commercial complex "East India Company" intercepted Portuguese and Spanish merchant ships everywhere, captured Iberian overseas fortresses and commercial pavilions, set up a commercial pavilion in Hirado, Japan, and established a base camp in Batavia (now Jakarta). In 1622, the Dutch occupied Penghu, and Li Dan mediated to persuade the Dutch to quit and transfer Taiwan Province.
Zheng yiguan's personality can't be quiet. At the end of January in the fourth year of the Ming Apocalypse (1624), Zheng Yiguan left Tian Chuanshi and his unborn son, and was sent to Penghu by Li Dan as a general manager (translator) of the Dutch. However, the Dutch were confronted with the Ming army, and there was no contact between the two sides. It was impossible for China businessmen to trade with the Dutch, so Zheng Yiguan's general affairs were useless. On February 2, 1624, the commander of the Dutch occupation of Penghu Fleet, Reyoz, sent a letter to the Governor of the East India Company, De Carpenter, saying: "The sailing boat that has been waiting for a long time <: Haowanghao > It sailed from Japan on January 21st and arrived here at the end of the month. ... we accepted a general manager from Japan, and although we gave him generous treatment, it is of no use to us at present. "
However, in order to monopolize the trade with China, the Dutch ordered some Japanese ships to plunder off the coast of China. Zheng Yiguan was also one of the pirates who cooperated with the Dutch to perform the pirate task of intercepting Chinese sailboats going to Manila in the Taiwan Province Strait for the Dutch. Dewette, who later served as the second Taiwanese chief of the Netherlands, was serving in Penghu at this time. He wrote in a letter: "With the approval of Commander Reyoz, we expect to gather 2 or 3 Chinese sailboats here every day, and the general manager was sent to the north to intercept and capture some ships."
At the turn of summer and autumn in the same year, the Dutch withdrew from Penghu under the pressure of the Ming army, moved to Taiwan Province Daguan (now Anping, Tainan), and built two forts in Taiwan, namely "Relanzhe" and "Chiqian City", which occupied the southern part of Taiwan Province. In the same year, two colonial countries, the Netherlands and Spain, fought for the sovereignty of Taiwan Province. The Netherlands won and monopolized the whole of Taiwan Province. This was the first time in history that Taiwan Province was occupied by foreigners.
Shortly after the Dutch established their heel in Taikoo (now Anping, Tainan), Zheng Yiguan was ordered by the Dutch to lead several Chinese sailboats to attack China ships that went to Manila to trade with the Spanish, and did not return to Taikoo until March 2th of the following year (1625).
In April and May of the fifth year of the Ming Apocalypse (1625), perhaps because there was not much development under the Dutch, or because of the orders of Li Dan, the adoptive father, Zheng Yiguan left the Dutch and started a career at sea as a businessman and a thief. By the end of April, 1625, he had been active in the Taiwan Province Strait with his men. A Dutch captain once wrote to Song Ke, the first Taiwanese chief executive, saying, "On Sunday, April 27th, … suddenly, an official was the leader, as a representative, followed by seven or eight swordsmen, greeting us."
Two months later, Li Dan, an overseas Chinese leader in Nagasaki and Hirado, applied for a sailing permit from Song Ke, and set off for Hirado on July 3rd, but died in Hirado on August 12th, more than a month later. After Li Dan's death, his industries and undertakings in Taiwan Province were all owned by Zheng Yiguan, which created conditions for Zheng Yiguan to merge with other Han armed forces existing in Taiwan Province at that time (mainly in today's Yunlin Beigang area) and recruit new forces from the mainland to Taiwan.
[ Edit this paragraph] Third, Taiwan Province
Yan Siqi (1589 ~ 1625), whose name is Zhenquan, was born in Haicheng County, Zhangzhou. Generous, generous and generous, burly, be adept at martial arts. In 1612, in the 4th year of Wanli reign of Ming Dynasty, Yan Siqi was bullied by the official, killed his servant in anger, fled to Japan, took tailoring as his profession, and engaged in maritime trade between China and Japan, and became rich several years later. In the meantime, Yan Siqi made a deep friendship with Yang Tiansheng, a Jinjiang shipowner who often went to Nagasaki for trade, and met a group of Minnan people who lived in Japan for overseas adventures. Because he is a hero, he is famous far and wide, and the Hirado authorities in Japan appointed him as a snail (leader)
in the fourth year of the Ming dynasty (1624), Yan siqi and others were dissatisfied with the rule of the shogunate in Texas, Japan, and plotted to revolt and participate in the resistance struggle of the Japanese people. On June 15th of the lunar calendar, Yan Siqi and twenty-eight people, including Yang Tiansheng, Chen Zhongji (Haicheng) and Zheng Yiguan, became brothers of the League, and many people recommended Yan Siqi as the leader. Unfortunately, the shogunate sent troops to search, and Yan Siqi led the crowd to flee in thirteen ships in panic. When driving to the outer island of Zhouzaiwei on the west coast of Jiuzhou, Chen Zhongji suggested: "I heard that Ryukyu (formerly known as Taiwan Province) is a desert island at sea, which controls the southeast, and the land is fertile and fertile. Now, take its land first, and then invade all directions, then the industry of helping others can be achieved."
On August 23rd of the lunar calendar, Yan Siqi led a fleet to Taiwan Province and landed at Bengang (now Beigang), in order to cut down trees and break through the earth and build a village. At the same time, Yang Tiansheng was sent to lead a fleet to Zhangquan's hometown to recruit immigrants, with a total of more than 3, people. Yan Siqi divided the cultivated people into ten villages and distributed them to silver, cattle and farm tools, which started the earliest large-scale reclamation activities in Taiwan Province. At the same time, organize sea fishing and island hunting, and develop mountain and sea economy to solve the material needs of immigrants' production and life.
In September of the fifth year of the Ming and Apocalypse (1625), Yan Siqi and other people went hunting in Zhuluo Mountain, overeating and suffering from typhoid fever. A few days later, he couldn't afford to get sick and died young, only 37 years old, and was buried at the top of Jianshan Mountain at the junction of Shuishang Township and Zhongpu Township in Chiayi County. On his deathbed, Yan Siqi called all the people to tell him: "I have been equal to the public for two years, and I have created great achievements in this period to make China famous. Today, the ambition is unsuccessful, and the middle road dies, waiting for it to succeed. " After Yan Siqi's death, in December, the people elected Zheng Yiguan as the leader, followed his industry, set up a banner to recruit soldiers, set up staff officers, general officers, supervisors, left and right advisers, etc., and unified the village on behalf of the public, establishing a local ruling regime of Zheng, which took shape.
After Zheng Yiguan started his own business, he recruited Zheng Xing, Zheng Ming, Yang Geng, Chen Hui and Zheng Cai from Fujian. He divided his subordinates into eighteen pioneers and became "eighteen Zhi", and changed his name to "Zhi Long" instead of "one official". Zheng Zhilong continued to reclaim land and became the largest armed group on the sea at that time. "All my mainland of the actual situation, know. Attracted by years, lured by money, gathered hundreds of boats and gathered tens of thousands of disciples ... Courtesy of the virtuous (Shang) scholars, robbing the rich and giving aid to the poor, those who come do not refuse, but those who go do not chase. " (Jiang Risheng: Taiwan Province Waiji Volume I)
During the six to seven years of the Ming and Apocalypse (1626 ~ 1627), there was a severe drought in southern Fujian, and songkhla was everywhere, and even the grass roots and bark were eaten up in many villages. In February of the lunar calendar, Zheng Zhilong took advantage of this opportunity to attack Zhangpu, Fujian with his own fleet, plundering Jinmen, Zhongzuosuo (now Xiamen) and Jinghai, Jiazi and other places in Guangdong, and soon returned to Fujian, making another attack on Xiamen, attacking Tongshan (Dongshan), sinking into the old town, defeating the Jinmen guerrilla Lu Yuying and the Fujian company commander Yu Zigao, and crossing the southeast sea, the momentum was invincible, and the officers and men were on the run. During the raid, Zheng Zhilong and others also appealed to tens of thousands of hungry people in Quanzhou to go to Taiwan for reclamation, and the hungry people and unemployed people along the coast competed to take refuge. In this battle, Zheng Zhilong defeated the officers and men and Xu Xinsu, making Xiamen the territory of the Zheng family, and its power became stronger and stronger. The officers and men could not be enemies, which also represented the rise of the Quanzhou gang.
[ Edit this paragraph] IV. Accepting Zhao An
The Dutch can't rule the Sea around China yet. The reason is: the eastern marine economic world is not a blank of power. The Ming government retreated from the sea, and maritime merchants and pirates became the rulers of the sea. The increasing expansion of Zheng Zhilong's maritime power aroused the fear of the rulers of the Ming Dynasty and sent troops to pursue it many times, but all failed. The Ming government was unable to destroy Zheng Zhilong, and in order to use this maritime force to compete with the Dutch and suppress other "pirates", it had to appease Zheng Zhilong.
In the seventh year of the apocalypse (1627), Cai Shan, a former magistrate of Quanzhou, was appointed as Quanzhou's sea patrol channel in the Ming Dynasty to woo Zheng Zhilong. Zheng Zhilong led the crowd to Quanzhou and met Cai Shanji. After the meeting, Zheng Zhihu and Zheng Zhibao, the younger brothers of Zheng Zhilong, thought that the imperial court was insincere, so they encouraged Zheng Zhilong and others to leave Quanzhou immediately and live a life of dominating the sea again.
due to the great development of Zheng Zhilong group's power, it also posed a great threat to Dutch colonists. As soon as Dutch ships appeared in the Sea of China, they were intercepted by Zheng Zhilong group. Therefore, in the seventh year of the apocalypse (1627), there was a war between the Dutch troops stationed in Taiwan and Zheng Jun, and the Dutch troops were defeated.
Immediately after Emperor Chongzhen ascended the throne, he appealed to Zheng Zhilong in July of the first year of Chongzhen (1628). Zheng Zhilong said that it was his duty to "cut off the foreign invaders and suppress the thieves". In September, he visited Xiong Wencan, the governor of Fujian Province, and led his troops to lower the Ming Dynasty, and appointed him as the "Five Tiger Guerrilla General", leaving Taiwan Province, a maritime trade base he had operated for many years, to sit in the Minhai. At this time, Zheng Zhilong has more than 3, people and more than 1, ships.
in the first year of Chongzhen in Ming dynasty (1628), there was another drought in southern Fujian, and there were many hungry people. With Xiong Wencan's support, Zheng Zhilong once again recruited tens of thousands of victims in Zhangquan and Quanquan, "one person gave three taels of silver, and three people gave one head of cattle", and shipped them to Taiwan Province for reclamation and settlement. In Taiwanese history, Zheng Zhilong was the first person to organize large-scale immigration.
In the third year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (163), Ji Chun and Zheng Zhilong built a luxurious mansion in Anhai Town, Jinjiang, which lasted for 3 years and 2 months. Anping has become a military stronghold and maritime trade base in Zheng Zhilong. According to Qing Dynasty's Local Records of Jiaqing Chidian, Zhengfu is located in the north of Anping Bridge, with an area of 138 mu, reaching Xigang in the west, Taitou in the north and Pingqiaotou in Lin 'an in the south. The main structure is 13 rest-mountain-style five-bay rooms, and the three-way gate and double-fire lane enter the courtyard five times. Wing halls, pavilions and pavilions on both sides are opposite to each other, and the ring is listed as a barrier. There is the Dunren Pavilion in the east, the Taiyun Building in the west, the Catholic Church in the front hall and the filial piety hall in the middle hall. There is a "Zhiyuan Garden" behind the big pavilion, surrounded by walls, and sparsely covered with hills and valleys, pavilions, fine houses, ponds, small bridges, winding paths, beautiful trees and exotic flowers and grasses. Up to the 12th year of Qing Shunzhi (1655), Zheng Chenggong destroyed his home, regained his sight and set himself on fire.
[ Edit this paragraph] V. Jinghai Yangwei
After Zheng Zhilong was recruited by the Ming Dynasty, Liu Xiang, who had fought and died with him, was unwilling to pull to Guangdong to continue his looting at sea. Xiang Liu forces colluded with the Dutch, posing a great threat to Zheng Zhilong for a period of time. After the rise of Xiang Liu's forces in Guangdong, the Taiwan Province Strait became unstable again. Zou Weilian, the newly appointed governor of Fujian Province, announced the resumption of the maritime ban, and urged Zheng Zhilong to stop private trade with the Dutch in Taiwan Province. Zheng Zhilong is eager to sweep away Xiang Liu. Before that, Li Kuiqi and Zhong Bin, who were originally Zheng Zhilong's old staff, also defected successively, but they were all swept away by Zheng Zhilong. Liu Xiang became the last adversary of the pirates he had teamed up with, and was also the most difficult force to deal with.
On December 4th, 1632, the fleets of Zheng Zhilong and Xiang Liu met near Fuzhou, and there was a bloody battle. From morning till evening, 8 to 1, people were killed or injured on both sides. Zheng Zhihu, Zheng Zhilong's younger brother, was wounded in two places, and rushed into the enemy line. He was entangled by Xiang Liu people with four-claw anchors and chains, and he could hardly get away. Later, his men were desperate to save him.