1957 in April, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "instructions on the rectification movement". In September of the same year, according to the unified deployment of jiangsu provincial party committee, the county party committee set up a seven-member rectification leading group (headed by the county party committee secretary) and launched a rectification movement with the content of opposing bureaucracy, sectarianism and subjectivism. About 6.5438+0.68 million people participated in the rectification movement, mainly including county-level government officials, primary and secondary school teachers, and industrial and commercial enterprise managers. The campaign started at 1957 10 and basically ended at the end of the following year. It lasted for more than a year and was divided into eight batches: the first batch started on 10 9, with 400 people from various ministries and commissions of the county party committee and county people's committee, and more than 0 people from finance bureau, grain bureau, people's bank, court, procuratorate and public security bureau 10. The second batch started in June 165438+ 10/1,and more than 530 cadres from transportation bureau, commerce bureau, supply and marketing cooperatives, handicraft production association, post and telecommunications bureau, health department, Xinhua Bookstore, People's Hospital and other units participated. The cultural and educational system started from the end of 1654381late October+February of 65438 in three batches, with more than 350 faculty members participating. The industrial system was started in June 1 1 in three batches, with the participation of 133 enterprise managers. The rectification movement in a unit can be roughly divided into four stages: mobilizing learning, speaking, opposing Rightists and rectification.
At the beginning of the movement, the leaders made a mobilization report, calling on everyone to eliminate their worries, talk loudly, help the party and leaders at all levels to rectify the situation, and use posters, democratic platforms and other forms to expose problems in depth and fully express their opinions. The County Correctional Office also informed all units of the progress and contents of the announcement in the form of a briefing. 165438+1in late October, the broadcasting of county-level organs reached its climax, with more than 5,000 posters, and more than 30 people took to the democratic platform and put forward more than 654.38+0,000 opinions. The content involves the unified purchase and marketing, examination and elimination of counter-revolutionaries, agricultural cooperation, personnel work, wages and benefits, life style and so on; Among them, criticizing some county party Committee leaders for sectarianism and southern cadres leaving their rural wives to remarry have become two issues with relatively concentrated opinions.
165438+1At the end of October, the rectification leading group of the county party committee carried out the anti-rightist struggle in a planned and step-by-step manner according to the deployment of Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee and Songjiang District Committee and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's "Instructions on Organizing Forces to Counter Right-wing Attacks". First, train anti-rightist backbones in batches, queue up internally, and determine the target of criticism. On February 3, 65438, the first batch of units that started the movement officially turned to the anti-rightist struggle stage. After mid-June+February, 65438, other batches also turned to the anti-rightist struggle in turn.
The form of anti-rightist struggle, in addition to refuting with posters, is mainly to hold various "debates" and criticism meetings. By the middle of 1958 10, the anti-rightist struggle of county-level organs had come to an end, and 105 cadres (accounting for1.3% of the total number of cadres participating in sports) were "criticized" in various forms. In the spring of the same year, according to the standard of dividing the Rightists issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the county divided the Rightists into 123 people after it was reported and approved step by step. Another 38 people are classified as "anti-Party, anti-socialist elements" and "counter-revolutionaries" because they are workers, shop assistants or have political and historical problems. Some people11are classified as "center-right" because of "right-wing speech". The above-mentioned personnel were given disciplinary sanctions such as expulsion from the party (group), reeducation through labor, expulsion from public office, dismissal from office, demotion and salary reduction. Due to the serious expansion of the anti-rightist struggle, a group of intellectuals, non-party people and party cadres were wrongly classified as "Rightists" and were wrongly criticized and dealt with, resulting in unfortunate consequences.
After 1959, the county took off a number of rightist hats one after another according to the instructions of its superiors. 1978 After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, we set things right. All wrongs in the anti-rightist struggle should be corrected, and policies should be implemented one by one.
Second, "Great Leap Forward" and People's Communalization
1. The Great Leap Forward 1958 1. 10, the first congress of Jiading county, the Communist Party of China (CPC) called on party member and the people of the county to "work hard and do everything possible to strive for the great leap forward in agricultural production of 1958". In July, according to the general line of "go all out, strive for the upper reaches, and build socialism quickly, well and economically" adopted by the Second Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. The county party committee held an enlarged meeting of cadres, demanding that "we should clearly understand the spanning situation, broaden our horizons and revise the agricultural production index 1958". During the meeting, the "Courtesy" activity was organized for the first time, and the production index was set higher and higher. In August, the county party Committee held a swearing-in meeting for 10,000 people to leap forward in an all-round way, and once again organized the "brave" and "flying satellites" competitions, and put forward slogans such as "how bold people are and how productive the land is" and "I am afraid I can't do it if I don't expect it". It is also required that "the land should be turned 3 feet deep and the rice should be densely planted in 500,000 holes". The yield per mu of rice increased from 3500 kg to 42000 kg, and that of cotton increased from 1000 kg to 6500 kg. During the period of 5438+ 10 in June, many commune teams increased 10 mu of rice that had been headed and grouted, and as a result, no grain was harvested. At that time, the phenomenon of high indicators, exaggeration and blind command was rampant. That year, the county actually produced 326 kilograms of rice and 35 kilograms of lint per mu, but the county reported 458.5 kilograms of rice and 55 kilograms of lint.
During this period, the county party Committee also carried out the instructions of the higher authorities and set off an upsurge of "mobilizing the whole people to smelt steel". The county set up a steel-making headquarters, requiring all walks of life to urgently collect scrap steel, bamboo, electrical equipment and other materials to "support the steel commanders to raise accounts", and the steel-making index is 1 10,000 tons. By the end of 1959, the county had actually refined more than 500 tons of inferior steel1959, which wasted a lot of manpower and material resources.
During the Great Leap Forward, water conservancy and many highways were also built. The county invested 4.6 million110,000 man-days and 5.346 million yuan to dredge 6 major rivers and a large number of small rivers, and completed 6.395 million cubic meters of earthwork. Eight expressways have been built, with a total length of more than 50 kilometers. In addition, a large number of graves and high places have been leveled. In terms of industry, county-run industries have established several machinery, fertilizer and pesticide industrial enterprises with certain production capacity, and communes have opened industrial enterprises. By the end of the year, the county's industrial output value rose to 65.438+0.45 billion yuan, an increase of 50% over 654.38+0.957.
2. People's Commune 1958 In September, according to the spirit of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's Resolution on Establishing People's Commune in Rural Areas, people's communes were realized in rural areas of the county within a few days. At the beginning of the commune, its organizational form was based on the requirements of "militarization of organization" and "production fighting", with the commune as the group, the management area as the camp, the brigade as the company and the production team as the platoon. Some communes are also divided into main forces, local forces, logistics forces and commandos according to the age and gender of farmers. Unify the deployment of labor force and engage in large-scale corps operations. At the same time, collectivization of life will be implemented, and 190 1 farmers' canteen will be built at one time. Members' private plots belong to collective farming, and the practice of "free meals" wastes a lot of food. According to statistics, in the "communist wind" of "leveling one level and leveling two levels", the county has leveled 28 1000 households, 44 13 mu of cultivated land, 98,000 farm tools, 23,200 pieces of furniture, 275 agricultural boats, 920 livestock and 68 cattle to realize vehicles. There are also 332 rural cadres who have been wrongly criticized for resisting "communist style", grandiose style, commanding style, commanding style, and professional style of cadres (referred to as "five styles"), and some of them have been demoted as "white flag school", "retreat school", "tide watching school" and "settling accounts after autumn".
3. Correcting the "Five Winds" mistake1959 In May, the county party committee carried out the spirit of the second Zhengzhou meeting in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, corrected the "Communist Wind" mistake of "leveling one level and adjusting two levels", and cleared up the production and living materials occupied by grassroots units and members free of charge. The following year (1 1), the county party Committee carried out the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's "Emergency Instruction Letter on the Current Policies of Rural People's Communes" (i.e. Article 12) to further correct the mistake of "communist style". By June, 196 1, except for land, houses, furniture, farm tools and livestock, the amount of restitution was 2.42 million yuan, accounting for 97.2% of the amount of restitution. 196 1 April, the county party Committee carried out the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's "eight-character policy" on the adjustment of national economy and the "Regulations on the Work of Rural People's Communes (Draft)" (referred to as "Article 60"), and continued to correct the "Five Winds" mistakes in combination with the actual situation of the county. Focus on the following things: respect the wishes of farmers and close most rural collective canteens; According to the principle of "mistakes must be corrected, good ones should not be corrected, mistakes must be corrected, and mistakes must be corrected", cadres who have been wrongly punished in the movement should be screened and corrected; In accordance with the provisions of the Central Committee and the Municipal Party Committee, make up points and members' plots; Restore the bamboo garden to be managed by individual farmers; Continue to clean up and clean up the property of "one leveling and two adjustments"; Adjust the scale of commune and production team, further improve the production responsibility system of "three guarantees and one prize" for production team, and improve the evaluation method of work; Implement the autonomy of the production team and correct the disadvantages of blind command and excessive unity; Open market trade and enliven urban and rural markets.
Third, the socialist education movement.
From 1962 to 1966, according to the unified arrangements of the Central Committee and the Municipal Party Committee, the county party committee organized many socialist education movements (referred to as social education movements for short), among which the "Small Siqing" and "Big Siqing" movements carried out by 1964 and 1965 had the greatest influence.
1September 1962 to1March 1963, the rectification movement (also known as the social education movement) was launched with the main contents of publicizing the struggle between two classes and two roads, consolidating the agricultural collective economy, opposing speculation, corruption and theft, opposing the idea of going it alone, and opposing cadres eating more and occupying more. 1963 in March, according to the problems exposed in the movement, the county party Committee formulated the "Regulations on Overcoming the Specialization and Extravagance of County-level Cadres (Draft)". In the same month, the Third Congress of Jiading County of the Communist Party of China discussed issues such as strengthening the work of the Party branch, strengthening the party's ideological and organizational construction, improving democratic centralism, and strengthening the work of the production team, and adopted relevant documents. 1963 ~1in the winter of March, 1964, the county party Committee launched a social education movement centered on the situation of class struggle among the cadres and masses in the county.
1964165438+10 ~1965 in April, the county party Committee carried out "the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's decision on some issues concerning current rural work (draft)" (referred to as "the first ten articles") and "the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's provisions on some specific policies concerning the rural socialist education movement (draft) At the county and commune levels, meetings of representatives of poor peasants and enlarged meetings of cadres were held respectively. By recalling and comparing the two stages of class struggle and washing hands and bathing, the problems existing in the ideological style and economy of commune team cadres are exposed.
From June 65438 to June 0965, we carried out the spirit of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's "Some Problems in Rural Socialist Education" (referred to as Article 23 for short) and launched a socialist education movement (also known as "four clean-ups") with political, economic, organizational and ideological cleaning as its content. In early June, the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China sent a social education delegation headed by Wentao Zhang to Jiading. The number of social educators started at 4,000, and then gradually grew to more than 6,000. The "four clean-ups" movement was carried out in stages and batches from point to point. County, community (town) level organs, enterprises and institutions, Zhu Qiao, Chengdong two communes and county-wide primary schools are the first batch; The rest 17 commune is the second batch. The whole campaign started in mid-June and ended in July of the following year, lasting 1 year and 1 month. The basic process of a unit movement is: taking root in series, investigating and mobilizing the masses; Cadres should wash their hands and take a bath to solve the common problem of "four ambiguities"; Recall and contrast, carry out mass self-education; Clear politics, clear organization, clear class composition, and carry out the struggle against the enemy; Organizational construction centered on party consolidation. At the beginning of the movement, we should first concentrate on solving the problems in the county and community leading bodies for a period of time, so that the vast majority of leading cadres can put down their burdens, go into battle lightly, participate in the movement and lead the movement. In the later stage of the movement, the municipal social education working group made some corrections after reviewing some problems that were considered to be "over-the-top" at that time.
In the "four clean-ups" activities, the county cleared a total of 2.894 million yuan of funds and 324,500 kilograms of grain, involving cadres 1.32 million people and the masses 1.25 million people. After verification, it was finally determined that the compensation amount was 6.5438+0.953 million yuan, the grain was 6.5438+0.53 million kilograms, and the rest was reduced or delayed. The county found 645 hidden "four types of elements" (landlords, rich peasants, counter-revolutionaries and bad elements), and another 4,900 people explained political and historical issues; 20 guns of various types, more than 8,000 bullets and grenades, and more than 500 bayonets and sabers were seized.
During the "Four Clean-ups" movement, 3,690 new party member people were absorbed through party consolidation and party building. 727 party member cadres were disciplined by the Party and government. 3 1.7% of the party branch secretaries and 4 1.4% of the party branch members were replaced for various reasons.
The "four clean-ups" movement has played a certain role in improving the work style of cadres, collective economic management and business enterprise management, and summed up the experience and lessons of cadres' laziness, greed, occupation, greed and change. However, due to exaggerating the seriousness of class struggle, it was wrongly put forward that the focus of the movement was to rectify the so-called capitalist establishment in the party, and a large number of problems that did not belong to the scope of class struggle were simply regarded as class struggle, which hurt some party member cadres. 1978 After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, 887 political cases in the social education movement were reviewed. The results showed that 397 cases maintained the original punishment or conclusion, 65,438 cases revoked or mitigated the punishment, and 348 cases revoked the original conclusion.