On Guo Qin is the representative work of Jia Yi's political theory, which is divided into three parts. The following is the teaching design of Guo Qin Lun compiled by myself. Let's have a look.
Academic goal
1, learn how to use historical materials to refine ideas.
2. Understand the language features of this article: the use of even sentences.
3. Do you understand Jia Yi's criticism of the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty? Is benevolence not applicable? This is the reason for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty.
Teaching assumption
1, teaching emphases and difficulties:
This article is a historical theory, which is mostly used to describe the historical process of the rise and fall of the Qin Dynasty. In fact, it is based on historical facts to prove that the rapid demise of Qin is due to? Without benevolence and righteousness, is there a difference between offensive and defensive? . So the focus of teaching should be the last paragraph.
Historical narration is different from historical biography, which is highly generalized and even subjective; This article is a parallel prose, and this color is obvious, so it is hard to say clearly. In addition, we should also consider the large amount of recitation in the text, so that students can recite smoothly without increasing the burden.
2. Teaching methods:
Text practice only requires memorizing the last three paragraphs, also in order not to increase students' burden, but from the perspective of teaching needs, memorizing the whole article is of great benefit. Therefore, it is suggested to adopt reading teaching method.
Reciting should be strict, but it can be relaxed in some places. What is the order of the nine countries listed in the second paragraph? Han, Wei, Yan, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Song, Wei and Zhongshan? And paragraph 5 is,? Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Song, Wei and Zhongshan? . It can be seen that the author's basic arrangement method is that Shandong's six major countries are in the front and three small countries are in the back. As for which of the six major countries is in the front and which is in the back, there is no certain standard. You don't have to recite in the original order. Secondly, the second paragraph also lists 20 names, which are just examples, but they are all randomly selected (for example, Le Yi is? Making soldiers? People, and be included? Yi Tong? ), you don't have to recite them one by one, and you don't have to follow the original order. In short, we should focus on the whole, and we can ignore individual words as long as they do not violate the author's original intention. Of course, mistakes in keywords are absolutely not allowed. This is the principle of memorizing long articles (more than 1000 words).
3. Class arrangement:
This article will be finished in three class hours.
The first class: introduce the author and writing intention of Guo Qin Lun, analyze the layout of the full text, and read paragraphs 1 and 2.
The second category: reading the third and fourth paragraphs.
Class 3: Read the fifth paragraph.
Preview arrangement
1, read the text 2 ~ 3 times, and require accurate pronunciation:
Supplementary phonetic notation is as follows:
Take advantage of the trend (ch? Ng) food letter (xi? O) cooperate (z? Ng) Zhai Jing (zh? I) hundreds of people (Ji? Ng) am (z? ) (chι) Fertile (y? ) follow the trend (sh? Ng) call sheet (sh? o)
2. Think about the following questions:
(1) This article is a historical treatise. Why is it mostly a narrative? What is the purpose of the author's narrative?
⑵ The article divides the process of Qin unification into several stages. Why is this split?
Teaching step
first kind
First, the author and writing intention of Guo Qin Lun
Jia Yi's On Qin consists of three parts: the first part, the second part and the middle part. We studied the first part, summarized the rise and fall of Qin Dynasty, exposed the tyranny of Qin Shihuang, and finally pointed out? Without benevolence and righteousness, is there a difference between offensive and defensive? It is the root cause of its rapid demise, and it is to extract views from historical facts. In the middle part, the author analyzes this viewpoint, and further points out that Qin Ershi neglected this viewpoint? What is the world? , continue to practice tyranny,? No way to concentrate? And then put forward the principle of governing the world from the front: the way of herders, peace. ? This is the original intention of the author to write the article. The second part is mainly attributed to the fault of Zi Ying, the third and last monarch of the Qin Dynasty.
On Qin clearly shows Jia Yi's political stance.
Jia Yi (200 ~ 168) was a political commentator and writer in the Western Han Dynasty. Luoyang people. /kloc-at the age of 0/8, he was praised by the people of the county for his ability to read and write poems. Wei Wu Palace was recommended to Emperor Wendi and was appointed as a doctor. Soon, he was promoted to traditional Chinese medicine, but was excluded by ministers Zhou Bo and Guan Ying, and was demoted to be the teacher of Changsha King. Later, it was master Liang. Died of depression at the age of 32.
Jia Yi lived in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. After more than 500 years of war, social and economic depression and population decline, he strongly advocated benevolent governance. An min? He has repeatedly ignored and criticized current politics. On Qin was written to publicize this idea. Open? Ancient times? Does it mean? Today? This is the first thing to pay attention to when reading this article.
Second, roughly analyze the layout of the full text.
1. First of all, the full text is divided into two parts according to the expression:
⑴ Narrative part: Write about the rise and fall of Qin (the first four paragraphs).
⑵ Discussion: Point out the reasons for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty (last paragraph).
2. Then analyze the level of narrative part, which can be divided into two layers.
(1) Ascending process (the first three sections).
(2) The process of extinction (paragraph 4).
Three. Read paragraph 1.
Ask questions in the reading exercise to clarify the main points of this paragraph:
1, the geographical advantage of Qin;
2. Qin Xiaogong's political ambition-unifying the world;
3. Basic national policies (farming and Lian Heng) and their achievements.
Historical supplement:
1、? Beat the prince outside the company? -This is to keep up with the article? Domestic legislation? Tools to repair war? Accordingly, this is actually the later policy. Some? Faculty? In fact, it is even associated with Zhang Yi, the founder of Lian Heng Policy, which is incorrect. Zhang Yixiang attacked Qin ten years after Qin Xiaogong's death, that is, Qin Huiwen was in office for ten years (the first 328 years). It can be seen that the narrative of history in historical theory is different from that in historical biography, which is more important? Do you know? .
2、? So the Qin people surrendered and took Xijiang? ── "Historical Records? W:? Thirty-one years (that is, 22 years in Qin Xiaogong in 340 BC)? Shang Jun, the general of Qin Dynasty, deceived my general's son, attacked and captured his army, and smashed it. Qin Yong, from the east to the river. ? The river in the east. That is, the land of Hexi in the Qin Dynasty. This is Qin Yi? Cheating? A prominent example of seizing vassal land. Press: This is the beginning of Qin's acquisition of land in Hexi. In the eighth year of Qin Huiwen (the first 330 years), Wei also offered Shao Liang in Hexi (now south of Hancheng, Shaanxi).
Fourth, read the second paragraph.
Q: What happened during the reign of the monarch of the State of Qin? (Hui Wenwang, Wu Wangwang, Zhao Xiangwang, Xiao Wenwang, Zhuang Xiangwang, the first five emperors after filial piety. 337 years before King Huiwen ascended the throne and 247 years before King Zhuangxiang died, which lasted for 90 years. How does the author describe this 90-year history?
After discussion, it can be summarized as follows:
1, the events of Huiwen, Wu and Three Dynasties in 1987 all focused on one thing: the continuous expansion of the territory of Qin caused the fear of the governors and made Qin oppose each other. Filial piety and Zhuang Xiang passed down in the two dynasties. This is a general view.
2. Write that Qin State expanded its territory, showing its unparalleled military strength in four directions: south, west, east and north; Writing about the prince, publishing house? Combination and association? About the slave balance? From decentralized solutions? Said, and tried to render the order of its momentum, in order to compare the Qin people trapped vassals easily (? Qin people used to delay the enemy, the division of the nine countries, and did not dare to enter? )。 This is from a local perspective.
3. Looking at this narrative history, it is almost an artistic summary, and its essence is true, but the objective historical process is not.
History supplement:? Combine Lenovo and become one? -Su Qin said that the six countries were relatively close, about 334 ~ 332 years ago. At that time, Su Qin was appointed as a long-term partner and attached great importance to the six countries. ? I dare not peek at Hangu Pass for fifteen years? . This is the first time to join. 3 18 years ago, Su Qin once again attacked Qin from six countries, led by Chu Huaiwang. To Hanguguan, Qin sent troops to attack the six countries, and all the soldiers of the six countries were brought back (according to the chronology? Five countries? )。 This is the second time. In addition, in the first 298 years, Wei, Qi and Han jointly attacked Qi. In the first 247 years, Xin led five countries to defeat Qin, which is no longer within the above 87 years. As can be seen from the above historical facts, the so-called? Teacher of the Nine Kingdoms? Just speaking in general, it also shows that the narrative history of historical theory is different from historical biography.
Review requirements:
1 can be downloaded from? A member of Han, Wei, Yan, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Song, Wei and Zhongshan? Direct transition to? Taste ten times the land? ;
2、? What about the people of the six countries? The soldiers who control it? You can skim this paragraph.
V. Homework
Back 1 and 2 segments; Prepare to read the third and fourth paragraphs.
Second lesson
First, check the homework.
Recite paragraphs 1 and 2.
Transition by asking questions: What is the title of this article? After Qin? Did these two paragraphs say that Qin was wrong? (No, although it also shows that Qin? Cheating? Policy, but used in the struggle? Cheating? Everyone will have it, just to see who uses it better. In that case, what's the use of writing like this? (pave the way for the following, comparing the strength in the process of reunification with the rapid demise later. So let's talk about Qin's fault in the next paragraph.
Second, read the third paragraph.
1, read it silently first, and tell me what was wrong with Qin Shihuang?
2. Find out the staggered floor (? So scrap Wang Zhidao first? Chen Libing and who? Try to summarize Qin Shihuang's domestic policy in a few words. Foolish people, the weak, take the people as the enemy. )
3. Answer questions at different levels:
(1) The first sentence, Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, has only one meaning, but it is expressed in four sentences. Why?
This is an unprecedented unification of China, which is remarkable and worth arranging; It is said that the Qin Dynasty was very powerful.
(2) What is the role of writing twice in expanding the territory?
It is still a powerful statement of the Qin Dynasty. Asking for attention? Do scholars dare not bow their heads and complain? In a word, compared with the power of Qin Shihuang, it can be considered as empty words. There will be contradictions if you want to find out the truth. In 2 18, Sean hired Lux to assassinate the first emperor in Bolangsha, and accidentally got the vice car.
(3) What is the key to writing Qin Shihuang's domestic policy?
? Unkind person? For Zhang Ben's conclusion.
Supplementary explanation:? Who is it? What? Are interrogative pronouns used as verbs, which leads to? Ah, ask him who he is. The meaning of.
The above two layers can be merged into one layer: writing about Qin Shihuang's internal and external policies.
(4) What's the function of writing the idea of the first emperor in the last sentence?
Against the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty.
(Explain that the above contents can be discussed in turn in layered reading. Reading and discussion intersect. After the whole class has basically recited it, ask the following questions. )
4. What role does this paragraph play in the structure of the full text?
It says that the state of Qin is getting stronger and stronger, laying the foundation for reunification. This period of measures after reunification shows that Qin changed from attack to defense. It was because of improper measures that it soon died out, so the next paragraph goes on to write about its death, the author? After Qin? The meaning is all in it.
Three. Read paragraph 4.
After reading silently, summarize the general idea of this paragraph: uprising, the whole world responded, and Qin rose and fell.
Q: What is the function of writing Yu Wei at the beginning? (It implies that people are dissatisfied and everyone is afraid of themselves. ) In the passage written by the author about the Chen She Uprising, which sentence is the key? (? The world gathers response, and wins the grain with the scenery? . What does this mean? People all over the country were dissatisfied with the rule of the Qin Dynasty. ) For which sentence to pave the way? (? Is benevolence not applicable? . )
Ask again? Could it be hundreds of people? Which sentence goes with the above? (? Millions of teachers? -Can the Qin people defeat the Nine Kingdoms? Millions of teachers? And lost to Chen She? Hundreds of people? , can be thought-provoking. )? Chopping wood for soldiers? Which sentence goes with the above? (? Take the soldiers of the world, gather in Xianyang, sell dysprosium, and cast twelve gold people? . What does this mean? (? Retreat? Not enough to restrain the people's resistance. )
After the students have basically recited it, you can also ask: What do you think of Jia Yi's evaluation of Chen She?
The teacher summed up two points:
1, Jia Yi spoke highly of the Chen She Uprising. First person;
2. There is also class prejudice.
Fourth, leave homework.
1, recite the third and fourth paragraphs, and prepare to read the fifth paragraph.
2. The following two paragraphs are all taken from On Qin (Middle), you just need to understand the main idea. After reading it, I will talk about my own experience on the following two questions:
Citation (1):? The king of Qin was greedy for merit, did not believe in merit, did not kiss the gentry, abolished the royal power, established private rights, prohibited documents from abusing the law, and cheated power before benevolence, which began with tyranny. It's different to marry a cunning and stable husband. The Qin dynasty ruled the world from the Warring States period. Its way was not easy, and its politics remained unchanged, so it was preserved. There is loneliness, so its death can stand.
Quotations (2):? Teenagers? More importantly, there is no way, which is not good for the ancestral hall and the people. It is also the origin of Epang Palace, the heavy punishment, the deep bureaucratic management, improper reward and punishment, excessive collection, many things in the world and complicated. Functional discipline, poor people lead T-shirts. Then traitors and forgeries rose together, shirking each other from top to bottom, and many people were guilty, and the punishment went to the Tao, and the world suffered. As for people from Jun Qing, people are worried about themselves, close to poverty and uneasy about their status, so they are easy to move. Therefore, Chen She doesn't need Tang, a saint with unparalleled martial arts, nor does he rely on the respect of princes. He fought bravely for osawa, but the world responded, and he was in danger. ?
⑴ ? Without benevolence and righteousness, is there a difference between offensive and defensive? How to interpret this sentence?
⑵ How does the author analyze the Chen She Uprising?
The third category
First, check the homework.
1. Recite the third and fourth paragraphs of the text.
2. Question and answer: After reading the quotation (2), read the description of Chen She in the fourth paragraph of the text. what do you think? Son of the rope pivot? Stubborn in architecture? What is the general meaning of this passage? He does not rely on noble status and outstanding talents, but he is very appealing, just because his rise and resistance conform to the wishes of the people, but? Can't be as good as people? This sentence is obviously derogatory. ) From the whole paragraph, what words in Quotation (2) can be used to summarize its content? (? People are in danger? Easy to move? -This is the reason for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty. And then what? People are in danger? Easy to move? This is the result of tyranny. This naturally becomes a discussion. )
Second, read the fifth paragraph.
1, supplementary explanation:
⑴ ? And isn't this world weak? -it means that Qin won the world, not the local regime, and its power is not small.
⑵ ? Yongzhou land, solid food, self-sufficiency? -The topography of Yongzhou and the safety of Liangxin remain the same, indicating that the superior topography of Qin State has not changed.
(3) spine-textbook note, Spine? Pass? Ji? . This and the one above? Chopping wood for soldiers? Contradictory publishing house:? Poor? It should be combined, that is, it is a pity to cut the thorns. ? Hey? Do it again:? Hey? , is an agricultural tool, similar to today's long-handled hoe. This explanation, like the following? Uncaria? Corresponding to written text.
(4) said in the same year ── can you write again? Same day? , comparable.
5] Take advantage of the trend, and the eight countries are in the same order ── this sentence was before Qin unified the whole country. Wan Cheng was also called a great power during the Warring States Period? Wancheng? . In the same column, Qin and Shandong are princes, so they are called? Same column? Order? North Korea? For intertextuality. The meaning of this sentence is that Qin was very powerful at that time, so the princes of the eight countries came to worship it. Press: Before the reunification with Qin, * * * had 140 years, so let's continue? More than a hundred years? . Where to? Take Liuhe as home, and keep faith as palace? He said that he wanted the Qin Dynasty to unify the world.
[6] offensive and defensive trends- Attack? Before the unification of the six countries; ? Keep? After the unification of the six countries.
2, hierarchical: the first layer (at the beginning? Can't talk in the same year? ) Compare and discuss the strength of the teachers of the Nine Kingdoms and the masses in Chen She. It is pointed out at the beginning that the advantages of the Qin Dynasty still exist, which is the premise of comparative discussion. Through comparison, we can see that Chen She's position and the weapons and quality of the peasant army are far inferior to those of the King of the Nine Kingdoms and his army. What's the point? Success and failure are different, but achievements are the opposite? These eight words are the foreshadowing of the conclusion of the full text. The second floor (? However, is Qin a mere place? Take care of the whole article and summarize the central argument. ? Qin Ran? The following four sentences refer to paragraphs 1 and 2. And then what? Deal with the third paragraph in two sentences. Kazuo? Three sentences refer to paragraph 4. ? Without benevolence and righteousness, is there a difference between offensive and defensive? Thesis is the center of the whole paper.
3, reading guidance: this paragraph is the focus of the full text, every sentence is about Qin's fault, we must read it with momentum and express the author? After Qin? Profound meaning.
(1) and her husband ── push a layer, guide the tone of the discussion.
(2) Use the following six together? What else? Read in an extremely positive tone.
(3) The stress in the parallelism sentence is:? Non-genus (Yu)? Not (in)? Unbearable (in)? And then what? Not with? . (? Not with? Actually, we can supplement it later? Yu? )。
⑷ ? People of the times? After dinner, turn to animals for the next sentence.
⑸ ? However, success or failure is different, and vice versa? ──? What else? There was a long pause. If removed? Leaves? , and then increase? What is this? In short, the answer is the conclusion of the full text, indicating that the author intends to prepare for the following, so don't ask.
⑹ ? Try it? In three sentences, repeat the above meaning, change the hypothetical tone, and say another sentence.
⑺ ? Qin Ran? Three sentences for the trend of low back, up below, to? Laughing for the world? Climb to the top, cook a meal and force it out? What is this? In a word.
⑻ ? Is benevolence not applicable? It is a program, read it with a deep sense of responsibility; ? Are the offensive and defensive trends different? Read in an explanatory tone. I don't know the trend of the world? Meaning.
(The above contents are interspersed in the reading process. )
Third, summarize the full text.
1, summarize the full text center:
Ask the students: What is the purpose of writing this article?
By comparing the past with the present, we advise the rulers of the Western Han Dynasty to implement benevolent policies and protect the people.
Try to find a sentence from the previous quotation (2) to illustrate.
? The shepherd's way is just for safety? .
2. Analyze the demonstration method in this paper:
(1) Based on historical facts:
Q: The first three paragraphs of this article are purely narrative history. What does this have to do with the point the author wants to demonstrate?
Before the national reunification, the state of Qin was attacking the vassals, but after the reunification, it was defending the people of the whole country. What is the point? Are the offensive and defensive trends different? This.
Q: Are there any differences in the policies adopted by the Qin Dynasty in these two different periods?
Deception is adopted in the offensive period and oppression is adopted in the defensive period. There is no essential difference between the two.
Try to use the words in the quotation (1) to illustrate:
? Qin left the Warring States and ruled the world. This is not easy, and its politics has not changed. Is it the same as keeping it?
Q:? Its way is not easy, and its politics will not change? What does this mean?
Benevolence is not applicable.
(2) Comparative demonstration:
Q: In paragraph 5, what will be the impact of comparing the division of nine countries with Chen She?
The division of nine countries, with a large number of advisers, sophisticated weapons and well-trained soldiers, could not defeat Qin, but a group of peasant troops who cut firewood into soldiers defeated Qin, which shows that Qin's tyranny and helplessness made it lose all the people in the world.
Try to use the words in quotation (2) to illustrate:?
? People are in danger? ── Chen She? Spark? Lit a prairie fire.
Q: What are the comparisons in this article?
Qin people? Switch to delaying the enemy? With the division of nine countries? Wandering around and afraid to enter? Contrast; ? Will the alliance seek to weaken the state of Qin? With what? Fighting for territory and bribing Qin? Contrast; ? Point to eight States, facing the same column? With what? It's hard to be alone, but the seven halls. Contrast. (It should be pointed out that these comparisons are only indirectly related to the argument. )
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