Yantuoshan
Tashan weir is located next to Tashan Mountain in the southwest of Yinjiang Town, Yinxian County, Ningbo City. It was built in 833 (the seventh year of Tang Taihe). Tashan Weir is134.4m long and 4.8m wide, all of which are made of laths with a length of 2-3m and a width of 0.2-0.35m, with 36 stone steps left and right. Weir faces are all made of stone. The weir is made of wood and stone. There is more than one plum pillow lying in the weir, which will not rot for years. It is called "Meiliang on another weir". The purpose of building Tashan weir is to resist tides and separate seawater from rivers. The river flows through the weir and is divided into two canals: one into Moon Lake and the other into Yinjiang River and Fenghua River, which irrigates thousands of acres of fertile land and turns water damage into water conservancy. Tashanyan, Zheng Guoqu, Lingqu and Dujiangyan are the four major water conservancy projects in ancient China. Today, after thousands of years of floods, it is still basically intact and continues to play the role of salt resistance, light storage, water diversion and flood discharge. 198865438+On February 28th, the State Council announced Tashan weir as a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Dujiangyan irrigation system
Dujiangyan is located in Guankou Town, Dujiangyan City, Chengdu, Sichuan Province. It is a large-scale water conservancy project built in ancient China and has been used ever since. Known as "the originator of world water culture", it is a famous tourist attraction in China. It is generally believed that Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project was built around 256 BC by Li Bing, the prefect of Shu County of Qin State, and his sons. It is the oldest and only grand water conservancy project preserved in the world, characterized by not building dams to divert water, and it is also a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Lingqu
Lingqu, located in Xing 'an, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, runs east-west, connecting Haiyang River in the east of Xing 'an (the source of Xiangjiang River flows from south to north) and Darong River in the west of Xing 'an (the source of Lijiang River flows from north to south). It is one of the oldest canals in the world and has the reputation of "the pearl of ancient water conservancy buildings in the world". Lingqu, called Qinqu, Zero Canal, Douhe Canal and Xing 'an Canal in ancient times, was opened to traffic in 2 14 BC, and it has been 22 17 years now, and it is still playing its role.
Guoqu Zheng
Zheng Guoqu was the first person to build a large-scale water conservancy project in Guanzhong. At the end of the Warring States period, the State of Qin penetrated. In 246 BC (the first year of Qin Shihuang), it was built by Zheng Guo, a North Korean water conservancy engineer, and was completed about ten years later. Located on the north bank of Jinghe River, 25 kilometers northwest of Jingyang County. It draws water from the water mirror in the west to Luoshui in the east, with a total length of more than 300 miles (the irrigation area is called 40,000 hectares).
1, a famous water conservancy project in history-Shaopi
The famous irrigation project of Gubeitang in Huaihe River Basin. Also known as Anfengtang. Located in the south of Shouxian County, Anhui Province. Chu Zhuangwang in the Spring and Autumn Period was built by Sun Shuai from 16 to 23 years (598 BC-59 BC1year) (according to legend, it was built by Chu Zisi during the Warring States Period). For more than 2500 years, irrigation efficiency has been playing a role in varying degrees. Shaobei began to read Hanshu. Geography ",and the Western Han Dynasty set up a vicious official to be responsible for irrigation maintenance. In the eighth year of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 83), Wang opened paddy fields in northern Shaobei. During the period of 1959, the cultural relics team of Anhui Provincial Cultural Bureau excavated a site of water conservancy project (sketch weir) in Han Dynasty at the crossing of Anfengtang Dam, accompanied by cultural relics such as water official hammer in Han Dynasty.
The main water source in Shaobei is Pi River. The area of Shaobei Irrigation District was generally recorded in the 4th-1 3rd century. It is said that there are110,000 hectares of irrigated land and more than 5,000 hectares of irrigated land. "Water classic. Fei Shui Zhu records the origin and project scale of Shaobei in detail, and points out that there are five gates (Shuikou) in Beibei, which breathe in the stream. In the Sui Dynasty, it was renovated and increased to 36 doors. It lasted until the Song Dynasty. These 36 nozzles can still adjust the order of irrigation water according to the increase or decrease of inlet and outlet water. Ming Jiajing's Shouzhou Zhi recorded in detail the specific names and flow directions of 36 gates at that time, and the irrigation canal was 783 miles long. In the Qing Dynasty, from Qianlong to Guangxu, there were 28 gates in Shaobeimen.
As for the man-made destruction of the Shaobei Project, the Three Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties were affected by wars many times. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, landlords and local tyrants have mostly occupied and made illegal decisions. Take Shaobeipi district as an example. By the Ming Dynasty, the pond occupied was about 50 miles long, and the pond was transformed into more than 56,967 mu of fields. In the 19th year of Chenghua in Ming Dynasty (1483), the sluice was set in Shaobei. Because landlords and local tyrants occupied vicious fields, the water storage area decreased. When the rainy season rises, in order to prevent private fields from being flooded, landlords steal vicious dike drainage, dry up the bottom of the pool and continue to occupy the land. In order to prevent theft and reclamation, a sluice was set up for control. In the second year of Qingganlong (1737), a rockfill dam was built in the south of Zhongxingji. By the Republic of China, the irrigation efficiency in northern Shaobei was getting lower and lower, and the irrigation area of 1949 was only over 80,000 mu. Now it is an anti-regulation reservoir in Pishihang Irrigation District.
2. Hangou, a famous water conservancy project in history.
The ancient canal connecting the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, China was first seen in the canal with clear records. Also known as Qushui, Hanjiang River, Zhongdushui, Huaiyang Canal and Lili Canal. Hangou starts from the Yangtze River south of Yangzhou in the south and reaches the Huaihe River north of Huai 'an in the north. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, conquered the north. In 486 BC, Hancheng (now Yangzhou) was built and Hangou was opened. At first, the southern end diverted water from the Yangtze River to the north, bypassing a series of lakes in the north, connected by short artificial channels, which were curved and finally entered the Huaihe River. During the Eastern Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, due to the change of natural conditions, the river could not be introduced into the canal. The upstream is navigable by diverting water from Yizheng, and a weir gate is built at the mouth of the canal to save water. There are also many weirs on the river.
The Sui Dynasty reopened the river twice and became an important section of the North-South Grand Canal. In the Tang Dynasty, the sandbars in the Yangtze River expanded and bordered on the north bank. In the 22nd year of Kaiyuan (734), the Yilou River was connected to the south of Yangzi Town and entered the river through Guazhou. Since then, Guazhou Port has been used together with the collection and distribution port. During the Northern Song Dynasty, dozens of shiplocks, dams, culverts, dams and other buildings were built on the gullies of the Han River, and the world's earliest shiplock, the compound shiplock, appeared. In the Yuan Dynasty, the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal was opened, and Hangou became a part of it. The south entrance is in Guazhou and Yizheng, and the north entrance is still in Huai 'an North.
3. The famous water conservancy project in history-Zhangyin Twelve Canal
Large-scale diversion irrigation canal system in China in the early Warring States period with Zhangshui as its source. The irrigation area is south of Zhanghe River (now north of Anyang City, Henan Province). Historical books and other ancient books record that Ximen Bao was founded in 422 BC, and Wei Wenhou Ye (Zhiye Town, now forty miles southwest) during the Warring States Period. The first canal head is in Xiye 18, and Xiang Yan 12 has 12 low overflow weir. All weirs are equipped with water intakes and water intake gates on the upstream right bank, forming a 12 channel. The irrigated area is less than 65438+ 10,000 mu. Muddy water can deposit silt, fertilize fields and increase production. Yedi became rich. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao took Yedi as the base and renovated it according to its original form. Twelve Weirs are called Twelve Lights and renamed Jing Kai Weir.
Lu Chunqiu Quji was written in history, about after Ximen Bao 100, criticizing Ximen Bao for not knowing how to irrigate the fields. The adoption of this statement in Hanshu Goujian contradicts the Historical Records. Later generations reconciled two theories, saying that Ximen Bao opened the canal first and history began to open again. In the second year of Tian Ping in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (535), the Tian Ping Canal was rebuilt and became a separate canal head. The irrigation area was expanded and later renamed Wanjin Canal. The head of the canal is more than 40 miles north of Anyang today, on the south bank of Zhanghe River. After Sui and Tang Dynasties, irrigation areas with Zhangshui and Huanshui (now Yanghe) as their sources were formed in this area. In the Tang Dynasty, the Tian Ping Canal rebuilt its branch canal, irrigating farmland 10 million mu. In the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, it was still restored and utilized. 1959, Yuecheng Reservoir was built on Zhanghe River. Instead of ancient irrigation canals, the two banks diverted reservoir water to irrigate millions of acres of land.
4. The famous water conservancy project in history-GAP
The earliest artificial canal connecting the Yellow River and Huaihe River in ancient times. Wei Huiwang started construction in the 10 year of the Warring States Period (36 BC1). After its completion, it has been one of the main water transport routes in Huanghuai, Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The Western Han Dynasty was also called Wolf Soup Canal. It draws Yellow River water from Xingyang, Henan, east longitude north, Kaifeng north and south, passes through Weishi East, Taikang West and Huaiyang, and then divides into two tributaries, namely South Shui Ying and Dongshashui, all of which enter the Huaihe River. On the way, divide water in Kaifeng East (ancient Bianshui). In the south and east, water can flow into the Huaihe River. Further south, the water is divided into vortex water to the east, and it goes straight to the Huaihe River, forming a water transport network of Huanghuai and Huaihe River. The opening of Jiqu in Sui Dynasty, that is, the Bianhe River in Tang and Song Dynasties, became the main traffic artery between Huanghuai and Caihe River, which was equivalent to the gap position, and still partly played the role of communicating Huanghuai. Since the capital of Beijing was established in Yuan Dynasty, the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal was opened, the main channel moved eastward, and the Caihe River was blocked.
5. Dujiangyan, a famous water conservancy project in history.
Located in Dujiangyan City (formerly guanxian), Sichuan Province, the Minjiang River water diversion project is also the longest dam-free water diversion project in the world. It was built in the last years of Zhao Haoqi in Qin Dynasty (about 256 BC-25 BC1year) and was presided over by its guardian Li Bing. Irrigation is the main project, which has many benefits such as flood control, water transmission and urban water supply. Because of this, Chengdu Plain is rich, and it has been known as "Land of Abundance" since ancient times. Dujiangyan was first named in the Song Dynasty. Before the Song Dynasty, it was called Du 'an weir, Sui weir or Gui weir. Dujiangyan, which had dikes, weirs and water diversion facilities at the initial stage of the hub layout, has been continuously improved by later generations, and has become a dam-free water diversion hub composed of three main projects: Yuzui (water diversion project), Sha Fei weir (overflow and sediment discharge project) and Baojiangkou (water diversion project).
In addition, there are internal and external diamond dikes, herringbone dikes and water control and sand prevention buildings. After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), additional projects such as Waijiang sluice, Shahe sluice and industrial water intake were built. The fish mouth is built at the top of Jiang Xinzhou, which divides the Minjiang River into Neijiang and Waijiang. Neijiang is the main water diversion channel, which controls the sediment and regulates the water quantity through the flying sand canal, miter dike and Baokou. Waijiang River is the right path of Minjiang River, mainly for flood discharge, and also for the right bank irrigation area to divide water from Xiaoyuzui to Shahe River. Engineering structure In Dujiangyan in ancient times, bamboo cages, wooden stakes and pebbles were the main building materials. The bamboo woven cage is filled with pebbles to build a fish mouth, a flying sand weir, an inner and outer diamond dike and a herringbone dike.
More than 10,000 bamboo cages need to be replaced every year. In order to reduce the annual engineering quantity in the annual maintenance, water conservancy workers and working people in past dynasties have been seeking to transform the engineering structure, especially the fish mouth. In Yuan Dynasty, the fish mouth was made of stone and the turtle top was cast iron. In the Ming dynasty, the fish mouth was built, and the iron cow was placed in front. In the Qing dynasty, the stone fish mouth was reused. Due to the unstable foundation, these projects cannot be sustained. 1936 based on bamboo cages, the front and both sides are protected by wooden stakes, on which fish mouths are built. The project took a long time, and 1974 Waijiang sluice was rebuilt into a reinforced concrete structure when it was repaired. For more than 2000 years, people in irrigation areas have accumulated rich experience in water diversion and sand prevention during the long process of building and perfecting Dujiangyan.
Due to the reasonable planning and careful design and construction of the three major projects, the hub project has played an effective comprehensive role in water diversion, sand prevention and flood discharge. Building fish mouths at proper positions in suitable river sections can divert more water from inland rivers in dry season and discharge more flood water from outer rivers in flood season. Building a flying sand weir at the end of the river bend and using circulation can discharge a large amount of flood and sediment and reduce the flood disaster in Chengdu Plain. Another important reason why Dujiangyan has not been abandoned for a long time is to attach importance to project management and strictly implement the annual maintenance system. According to historical records, as early as 1400 years ago, the "six-character formula" of "deep scouring beach and low weir" was revised every year. Later, he summed up the "three-character classics" of water control and the "eight-character proverbs" of river control. Throughout the ages, management agencies and weir officials have been set up to take charge of engineering maintenance. Engineering maintenance is divided into four categories: mid-year maintenance, five-year overhaul, special maintenance after catastrophic flood and emergency maintenance during flood season.