Shanggao
Shang Gao was a native of China in 1 1 century BC. At that time, China's dynasty was the Western Zhou Dynasty, which was a slave society.
In ancient China, a dialogue between Shang Yang and Duke Zhou was recorded in Zhou Pian Shu Jing, a mathematical work of the Western Han Dynasty during the Warring States Period. Shang Gao said: "... so fold the moment, tick three, fix four, and cross the corner five."
Quotient height means that when two right-angled sides of a right-angled triangle are 3 (short side) and 4 (long side) respectively, the radius angle (chord) is 5. In the future, people will simply describe this fact as "hooking three strands, four strings and five".
Because the content of Pythagorean theorem was first seen in the text of quotient height, people call this theorem "quotient height theorem".
With regard to the discovery of Pythagorean Theorem, Zhou Parallel Computing Book said: "So, the reason why Yu ruled the world was born of this number." "This number" refers to "hook three strands, four strings and five", which means that Dayu discovered the relationship between hook three strands, four strings and five when he was controlling water.
Lee Liu
Liu Hui (born around 250 AD) mainly lived in the Three Kingdoms period. He was born in Zichuan, Zibo. Liu Hui is a very great mathematician in the history of Chinese mathematics and occupies a prominent position in the history of world mathematics. His representative works "Nine Arithmetic Notes" and "Arithmetic on the Island" are China's most precious mathematical heritage.
Nine Chapters of Arithmetic was written in the early Eastern Han Dynasty. There are 246 ways to solve the problem. In solving simultaneous equations, calculating four fractions, calculating positive and negative numbers, calculating the volume and area of geometric figures and many other aspects, it is among the advanced in the world. However, due to the primitive solution, Liu Hui made a supplementary proof. These proofs show his creative contributions in many aspects. He is the world. The solution of linear equations is improved. In geometry, the secant method is put forward, that is, the method of finding the area and perimeter of a circle by using inscribed or circumscribed regular polygons. He scientifically obtained the result that pi = 3. 14 by using secant technology. Liu Hui put forward in the secant technique that "if you cut it carefully, the loss is not great, and then you can't cut it."
In the book Island Calculation, Liu Hui carefully selected nine surveying problems, which were creative, complex and representative and attracted the attention of the West at that time.
Liu Hui has quick thinking and flexible methods, and advocates both reasoning and intuition. He is the first person who China explicitly advocated to demonstrate mathematical propositions by logical reasoning.
Liu Hui's life is a life of hard work for mathematics. Although the status is low, but the personality is noble. He is not a mediocre man who seeks fame and fame, but a great man who never tires of learning. He left a precious wealth to our Chinese nation.
Zhang Qiujian
Zhang Qiujian, a mathematician in the Northern Wei Dynasty, was born in Qinghe, Zhou Bei. He was smart and studious since childhood, and he loved arithmetic. I have been engaged in mathematical research all my life and achieved remarkable results. "Hundred chickens problem" is a typical problem about indefinite equation integers in the Middle Ages, and Yank has unique views on it. He is the author of Zhang Qiujian suan Jing in three volumes. Later scholars, Zhen Luan of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and Li of the Tang Dynasty, successively annotated the book. Wei Liu's calculation classics are well written. The classic style of calculation is question and answer, rigorous organization and quaint words. It is a masterpiece in the history of ancient mathematics in China, and also a legacy in the world mathematical database.
Jia Xian
Jia Xian was an outstanding mathematician in the Northern Song Dynasty in ancient China. The Nine Chapters of Yellow Emperor's Arithmetic Fine Grass (nine volumes) and Arithmetic Ancient Collection (two volumes) have been lost.
His main contribution is to create the "Jiaxian Triangle" and the method of multiplication and multiplication, which is the positive root method for finding the higher power. At present, the principle and procedure of mixed division in middle school mathematics are similar, while the multiplication and division method is more neat, simple and programmed than the traditional method, so it shows its superiority, especially when it comes to high power. This method was put forward more than 700 years before the conclusion of European mathematician Horner.
Qin
Qin (about 1202- 126 1) was from Anyue, Sichuan. He was once an official in Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places, and was demoted to Meizhou (now Meixian County, Guangdong Province) around 126 1, and soon died. He, Yang Hui and Zhu Shijie are also called the four great mathematicians in Song and Yuan Dynasties. In his early years in Hangzhou, he visited the Taishi and learned mathematics from a hermit. 1247, he wrote the famous Shu Shu Jiu Zhang. The book "Shu Shu Jiu Zhang" has a total of 18 volumes and 8 1 title, which is divided into nine categories. Its most important mathematical achievements-"the total number of large derivatives" (one-time congruence group solution) and "positive and negative cholesky decomposition" (numerical solution of higher-order equations) made this Song Dynasty arithmetic classic occupy a prominent position in the history of medieval mathematics. On the problem of solving a congruence group, the west obtained the same theorem in 18 and 19 centuries; On the numerical solution of higher-order equations, the British mathematician Horner published Horner's method in 18 19, which is the same as the positive and negative open method. Qin also made innovations in multivariate linear equations and geometric measurement. He is one of the greatest mathematicians in the world, and Nine Chapters of Shu marks a new peak of ancient mathematics in China.
build a career
Ye Li (1 192- 1279), formerly known as Li Zhi, was born in Luancheng, Jin Dynasty. He used to be the governor of Zhou Jun (now Yuxian County, Henan Province). Zhou Jun was attacked by the Mongols in 1232, and went to study in seclusion, and was later hired by Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu. 1248 was written as Twelve Volumes of Spherical Seamirror, the main purpose of which was to explain the method of arranging equations with astronomical elements. "Astrology" is similar to the column equation method in modern algebra. "Let Tianyuan be so-and-so" is equivalent to "Let X be so-and-so", which can be said to be an attempt of symbolic algebra. Another mathematical work by Ye Li, Yi Gu Yan Duan (1259), also explains Heaven. The greatest contribution is the discovery of the function of the sequence equation method, which makes the land opening method consistent with the modern solution equation method. In Europe, similar algebraic methods did not appear until16th century.
Zhu Shijie
Zhu Shijie was an outstanding mathematical scientist in Yuan Dynasty.
Zhu Shijie, whose real name is Han Qing, whose name is Songting, is from Yanshan (now Beijing). He has long been engaged in mathematical research and education. His main works are "Arithmetic Enlightenment" in three volumes and "Meeting with Siyuan" in three volumes.
In mathematical science, Zhu Shijie comprehensively inherited the mathematical achievements of Qin, Yang Hui and developed them creatively. He wrote such famous works as Arithmetic Enlightenment, Meeting with Siyuan, which pushed the ancient mathematics in China to a new height and formed the highest peak of China's mathematics in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.
The book "Arithmetic Enlightenment" has been talking about the highest achievement of mathematics development at that time, "Tianyuan Shu", which comprehensively introduced all aspects of mathematics at that time. Its system is complete, the content is simple and easy to understand, and it is a very famous enlightenment reading. This book was later spread to Korea, Japan and other countries, and reprinted and annotated editions were published successively, which had a certain influence.
Philip Burkart Meeting is a brilliant mathematical masterpiece. It is highly praised by researchers in the history of modern mathematics, and it is considered as the most important and greatest mathematical masterpiece among China's ancient mathematical scientific works.
Meeting Siyuan was written in the seventh year of Dade (1303), with three volumes, 24 doors and 288 questions. This paper introduces Zhu Shijie's research and achievements in solving multivariate higher-order equations-four-element method, calculating higher-order arithmetic progression-superposition method and differential method.
Zhu Shijie and his "Meet with Siyuan" enjoy a high reputation in the world. In modern Japan, France, the United States, Belgium and many countries in Asia, Europe and the United States, people introduce homesickness to their countries. It has played an inestimable role in the history of world mathematics.
In addition to the above achievements, Zhu Shijie also put forward many noteworthy contents in his works:
1. In the history of Chinese mathematics, he formally put forward the correct law of positive and negative multiplication for the first time;
2. He discussed the calculation of the surface area of a sphere, which is the only discussion in the ancient algebra books in China. Although the conclusion is incorrect, the innovative spirit is valuable;
3. In "Arithmetic Enlightenment", he recorded a complete formula of "nine normalization and one division", which is almost the same as the abacus formula.
Zhu Shijie inherited and developed the mathematical achievements of predecessors and made indelible contributions to the development of ancient mathematical science in China. Zhu Shijie is a famous mathematician in the history of mathematics in China and even in the world.
Thanks to the joint efforts of Zhu Shijie and other contemporary algebras, the mathematics of Song and Yuan Dynasties reached a brilliant height, and it was at the forefront of the world in many aspects.
Zu Chongzhi and his son Zuxuan.
Zu Chongzhi (AD 429-500), a native of Laiyuan County, Hebei Province, was an outstanding scientist in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. He is not only a mathematician, but also familiar with astronomical calendar, machinery manufacturing, music and other fields, and is an astronomer.
Zu Chongzhi's outstanding achievement in mathematics is about the calculation of pi. On the basis of predecessors' achievements, Zu Chongzhi worked hard and calculated repeatedly, and found that π was between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927, and obtained the approximate value of π score. The secrecy rate calculated by Zu Chongzhi,
It has been more than 1000 years since foreign mathematicians got the same result. In order to commemorate Zu Chongzhi's outstanding contribution, some mathematicians abroad suggested that π be called "ancestral rate".
Zu Chongzhi and his son Zuxuan (also a famous mathematician in China) solved the calculation of the volume of a sphere with ingenious methods. They adopted a principle at that time: "If the power supply potential is the same, the products will not be different." That is to say, two solids located between two parallel planes are cut by any plane parallel to these two planes. If the areas of two sections are always equal, then the volumes of two solids are equal. This principle is called cavalieri principle in western languages, but it was discovered by Karl Marx more than one thousand years after his grandfather's son. In order to commemorate the great contribution of grandfather and son in discovering this principle, everyone also called this principle "the ancestor principle".
He greatly promoted the development of ancient mathematics in China in the following three aspects:
One is the calculation of pi. He calculated the root formula of 3. 14 15926: 0, A>0).
The proof of "gravity difference technique" is given by using the area relation of geometric figures in the annotation of solar altitude map. The method used by astronomers in the Han Dynasty to measure the height and distance of the sun is called gravity difference technique.
Huang Zongxian
Huang Zongxian, whose name is Yuping, and whose name is Xiao Gu, was born in Xinhua, Hunan Province in the Qing Dynasty in China. He is a student in Dingqu Middle School and an important member of the white mathematics academic group headed by Dingqu Middle School. Among his many works, 1874 is the most important one, which is decided by Zuo Qian. In this book, Huang Zongxian further elaborated Qin's "seeking a skill". He not only solved the problem of a congruence group, but also solved the problem of a binary linear indefinite equation by "seeking a skill"
Xu Guangqi
Xu Guangqi (1562.4.24—1633.11.8) was born in Shanghai. He made great contributions to the introduction of western natural science and the development of agriculture, water conservancy, astronomy and mathematics in China, and was an outstanding scientist in the late Ming Dynasty.
Xu Guangqi's important contribution to mathematics is the translation of the first six volumes of Euclid's Elements of Geometry. His translation quality is very high, and many mathematical terms and expressions, such as geometry, points, lines, planes, parallel lines, obtuse angles, acute angles, triangles, quadrangles, etc. It was first used by him and has been used ever since. In addition, he also has mathematical works such as Measuring Similarities and Differences and The Meaning of Pythagoras. He made some comparisons between Chinese and western measurement methods and mathematical methods, and made some proof methods in ancient China rigorous with the theorem in Geometry Elements. It also created some new proof systems and made great contributions to the later mathematical research in China.