duan qirui
1. During World War I, Nishihara borrowed from the great powers, and the Japanese were able to monopolize the China market because the great powers had no time to look east. In order to eliminate China people's anti-Japanese mentality and develop China market more stably, Japan changed its naked violent aggression. Japan continues to invade China in a relatively peaceful way, that is, Japan supports a certain faction in China, allowing it to dominate China and safeguard Japan's interests in China. At that time, Zhang was the search target of the Japanese army in China, while the Anhui warlord Duan was in the Guanzhong area.
When he arrived in Terauchi Masatake to form a cabinet (19 16. 10.9 to 19 18.9.29 as prime minister), the temple had accepted the proposal of the bourgeoisie to provide "economic support" to China. With the approval of the Cabinet and Parliament, the temple used its cronies Nishihara Kikuzo as a bridge to contact the Beijing government-Duan government, which was nominally in charge of China at that time. China and Japan have agreed that the total amount of Japanese loans to China is 1.45 billion yen. Including "No.1 Bank of Communications loan of 5 million yen, No.2 Bank of Communications loan of 20 million yen, cable telecom loan of 20 million yen, Ji Hui railway loan advance of/kloc-0 million yen, Jihei gold mine forest loan of 30 million yen, Manchu-Mongolian fourth railway loan of 20 million yen, Jishun-Xugao second railway loan of 20 million yen, war. A total of 8 145 billion yen "(Master Victory Lending), while China is guaranteed by treasury bonds, taxes, gold mines in Northeast China and forests.
Terauchi Masatake
Second, the purpose of Nishihara loan is that Japanese conscience discovers that it has been so kind to China suddenly, and lent China a huge sum of money to help China develop its economy? In fact, Japan's loans to China have sinister purposes.
As we all know, in 19 15, the Japanese put forward "Article 21" to destroy China. Due to the resolute opposition of the people of China, it is difficult for the Japanese to ride a tiger. To 19 16, the president of Waseda University, the leader of Japanese aggression, the elder statesman of Meiji Restoration, and the cabinet of the Earl of Sakamoto, the negotiation with China failed because of Article 21. Immediately, Japan changed its face, and people who accepted the invasion of western civilization, represented by economist and bureaucrat Kota (then Minister of Terauchi Masatake's Ministry of Finance), began to advocate the policy of "dividing chrysanthemums into roots".
Greater far east co-prosperity sphere
The so-called "chrysanthemum splitting root" is one of the prototypes of the Greater East Asia co-prosperity circle and the "goose-type economic development model" advocated by Japan after the war. "Chrysanthemum root" means that East Asia should be like the root of chrysanthemum. Chrysanthemum has a trunk, and the roots are all developed from the trunk, and this trunk is Japan, which should play a vanguard and exemplary role in East Asia. East Asian countries have the obligation to accept Japan's "guidance" (this kind of guidance is to be colonized by Japan, become Japan's puppet, and act according to Japan's requirements), and trunks also have the obligation to help the development of roots. Although this theory is extremely offensive, Japan still discriminates against other Asian countries as a son of destiny. However, compared with the past when countries refused to accept and went to war and massacred, now they are supporting the development of countries (mainly China), thus expanding Japan's influence and establishing a pro-Japanese government. Katsuta said that "it is in Japan's interest to develop China's resources and provide economic assistance" (Katsuta's main statement is "borrowing loans"). The so-called Japanese interest is to monopolize China and achieve the goal that Article 2 1 fails to achieve.
Kikuzo Nishihara, the organizer of Nishihara Loan, also said: "The only way to maintain an economic advantage in China is to use the currency circulation of Japan and China at the same time ... (Japan's interests in China can last forever)." It can be seen that, in view of the awakening of China's national consciousness, Japan really found that it could not achieve its goal through Article 21, which was close to military coercion, so it adopted the method of covert aggression to achieve the goal that threatened diplomacy could not achieve.
Loan website
Third, why did Duan accept the loan? At that time, China was divided, and the warlords were Feng, Wan, Zhi, Northwest, Jin, Xiang and Lao Gui. Anhui took control of Beijing after Yuan Shikai's death, flaunting itself as the central government. Duan is the sole beneficiary of Xiyuan loan. In other words, at that time, China was divided, and warlords from all walks of life were dominating their own turf, but the Japanese gave Duan all the loans, and Duan accepted the loans gladly. Why?
The warlord troops in 1926
There are three main reasons why Duan and Ri can make a wish and get it:
First, Duan can be described as fierce. Duan is one of Yuan Shikai's three northern heroes, nicknamed the tiger of Beiyang, which shows that he has the wind of tigers and wolves. Duan inherited Yuan Shikai's main team and settled in Beijing, but the local Beiyang brothers at the same level did not buy it at first, and Yuan Shikai's death caused a scuffle among Beiyang warlords. Therefore, Duan is committed to a unified armed force, and an armed war needs money, including military pay and military supplies. If Duan's petty warlords don't get paid, they are likely to rebel. Although Duan and other warlords can plunder the people, they are hard to avoid. Duan dominates the central government, but the local government is disobedient and does not pay taxes to the central government. The national treasury is empty and the finance is extremely difficult. Cao Rulin said: "The financial difficulties have reached the extreme, and the funds due to the provinces have been detained by the overseers. When issuing domestic bonds, the old bonds have not been sorted out and it is difficult to renew them. " Therefore, in order to unify the section, a lot of expenses are urgently needed.
Northern Warlords (19 12- 1927)
Second, it is too late for the traditional big countries to "subsidize". Traditionally, European and American powers lent money to China. For example, Yuan Shikai's "after-care loan" is a joint loan from the banking groups of Britain, France, Russia, Germany and Japan. Now, because of World War I, Europe itself is in chaos, and there is no time to take care of China. China is short of money now, so China can only find a new rich man with money.
Third, Japan intends to win over and put forward more favorable conditions than Europe and the United States. As the spokesperson of the Temple Prime Minister, Nishihara condescended to run around China, visiting Cao Rulin, Lu, Xu Shuzheng and others to show goodwill, and finally China was "moved" by his sincerity.
Fourth, China's "breach of contract" In all fairness, compared with Western Europe and the United States, the interest on Xiyuan Loan can be described as "conscience". For example, Yuan Shikai simply lost his head and took China's economic lifeline salt tax as a guarantee. Finally, China was ruthlessly smashed by the white devils. Xiyuan loan is only secured by nominal items such as wires and forests. At that time, there were many forest resources in China, but it was difficult to develop them. They could only be satisfied with family heating and could not play a big role. And the China line is even rarer. For another example, using China national debt as a guarantee, China national debt has no gold content, no deposit, and it is not waste paper printed by warlords at will. It is precisely because there is no physical guarantee that Japan only recovered the principal of 20 million in the end, and Japan's loan can be said to be wiped out. However, the loan contract involves various resources in Northeast China, which, to a certain extent, also laid a hidden danger for Japan's invasion of Northeast China in the future.
The luxury of Beiyang warlords
Wen said that the purpose of Nishihara loan is to show Japan's goodwill towards China and cultivate China's pro-Japanese forces. But judging from the results, Japan did not achieve its goal. Because China was divided at that time, the Japanese put their eggs in one basket, and Duan became more arrogant after receiving the money. He expanded his army and prepared to annex other warlords, and everyone was in danger. When the Anhui-Jiangxi War broke out, Anhui failed, Duan stepped down, and the money given by Japan to Duan was not recognized by the government directly under it. Because the direct line didn't get the Japanese money, how could it be possible to recognize this debt? Also because the direct boss is the British and American powers. At this time, after World War I, the great powers returned to China, and the Japanese seized the interests of China while the great powers were too busy to look east. Now the powers are going to counterattack and let Japan spit out its interests again. With the support of Britain and the United States, a straight line is naturally car-scrapping, and you will die. More because of the warlord melee, such as direct war, China is in chaos. There is no central government in China, and the Japanese don't know who to ask for money. Finally, Nishihara's loan turned into a bad debt, which was successfully "missed" by China.