The "Yi Zhou Shu·Changmai Jie" unearthed from the tomb of King Anli of Wei in the Warring States Period says: "At the beginning of the past, [Yuan] was the second queen, and the "Jian Dian" was established: Ming Chidi Divide the two ministers and order Chi Youyu to serve in all directions..." Could this "Jian Dian" be a verbal agreement? Not to mention the blood-based alliance that only became popular in the Spring and Autumn Period! It should be China's earliest "Code" recorded in written form, and it is also the earliest legal document in the world. Let's take a look at what it records. "Jiandian" stipulates that the Yan people living in the east and the Huang people living in the west will implement ethnic division. One of the "two queens" refers to Chi You of the Chi tribe, who has been in charge of the military for generations and is stationed in the Fenhe area of ??Shanxi; the other is the Xuanyuan family, who lives in Shaanxi, in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River. This "Second Queen" is also the "Second Minister" under the Red Emperor. "Red Emperor" is "Yan Emperor". This is proved by "Historical Records" and "Da Dai Li Ji". They all describe "The Battle of Banquan. Sima said that he defeated Yan Emperor Yuwang, while the latter recorded that he defeated Red Emperor Yuwang.
When and where did the writing originate? This can be considered a clue.
The ten oracle bone inscriptions I deciphered are all from "Oracle Bone Inscriptions". Friends who are interested can go there to check.
Sincerely, Liming Tang.
The historical value and educational significance of ancient Chinese characters
The ancient Chinese characters are endless. From their formation and development to becoming the oracle bone inscriptions of the writing system, they have gone through a long process and continue to this day, carrying the Chinese nation for five generations. With a long history of thousands of years, calligraphy, the way of writing Chinese characters, has also become an independent art form. With the advent of the "image reading era", people are re-examining "vision" as a tool for understanding things, in order to use visual forms and methods. To explore the essence of things and gain knowledge, when we look at the ancient history of Chinese characters with our eyes, what can we "see"? When we "see", can we "understand" the Chinese characters? What is the value and significance of the formation process and visual appearance to the information age?
The social background of the pre-Qin period and the origin of Chinese characters
The social background of the formation of Chinese characters
Philologists believe that "the formation of Chinese characters was probably no earlier than the Xia Dynasty" and "a complete writing system was formed during the Xia and Shang Dynasties (about the 17th century BC)" (Qiu Xigui's "Outline of Philology"). The development of Chinese characters from primitive society to mature oracle bone inscriptions mainly went through the period from primitive society to the emergence of clan communes, and then to the Xia, Shang and Western Zhou dynasties. Chinese characters formed a relatively complete and mature system of oracle bone inscriptions. This period was the origin period of Chinese civilization. The level of productivity was low and people could not make reasonable explanations for natural phenomena. Nature worship, animism, totem belief, fertility worship, and witchcraft all had a profound impact on the original cultural form. Influence. The ancient civilization forms are integrated and complicated. Sacrifice, battles, fishing, entry and exit, harvest, wind and rain, diseases, etc. in life during the Shang and Zhou dynasties all required divination, and the time of divination, the name of the divination person, and the divination were all included. The results and fulfillment of events are carved on tortoise shells or ox bones with a knife. Because they are mostly words related to divination, oracle bone inscriptions are also called "divination" or "tortoise shell" characters.
The origin of ancient Chinese characters.
There are many theories about the origin of Chinese characters. The most influential ones are: knotting theory, engraved deed theory, gossip theory, original picture theory, "one" theory, etc. Modern research generally believes that, The origin of Chinese characters is multi-source, that is, the Chinese character symbol system is separated and transformed from the original picture symbols, knotting, gossip, counting, deeds and other primitive recording methods. It is the result of people's long-term production practice. Created for the needs of recording and disseminating information and exchanging ideas, the formation of Chinese characters is a natural and inevitable historical choice
The carrier, form and characteristics of characters in the Pre-Qin period
Characters Carrier: rocks, pottery, turtle shells, animal bones, bronzes
Text form: pictographic. Oracle bone inscriptions are carved with knives. The sharpness of the knives and the hardness of the bones make the strokes of the characters vary in thickness, and the joints of the strokes are peeled off. In terms of structure, the length and size are not fixed, and the characters are strong, thin and hard. In bronze inscriptions, the characters are engraved on clay molds and cast, so the strokes are thick and round, and the shape is relatively square.
The visual appearance and educational value of Chinese characters
Education returns to life - a re-understanding of traditional educational concepts.
Modern science has made great progress in education. Teaching tools are being used more and more, and there are more and more teaching theories. Art, technology, and humanities develop independently but are separated from each other in education. The coordinated development of individuals is inseparable from the unity and integration of the three in life. Education comes from life, serves life, is higher than life, and guides life, but life should not be separated from education. "Theory is gray, but the tree of life is evergreen."
The birth of writing promoted the development of education. The needs of education unified the form of Chinese character symbols and accelerated the maturity of the Chinese character system. Ancient Chinese characters are closely related to people's lives. Not only do they understand and represent objective things, but life contents such as totem worship, divination and praying to gods also appear in the form of ancient Chinese characters, becoming the source of Chinese characters and a tool for conveying knowledge. This can be seen from the origin of the Chinese characters "teaching" and "learning". The oracle bone inscription "Yao" is composed of two "five" characters.
The word "learn" in gold inscriptions is Cong Zicong (556, equivalent to the Xun hexagram in Bagua), which looks like a child making a Bagua shape with both hands, while in oracle bone inscriptions, each radical is omitted. The formation of the word "teaching" in the bronze inscription "teaching" from "learn to learn" uses the original Bagua numerology symbol as the radical of the word formation, indicating that in ancient times, divination was a part of teaching for primary school students, and educators Be a wizard.
Appreciating history - humanistic emotional education
The present is the continuation of the past, and the present development is the negation of the negation of the past. The past material state must contain the core of truth. History has been extended to this day, and things have changed and people have changed. If we only rely on literature or historical records to reproduce history, history will lose its image and vividness. The constraints of realistic objects and the lack of historical understanding inherent in people's minds will even make it worse. History has lost its objectivity and truth.
The ancient Chinese characters carriers of the Pre-Qin period - the ferocious bronzes of ancient Mu and the broken and dark tortoise shells and animal bones. Just from the external form of written characters, they give people a strong visual shock from the eyes to the soul. With great impact, the weight and vicissitudes of history can be truly reproduced through the carrier of spiritual materialization. The ignorance and killing in ancient times, and the ancestors' simple understanding and worship of blood and fire are reflected in the ink-painting on oracle bone inscriptions. The Chinese nation's long-standing tradition of "advocating red over black" is inherited from the same source.
The history of the reproduction of ancient Chinese characters tells us that the vast differences in historical time and space create the uniqueness of human existence. The so-called unique realization of personality may just be to pursue the authentic self. People are always between the present and the past. Through comparison, we are looking for the meaning of our own existence between the uniqueness of history and individuality.
Artistic value
The Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties were the early stages of the art of calligraphy. The techniques and tools used in writing oracle bone inscriptions have shown mankind's pursuit of artistic aesthetics. The oracle bone inscriptions, bronze inscriptions, stone drum inscriptions, silk scripts, bamboo (wooden) slips and other writing forms of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties have already possessed preliminary aesthetic awareness. The writing has evolved from practicality to artistry, and has gradually become perfect from the infantile stage. The specific original ecological environment has laid the foundation for its It has a special position in the history of Chinese calligraphy art. The long history has left the uncanny workmanship of nature in art, and the harmony within disharmony has created the rich meaning of artistic beauty.
Inspiration for modern educational technology
Modern educational technology is based on modern Western educational theory and is established on the basis of communication, information theory, psychology and other disciplines. Western The educational ideological and theoretical system plays a decisive role in the emergence and development of educational technology. The differences between Eastern and Western cultures determine the differences in the underlying fundamental concepts of education, as well as the differences in all aspects of educational forms and educational practices, resulting in different understandings of educational technology. The accumulation of history has not played its due role in the development of China's educational technology. What enlightenment does the history of the formation and development of Chinese characters have on education in today's information age?
The integration of traditional history education and multimedia information technology
The development of educational technology is inseparable from the use of media. How to use modern electroacoustic and imaging technologies to serve education is the task of educational technology research. Film and television technology has advantages that traditional teaching tools that travel through time and space and present history do not have. Integrating traditional history courses with film and television technology, and conducting history education through intuitive and rich and vivid visual presentations, can deepen the understanding of history and even Let us re-understand history.
Multimedia technology is nothing more than sounds and images or a combination of the two, but Chinese characters precisely integrate sounds and shapes to convey information and meaning. They are an integrated whole with the purpose of conveying information. The two are intrinsically connected, which provides rich and reliable understanding for the research of multimedia technology. Educational technology will also be able to draw reasonable practical and theoretical nutrients from it.
"Observing things and taking images" and visual thinking
The emergence and development of television, movies, and multimedia technology have greatly changed people's thinking and lifestyle. The concept of visual thinking In the call of the development of the times, how do people obtain knowledge through vision? What kind of visual laws does "observation of pictograms" imply? The rationale for the creation of Chinese characters is "observing objects and taking images", which does not just stop at specific representations, but is a process of subjective processing and abstraction of objective things, "establishing images and conveying meanings". Factors such as simplification and unification in the process of spreading Chinese characters have resulted in the symbolization of Chinese characters, and the separation of "signifier" and "referred". However, ancient oracle bone inscriptions are abstract and general, and can reflect image thinking of the objective characteristics of things. product. The rules of Chinese character formation will be of great significance to the reconstruction and extension of visual thinking theory.
Visual representation of knowledge
The "dual coding theory" of modern cognitive psychology provides a theoretical basis for knowledge visualization. Today's language has become symbolic, and only Chinese characters of ancient hieroglyphs have been handed down. The original form of Chinese characters was a visual representation of knowledge, expressing things and the interconnections between them. Chinese character configuration and image taking are visually intuitive, and the rationale for character creation is a description of the objective world. The combination of things and images is a combination of image thinking and abstract thinking. "Observing things and taking images" and "establishing images to express the meaning". The uncertainty, generality and freehand nature of Chinese character images also give them an extension of humanistic significance. The continuous development of Chinese characters for thousands of years, and the great waves washing away the sand, have left behind rich and precious visual representation resources of knowledge. It will be possible to establish a complete practice and theoretical system of visual representation of knowledge.
To study Chinese characters from the perspective of visual representation of knowledge, we have rich resources and a long history. In comparison, foreign countries do not have this advantage.
Conclusion
The shape of the long-standing Chinese civilization is like a pearl polished in the long river of history. The accumulation of history will only make it more dazzling! The development of educational technology will definitely follow the trajectory of history and accept the choices of history. Future generations of our generation must work harder to carry forward the past and open up the future!