Qi Juanzao (1793 July11-1866), whose real name is Shuying, whose real name is Chunfu, was later named Guan Zhai, Weng and Jian Lao for fear of Mu Zong Zai Chun's taboo. People from Pingshu Village, Shouyang, Shanxi. Qijuanzao was born in the 58th year of Qianlong (1793). After five dynasties of Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng and Tongzhi, he died in Tongzhi for five years (1866) at the age of 74. Qi Juanzao is the sixteenth generation grandson of the Qi family in Shouyang and the fifth son of Qi Yunshi. He became a scholar at the age of 22. He used to be an official of a college student and the chief minister of military aircraft. At that time, Jin people had the highest official position and the longest time in North Korea. He taught three generations of emperors: during the Daoguang period, he served as a bachelor lecturer in imperial academy, giving lectures at banquets and teaching classics for Daoguang Emperor; During the reign of Emperor Xianfeng, he served as a part-time lecturer for the University of Diren Pavilion, teaching Emperor Xianfeng the strategy of governing the country and the way of employing people. During the Tongzhi period, he taught Tongzhi Emperor in Hongde Hall every day. Therefore, people call him "three emperors". It is rare that a person can teach three generations of emperors in his life. In the fifty-eighth year of Qianlong (1793), Qi Juanzao was born in the iron gate residence outside Xuanwu Gate in the south of Beijing on the fourth day of June (1 1 July). At that time, his father, Qi Yunshi, was restoring the school of Sikuquanshu in Yuan Wen and Wen Yuan. Qi Juanzao was brilliant since he was a child. He began to study at the age of four, entered school at the age of six, wrote a composition at the age of ten, and was obsessed with reading. He was praised as a child prodigy. At the age of twelve, Qi Juanzao wrote the poem "Spring Grass" to express his ambition. In the 9th year of Jiaqing (1804), Qi Yunshi was arrested and charged with copper loss in Baoquan Bureau. Qi Juanzao was sent to study in Yili prison and had to go back to Pingshu, Shouyang, with his mother and brother. In order to train her sons into adults, Mrs. Liu, the mother, invited famous teachers to explain the Four Books and Five Classics to them. The mother is very strict with her son's studies. It is said that when Qi Juanzao was fifteen years old, he took an exam in the county and won the first place. When Qi Juanzao happily told his mother the news of the scholar, her mother told him that there was no end to learning, and you were proud of the scholar just now, shining brilliantly, and you will definitely make great achievements in the future. Qi Juanzao knows her mother's good intentions, and since then, she has never been complacent. The story was told by later generations. Weng Tonghe, the teacher of Emperor Guangxu, wrote a letter to his son asking him to study hard and quoted this story. At the age of eighteen, Qi Juanzao took part in a provincial examination for candidates. In the 19th year of Jiaqing (18 14), 22-year-old Qi Juanzao went to Beijing to take the Jinshi examination, and was elected as Jishi Shu of imperial academy because of his excellent performance. In the twentieth year of Jiaqing (18 15), his father Qi Yunshi died and Qi Juanzao was in mourning for three years. In the twenty-fourth year of Jiaqing (18 19), in April, Qi Juanzao was awarded editing by the Hanlin Academy, and he entered the official career. In March of the first year of Daoguang (182 1), Qi Juanzao was ordered to walk in Yinan study. Daoguang studied politics in Hunan for three years (1823). Zheng Xue was an official in charge of school education in various provinces in the Qing Dynasty. After the governor, he was appointed by the court himself. When he was a student, he abolished the bad rules of freshmen, resumed the practice of young students entering the school at dawn the day after the second interview, and cancelled the examination paper fees paid by candidates for selecting outstanding students, which was praised by the people of Hunan. In the 12th year of Daoguang (1832), Qi Juanzao "changed from an illegitimate child to an assistant lecturer, assistant minister of the General Political Department, assistant minister of Guanglu, bachelor of cabinet, assistant minister of the Ministry of Ritual, and from one year old to four years old", and jumped from a five-product official to a two-product and six-product deputy chief official. In the 14th year of Daoguang (1834), Qi Juanzao returned to his hometown Shouyang to observe filial piety because of his mother's death, during which he wrote Ma Shounong's words. In the sixteenth year of Daoguang (1836), he died of filial piety, returned to the DPRK as the right assistant minister of the Ministry of War, and later served as the left assistant minister. In the seventeenth year of Daoguang (1837), he was transferred to the right assistant minister of the household department and briefly released to Jiangsu to study politics. After he arrived in Jiangsu, he wrote three instructions on smoking ban in New Yuefu, which were published in various places and played a positive role in promoting the smoking ban movement at that time. At the same time, in the 19th year of Daoguang (1839), he republished Biography of Shuowen Department, published Zhuzi Primary School, and compiled a book "Extensive Training in Oracle Bone Inscriptions" as instructed to strengthen the education of basic knowledge and virtue. He also built more test sheds and rebuilt Changzhou Academy, aiming at the problem that there were few simple test sheds and more candidates in various state academies, which made his own contribution to the development of education in Jiangsu. In September this year, Qi Juanzao made up the right assistant minister of the official department. In December, awarded Douchayuan Zuodu suggestion. In the 20th year of Daoguang (1840), Qi Juanzao and Huang Juezi, assistant minister of punishments, went to Fujian to inspect the coastal defense construction and the ban on smoking. After in-depth investigation and study, he wrote to Daoguang and said: "First, it is suggested that the Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang should be stationed in Quanzhou to supervise the defense, because most British armed ships are anchored in Zhangzhou and Quanzhou, and Quanzhou is a simple area. It is very necessary for the Governor to stay in Quanzhou to supervise the defense every year. Second, it is suggested that the fort along the coast of Fujian be changed into a cannon pier. Third, it is suggested that the imperial court should attach importance to naval battles and make large ships and cannons that can compete with the British. Fourth, check the vendors who ban smoking and punish traitors. 5. Zhangzhou and Quanzhou are forbidden to exercise foreign money, and anyone who carries or casts it privately will be punished. " These suggestions hit the nail on the head, were recognized by Daoguang Emperor, and were promulgated and implemented. History of the Ministry of War Supplement in February. In July, British troops invaded Xiamen and were repelled by Deng Tingzhen, Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang. Deng Tingzhen reported the situation and guaranteed meritorious soldiers, but the compromise faction in the DPRK accused him of lying about the situation and taking credit for cheating. Daoguang Emperor also ordered Qi Juanzao to check the situation in Xiamen. After careful investigation, Qi Juanzao proved that what Deng Tingzhen played was true with conclusive evidence, thus exposing the slander of the compromise faction and protecting the generals of the resistance faction. In the 21st year of Daoguang (184 1), Qi Juanzao was transferred to the post of Minister of Civil Affairs, and in September, he became Minister of Military Affairs. In the twenty-second year of Daoguang (1842), he became an official at the banquet and studied history for the emperor. In the 26th year of Daoguang (1846), Qi Juanzao and Wen Qing, the minister of the Ministry of War, went to Tianjin to investigate the case of Chen Jian's misappropriation of salt tax due to long-term transportation of salt. After finding out the facts, Chen Jian was dismissed for investigation. He was appointed as a salt official to bring order out of chaos, reformed the laws and regulations on salt affairs in Luchang, improved the management of salt affairs in Qing Dynasty, and increased the fiscal revenue of the Qing court. This move is called a good strategy to save time. In the twenty-seventh year of Daoguang (1847), Qi Juanzao presided over the Ministry of Commerce to prepare for the resumption of navigation. The following year, shipping resumed. Since then, shipping has become an important mode of transportation in the Qing Dynasty, and it has also solved the difficulty of supporting the capital. In February of the 29th year of Daoguang (1849), Qi Juanzao was appointed as the master of the upper study room, and in July, he was assisted by Shangshu of the household department to manage the affairs of the three warehouses. 10, ordered to investigate and deal with Chen, the dismissed governor, and Qishan, the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu who exposed the case of Bu Yantai. After investigation, Chen made a false accusation, Qi Juan made an imperial edict and sent Chen to Xinjiang as a drudgery. After finishing the case, he asked the emperor to return to Beijing, and at the same time asked him to return to Shouyang's hometown to worship his ancestors and sweep the grave. On the 22nd day of the first month of the 30th year of Daoguang (1850), Qi Juanzao passed by Jiexiu, Shanxi, and heard that Daoguang Emperor died. So, I hurried back to Beijing, passing Shouyang's hometown on the way, and went straight to Beijing without going home to visit relatives. After Daoguang died, Emperor Xianfeng ascended the throne. In June, Qi Juanzao was awarded the prefect of Tiren Pavilion (the prefect was the Chief Cabinet Secretary of the Qing Dynasty and was the highest-ranking civil servant), and still managed the household department. In the first year of Xianfeng (185 1 year), Emperor Xianfeng spoke widely, adopted the advice of hundreds of officials, and determined to govern the country. Zhang Mu, Yingjie and Jishan, who compromised with foreign countries, were ousted, and famous ministers such as Lin Zexu and Yao Ying were appointed, and Qi Juanzao was appointed minister of military affairs, who was also in charge of family affairs. Qi Juanzao became an important minister of left and right pivot affairs at that time. Qijuzao
In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), Qi Juan Zao Jue was made Prince of Taibao. This year, Emperor Xianfeng evaluated the political achievements of the chief officials and Qi Juanzao: "I have worked hard in the military for so many years. Since I started, I have been up all night in the government, and I have worked hard. " Xianfeng three years (1853), was admitted to Linchong as an official. During this period, he made many suggestions to Emperor Xianfeng. At that time, some ministers appealed for donations. He believes that this donation harms the interests of the people and should not be levied. Someone offered to invest a lot of money, but he did it after playing for a while. He put the country and people first in everything, which had a great influence on Emperor Xianfeng and played a certain role in maintaining the political stability of the Qing Dynasty. On the 30th day of the first month of that year, Qi Suzao, the sixth brother of Qi Juanzao, died of hematemesis due to overwork in guarding the city when the Taiping Army besieged Nanjing. After learning this, Qi Juanzao became angry at current events, and his old illness increased sharply. He asked for leave for treatment many times, but the effect was not good. In the spring of Xianfeng four years, he felt pain, asthma and dizziness in his left rib. Catch a cold in July, don't sleep and eat less, dizziness is very beneficial. In autumn, he was infected with dysentery, and his head was very painful. After a long illness, he asked the emperor to allow him to be an official. After Qi Juanzao became an official, some patriotic officials especially hoped that Qi Juanzao would come back. In the ninth year of Xianfeng (1859), He Zizhen wrote with Qi Juanzao in the poem Jian Cao Tang: "Shouyang fell in love with the country, which means revitalizing Guan Sheng Road." In the same year, he wrote in the poem "Two Shouyang Poems": "May Wen Gong not return to Luo, and let's see if Pei Gong can help Tang Dynasty." He compared Qi Baishi, who left his post, to Pei Du and Sima Guang, and firmly believed that Qi Juan could have gone out again like the two of them and helped the country with all his strength. After becoming an official, Qi Juanzao is still very concerned about state affairs. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the British and French allied forces invaded Tianjin, reaching the capital. Emperor Xianfeng led the minister to flee to Jehol. After learning about it, Qi Juanzao made suggestions, pointing out that Jehol is only suitable for suspension, not for long stay. Guanzhong has an important geographical position and is suitable for building its capital, so the emperor should go to Guanzhong instead of Jehol. In the eleventh year of Xianfeng (186 1), Emperor Xianfeng died of illness in Jehol. Six-year-old Crown Prince Zai Chun succeeded to the throne, and Empress Dowager Cixi contacted Prince Gong with all her heart to launch an "Qixiang coup". Empress Dowager Cixi and Empress Ci 'an listened to politics, and decided the title "Tongzhi", with Zai Chun as the Tongzhi Emperor. After Tongzhi acceded to the throne, he began to use old ministers. On that year1October 2 1 day, Qi Juanzao, who was recovering from illness in Shouyang's hometown, received an imperial edict: "A great scholar, Qi Juanzao, is honest and upright, and has excellent knowledge. He came to Beijing as soon as he wrote it, ready to use it simply. " In November, Qi Juanzao first sent Qi Shichang to Beijing, presented a book "Chen Shiwu's Book" to the emperor, and offered the emperor the way to run the country and keep the country safe. In the current political situation, there are six things to do: first, protect the sacred bow and sacrifice it to the emperor; The second is to sort out the people's hearts and clarify the source of theft; Third, obey the order and consolidate the people's hearts; Fourth, set up departments to collect talents; Fifth, quickly suppress Lu Yu bandits and guard the Shanxi-Shaanxi pass, supplemented by Wei Ji; For six days, I worshipped frugality to cultivate my vitality. The words are sincere and sincere, and they are adopted and implemented. This year1February, Shangshu was awarded the title of Master of University. On February 6th, the first year of Tongzhi (1862), Qi Juanzao returned to Beijing from his hometown in Shouyang. At the behest of Empress Dowager Cixi and Ci 'an, he taught the seven-year-old emperor to study in Hongde Hall. At the same time, he was also taught by Weng Xincun, a former university student who managed the affairs of the Ministry of Industry, and Li Hongzao, a senior minister of the Ministry of Industry, with Qi Juanzao as the foreman. During the period of teaching Tongzhi emperor, Qi Juanzao devoted himself to teaching the emperor the way of governing the country and keeping the country safe, which won the appreciation of the Empress Dowager. /kloc-in October/February, Empress Dowager Cixi presented Qi Juanzao with the plaque "Clear Night". In the third year of Tongzhi (1864), in December, the Emperor Tongzhi gave a plaque "Yan Shanxin" to praise Qi Juanzao. This year, Qi Juanzao was dizzy and diarrhea, so he asked to fill the vacancy. The emperor only allowed him to be vacant in the post of Shangshu in the Ministry of Rites, and he still walked in the Hongde Hall as a university student. After four years of tongzhi (1865), 73-year-old Qi Juanzao has been ill since the beginning of spring. On August 8, he asked to stop paying full salary and become a full member. The emperor allowed Hongdetang to be sent to be an official, but he still took full salary. In the spring of Tongzhi for five years (1866), Qi Juanzao was in good spirits, had poor appetite in summer, and got worse in August, but he still did not forget the state affairs. He got a sentence in his illness: "I don't forget to worry about the world after a long illness, and I still recommend sages in my dreams." On the fourth day of September, Zi Ming wrote a quatrain in pen and ink: "The son of heaven chooses different talents, and the four sides will be sure of nothing." After ten years of Shang Yuan's career, there must be a lover. "After writing, I closed my eyes and said nothing. He died on (65438+1October 22nd) September12nd at the age of 74. Qi Juanzao was an official all his life. He was awarded more than 20 times by the emperor and received more than 0/00 items/kloc. He was praised by the world as a famous figure in the late Qing Dynasty. After his death, the emperor spoke highly of him. " I told the university students that Qi Juanzao is the essence of learning, honest, clear and honest and frank, Jia gave it to Taibao, and he gave it to Wen Duan. Following the example of college students, he entered Shenxian Temple. "Wang Xuan, the minister of the Ministry of War, wrote an elegy for Qi Juanzao:" Three rivers and mountains are strong, and famous things of Han and Confucianism are extracted. Song and Confucianism are famous, but they are also famous ministers. Chinese and foreign salty knowledge is like a sacred metaphor, the cloud is famous all over the world and the country and Sima; Chu Jun respected the four dynasties, unified overseas Chinese and loved the ancient, inherited the ancient and straight, but kept the old, and did not avoid the teacher, only sighing that the family inherited the antelope. "The world commented that he was loyal to the monarch, diligent, loving the people and advocating frugality all his life, and he was a model for being an official. Qijuzao
Qi Juanzao was not only a famous political official in the late Qing Dynasty, but also a famous scholar who made outstanding contributions in modern academic history. "Ma Shou Nong Yan" is an important regional agricultural work written by Qi Juanzao during the mourning period of his mother's death in 1834, based on paying attention to farming, visiting villagers and deeply studying local climate, farming, water conservancy, animal husbandry and taxation. He is proficient in Confucian classics, and advocates that both sinology and Song studies should be paid equal attention to, and that the study of practical application should be practiced. He once organized Yu, Miao, Li Shenqi, He, and other scholars to publish Shuowen Series Biography and Zhuzi Primary School, and compiled Chunqiu Zuozhuan Reader. He annotated the History of the Three Kingdoms and Shu Wei, and his works include Poems of Nine Pavilions in Bangkok, Words of Doctor Qi and Poems of Zhuzi Primary School. In addition, he also published a chronicle and his posthumous works for his father Qi Yunshi, Qing beginners Gu, Yan Ruoxuan, friends and Cheng Chunhai, so that a large number of precious historical materials can be preserved and circulated. Qi Juanzao was also a famous poet and calligrapher in Qing Daoguang, Xianfeng and Tongzhi years. He collected nearly 3,000 poems in his life, including Nine Pavilions in Bangkok 12 and After Nine Pavilions in Bangkok 12, and was praised as a leading figure in the poetry circle in Daoguang period. In Poems on Yi Shi, Chen Yan called Qi Wenduan "a great poet between Tao and salt" and Liu Yusheng wrote Miscellanies of the World Hall, saying that "Qi Juanzao, Tao Shu, JASON ZHANG and these famous and powerful people were leaders at that time, and they all gathered together." He affirmed his position in Kyoto poetry. Qi Juanzao's calligraphy changed from Xiao Zhuan to Zhen Hang, from willow to valley. It is profound, vigorous and unique. Critics said that it achieved the ultimate goal of "profound writing" and was praised as "treasured by everyone for a long time".