Ming Xianzong Chenghua was born in Yuyao, Zhejiang. His father Wang Hua and Wang Hua won the first prize in the 17 years of Chenghua in Ming Dynasty (148 1), and Wang Shouren moved to Peiping (Beijing) with his father. In Ming history, Wang Shouren was born as Wang Yun, but he could not speak when he was five years old. He didn't speak until he told others that he had changed his name to Wang Shouren. Wang Hua is very strict with his son's family education. When Wang Shouren was a teenager, he studied martial arts and worked very hard, but he liked playing chess very much, which often delayed his lessons. Although his father scolded him repeatedly, he never changed his mind. In a rage, he threw chess into the river. Wang Shouren's heart shook, and he suddenly realized it. He immediately wrote a poem to express his ambition: chess is fun all day long, and once he is kissed severely, he loses. The soldiers fell into the river without rescue, and the generals drowned together. A horse travels thousands of miles with the waves, like swimming in the Three Rivers. There was an earthquake with a cannon, and Wolong immediately became worried. He calls himself Zhuge Liang and is determined to achieve something. After that, I studied hard and made great progress in my study. Riding, shooting and the art of war have become more and more skilled. In the twelfth year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty (1499), he was admitted to the imperial examination and was awarded the post of the Ministry of War. At that time, the imperial court knew that he was a learned man, but Zhong Zhang, the eunuch of the prefect's military affairs, thought that Wang Shouren had taught the scribes of the Ministry of War, so he looked down on Shou Ren. Once he forced Shouren to shoot an arrow in public, trying to make a fool of himself. Unexpectedly, Shouren filed a bow and arrow, brushed three arrows, hit three shots, and the whole army cheered, which made Zhong Zhang very embarrassed. Wang Shouren served as the Minister of War for three years. Zheng Deyuannian (1506) was sentenced to forty and demoted to Longchang (xiuwen county) in Guizhou for opposing eunuch Liu Jin. After Liu Jin was punished, he was appointed as the magistrate of Luling County and was promoted to Shao Qing of Nantaipu Temple. At that time, Wang Qiong was appointed minister of the Ministry of War. He thought that Shouren had unparalleled talent and recommended it to the court. In the eleventh year of Zheng De (15 16), he took the right suggestion and succeeded the governor of Gannan. He got on the horse to run the army, got off the horse to run the people, and the civilian was in charge of the military code, combining civil and military, doing things in Zhi Min and using troops quickly. In order to suppress the peasant uprising and put down the "Chen Hao rebellion", he worshipped the Nanjing Ministry of War and sealed "Xinjian Bo". Later, because of his high performance, he resigned and went back to his hometown to give lectures. He founded academies in Shaoxing and Yuyao to promote "Wang Xue". In the sixth year of Jiajing (1527), he was assigned to the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. Later, because of lung disease, he went to Shanghai and begged for help. 1529 1 1 month 29th, died in the middle of Zhou Dynasty in Nan 'an, Jiangxi.
childhood
Wang Yangming was born on September 30th (October 30th, 65438+3 1 year) in the eighth year of Chenghua, Ming Xianzong. His ancestors were Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. His father, Wang Hua, was the champion in Chenghua seventeen years (148 1), and later became an official in Nanjing. According to the chronicle, on the eve of his birth, his grandmother dreamed that someone had sent a son from the clouds. When I woke up, Wang Yangming was just born, so my grandfather named him Wang Yun, and the villagers also called his birthplace Ruiyun Building. However, he didn't speak until he was five years old. One day, a monk passed by and touched his head and said, "Good boy, it's a pity to tell the truth", meaning that his name "Yun" revealed the secret of his birth. His grandfather suddenly woke up and changed his name to Shouren. After that, he began to speak. This story is a bit of a myth, but it can be seen from this story that he did not show intelligence when he was young. When he was ten years old, his father was the top student in high school, and Wang Yangming went to Beijing with his father. When passing through Jinshan Temple, my father and friends got together. At the banquet, someone suggested making a poem about Jinshan Temple. Everyone is still thinking hard. Wang Yangming has already finished: "Jinshan is as big as a fist, breaking the underwater sky." I was drunk on the wonderful platform last month, and Xiao Yu blew through the hole and fell asleep. " The fourth floor was shocked, and he was asked to write poems to build a moon house. Wang Yangming casually intoned, "The mountain is near the moon, and the sidewalk is bigger than the moon. If people have eyes as big as the sky, the mountains and the moon can see wider. " Show extraordinary imagination and profound cultural accomplishment. When he was studying in Beijing at the age of eleven or twelve, he asked his teacher, "What's the first thing?" The teacher said that "only reading can get the first place in the imperial examination". At that time, he said, "The first thing is not to study, but to learn to be a saint." Despite this, he has been unruly since he was a child, and all records say that he is not so "heroic". For example, after the death of 13-year-old mother, his stepmother was very bad to him. He bribed a witch to play tricks on his stepmother so that she could be nice to him from now on. He doesn't study very hard and often leads his companions to play military games. When he was young, he traveled the border, practiced riding and archery, and showed the secrets of Sun Tzu's art of war. He often takes the method of arranging stones as a game when meeting guests.
Jiangxi pingding
In the 12th year of Zheng De (15 17), the Ministry of War recommended Jiangxi, then the governor of Wang Shouren, to suppress the rebellion. In the 13th year of Zheng De's reign (15 18), in the first month, Wang Shouren pacified Chi Zhongrong (Chidabian), and invited him to establish Heping County and County School. In March, Shouren arrived in Jiangxi to take up his post. Quickly mobilize troops from the three provinces to suppress the uprisings in Xinfeng and other places. In July, Wang Shouren read that the war caused great losses. Last week, he asked the court to allow him to woo himself. The Ming court entrusted the local military and political power and allowed it to be humble. 10, Wang Shouren led his troops to attack Lantianfeng and Xiezhishan Barracks in Zuoxi, Chongyi County, Jiangxi Province, and joined forces with them in Zuoxi. Wang Shouren surrendered himself. In November, Wang Shouren sent a special envoy to woo, and broke the blue sky phoenix department.
Take King Ning alive.
Putting down the rebellion of Ning Wang Zhu in Nanchang was the greatest military achievement in his life. When he was going to Fujian to wipe out bandits (there were not many troops), his troops had just marched to Fengcheng, and Ning Wang Zhu suddenly rebelled. Therefore, Wang Shouren actively prepared for war, allocated rations, repaired equipment, and then issued a denunciation of thieves and robbers, published an indictment against Wang Ning, and asked all localities to arise and be diligent. At that time, I was most worried about the invasion and occupation of Nanjing by Zhu Dong, the king of Ning. If Nanjing falls, Ning Wang will have the capital to claim the title of emperor, and at the same time occupy a geographical position, which is hard to destroy. Wang Shouren bluffing, using false propaganda and false information, disturbed Wang Ning's sight in the city, forcing him to make a wrong judgment, thinking that various armies had formed a trend of encirclement. At the same time, he used counter-measures and ordered people to sneak into Nanchang with wax pills, which made Wang Ning doubt his subordinates' strategy of attacking Nanjing. Ning Wang was really taken in. He hesitated for half a month and was at a loss. He dare not send troops to attack Nanjing. Wang Shouren took advantage of this opportunity to prepare to defend Nanjing, making it impossible for Wang Ning to attack Nanjing. In July, King Ning led 60,000 men, captured Jiujiang and Nankang, and crossed the river to attack Anqing. At this time, Wang Shouren has mobilized 80,000 troops (mainly local militia and farmers), claiming to be 300,000. Wang Shouren summoned his soldiers to ask how to retreat from the enemy. It was pointed out that Anqing should be given first aid. Wang Shouren said, "Jiujiang and Nankang have been occupied by the enemy. If we cross Nanchang to save Anqing, we will be caught between Scylla and Charybdis. Now Nanchang is empty, and our army is full of momentum, which can be broken in one fell swoop. When the enemy heard of the fall of Nanchang, they would certainly return to the division to save it. At this time, when we meet him in Poyang Lake, we will definitely win. " Wang Shouren
Due to a lot of propaganda work in the early stage, it was lied that a large number of troops attacked the city, but Nanchang has actually fallen apart. Two days later, Wang Shouren sent generals to meet Wang Ning's army in five ways. Four divisions marched in and ambushed all the way. After the war, Wang Ning's army was quickly attacked between Scylla and Charybdis and was divided into several parts. Later, he was ambushed and defeated, and fled to the eight-character brain area. Seeing a genial smile, King Ning quickly dispatched the elite troops from Jiujiang and Nankang to attack, and sent several troops to meet and win Nankang. This battle is quite fierce and it is a key battle. Once the loyalist retreated, Wang Shouren immediately beheaded the evacuee and ordered the army to fight to the death. Finally, the enemy was defeated. The enemy surrendered to the woodshed area and arranged the ships in a square. Wang Ning took out gold and silver jewelry to reward soldiers, filled them with one hundred gold, and injured thousands of dollars, asking them to fight hard. But Wang Shouren saw the defects of Wang Ning's phalanx, and he decided to follow Battle of Red Cliffs's example and set the ship on fire. The next day, King Ning held a "morning meeting" on the boat. Wang Shouren's army came, put grass on the boat and set fire to Wang Ning's auxiliary boat. The imperial secretary and officials of Loufei's family dived in succession. Wang Ning's flagship ran aground, unable to move, and rushed to the ship to escape, and was caught by Wang Yangming's subordinate Wang Mian, and other ministers of civil and military affairs in Wang Ning also became prisoners. Soon, Nankang and Jiujiang were also captured by loyalists, and Wang Ning's rebellion was completely quelled, only for 35 days. Therefore, Wang Shouren is called "the God of Daming Army". Later, Ming Wuzong went to war under the pseudonym of "General Zhu Shou", and Jiang Bin wanted to do something wrong. He incited Wu Zong to fight Wang Ning and personally captured him. Wang Yangming showed kindness to eunuch Zhang Yong, indicating that doing so would kill more people. Finally, the result of coordination is: let Ming Wuzong go to Nanjing, and then let Wang Ning be captured by the emperor, and everyone is happy.
governor of Guangdong and Guangxi
1527 (the sixth year of jiajing of emperor shizong of Ming dynasty), Wang Shouren, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, defeated the local armed forces of Yao and Dong.
Go home after illness
After the war between Guangdong and Guangxi, Yangming's lung disease worsened and he begged for help. 1529 1 9/month (the seventh year of Jiajing 1 1 29/month), Wang Shouren died in Nan 'an, in the middle of Jiangxi province. On his deathbed, the students around him asked him what his last words were, and he said, "This heart is bright, what can I say!" " . After his death, posthumous title Guanglu doctor, Zhu Guo, Xinjian Bo, and posthumous title Xinjian Hou. The twelfth year of Wanli was dedicated to the Confucius Temple.
Ideological proposition
Unreasonable outside the heart: It inherited Lu Jiuyuan's theory and carried forward Lu's thought, so it was called "Lu Wang School". Based on the theory of "mind is reason", Lu Jiuyuan thinks that the place where things start is to realize the truth. Wang Shouren was dissatisfied with Lu Jiuyuan's explanation. He said: Lu Xiangshan's learning, "he knows speculation and the language of things, although he is tired and does not follow." Oppose Cheng's method of "seeking the ultimate truth through things", because things are endless and unique, which is too tiring. Therefore, he advocated seeking the truth from his own heart, believing that the truth is in his own heart, and the truth is transformed into all things in the universe. People have grasped its subtlety, so people have grasped its essence. As Lu Jiuyuan said, "The heart is rational and the heart is rational." Why not look outside? Therefore, it is obvious that "initial heart" is clear about "heaven". Therefore, Wang Shouren emphasized: "There is only one heart, which means benevolence in terms of all its troubles;" As far as its appropriateness is concerned, this means righteousness; As far as its organization is concerned, this means reason. Can't seek benevolence, justice and reason from outside? This knowing and doing is two because it seeks truth from the outside; Seeking truth from my heart, this holy gate is the teaching of unity of knowledge and action. " Unity of knowing and doing: In the relationship between knowing and doing, starting from "the universe is one", we oppose Zhu's theory of "foresight". Wang Shouren thinks that since we know this truth, we should carry it out. If you just claim to know and don't practice, it can't be called real knowledge. Real knowledge cannot be separated from practice. For example, when you know the truth of filial piety, you are already very filial and care about your parents; When you know kindness, you have treated your friends with kindness. The real unity of knowing and doing lies in doing what you know. Knowing and doing happen at the same time. His aim is "if there is something wrong with the engine, knock it down, and it needs to be completely eradicated so as not to lurk in the chest." In the handbook compiled by his students, Wang Shouren understood Zhu's theory of separation of knowledge and action, such as "after the prophet's behavior". Ancient sages saw that many people spent a lot of time and energy on knowledge and neglected action, thinking that this would lead to grandiose atmosphere, so they began to emphasize the need to know before acting, and later people understood it as saying that they should act after acting, which misunderstood the sage's meaning. Beijing Jiaotong University, Northeastern University and Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics regard it as part of the school motto. Conscience: Wang Shouren has experienced hundreds of deaths and hardships in life. At the age of 50, he put forward the academic purpose of "conscience" as if it were the finishing touch: "This conscience I am talking about comes from a hundred deaths and sufferings, and I want to tell it all to others. I am afraid that scholars will play with it as a situation, don't study hard, and learn nothing! " Just seeking right: Wang Yangming advocates the style of study of "only seeking right", which has many explanations. Today, the spirit of "seeking truth" is still very important. Zhejiang University regards it as part of its motto. Scholars, Agriculture, Industry and Commerce: Gu put forward in Volume 7 of Rizhilu that "scholars, agriculture, industry and commerce are called four people, and their theory began with Guan Zi (Guan Zhong)." Wang Yangming believes that scholars, agriculture, industry and commerce "all belong to the ways that are beneficial to strangers, and then merge into one", and further explains the view that "the four ancient people walked in different ways, shared the same way, and specialized in one thing". He put the industry and commerce, which has always been regarded as a "cheap industry" in the traditional concept, at the same height as scholars. (Table of Jiean Cemetery) Wang Yangming's Addendum to the Manual says: "Although trading by the day does not harm him as a saint." This theory is called "New Four-person Theory". Four-sentence teaching: "Four-sentence teaching" is a comprehensive summary of Wang Yangming's philosophical thoughts in his later years, that is, "there is no body of good and evil, there are actions of good and evil, knowing good and evil is conscience, and getting rid of evil is a matter of style".
Ideological evolution
At the age of seventeen, he went to Nanchang to marry Zhu Yanghe's daughter Zhu Shi, but no one could find him on the wedding day. It turned out that this day he wandered into the Tiezhu Taoist Temple. When I met a Taoist who meditated there, I asked him for advice. The Taoist told him a way to keep in good health, and he sat quietly with the Taoist until his father-in-law took him back the next day. Since then, he has often discussed health preservation with Taoist priests from all over the world. At the age of twenty-two, Li Dongyang, then the cabinet official equivalent to the prime minister, said with a smile: "If you miss this time, you will win the championship in the Ministry and strive to be the champion in the Ministry." Wang Yangming's pen hangs, and the old man in the DPRK is surprised as a genius. Wang Shouren
Jealous people say that if the young man wins the first prize, he will be arrogant. At the age of twenty-five, I failed the exam under the pressure of taboo. At the age of twenty-eight, he did well in the examination of the Ministry of War, and was among the best. He won the Jinshi and taught the Ministry of War. Wang Yangming praised Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism in his early years. In order to practice Zhu's theory of "learning from nature", he made up his mind to cultivate bamboo for seven days and seven nights. As a result, he found nothing, but people fell ill. This is the famous "observing benevolence and Zhuge". From then on, Wang Yangming had great doubts about the theory of "Wu Ge". In the year of Zheng Deyuan (1506), Ming Wuzong was sentenced to 40 years in court for opposing eunuch Liu Jin, and was demoted to Longchang, Guizhou (70 miles northwest of Guiyang, xiuwen county) as an official. He came to the southwest mountainous area of China, where the mountains are thin and Miao and Liao live together, which gave him a new understanding of the central idea of the university. Wang Shouren believes that the heart is the root of everything, and everything in the world is the product of the heart. I realized that "the sage's way is self-sufficient, and seeking truth from facts is also a mistake." History calls Longchang Enlightenment. During this period, he wrote "Training all the students in the Dragon Field". Many of his disciples were puzzled by his theory of "unreasonable outside the heart, nothing outside the heart" and asked him: What is the relationship between the flower trees in Nanshan and my heart? He replied, "When I didn't see this flower, it died with my heart." When I came to see this flower, I understood its color for a while. I know this flower is not outside your heart. "
A famous motto
1, "It's easier to break a thief in the mountains than in the heart." 2. "The principle of everything is nothing more than my heart." 3. "Heart is reason." "Unreasonable outside the heart, nothing outside the heart, nothing outside the heart." 4. "The right person in the heart is the Tao heart; Those who have lost their righteousness are also popular. " 5. "There is no good disgusting body. There are good intentions and bad intentions. Knowing good and evil is a conscience, and good and evil are things. " 6. "When you didn't see this flower, it died with your heart. When you come to see this flower, the color of this flower will be understood for a while. You will know that this flower is not in your heart. " 7. "People who are interested in saints, Confucius and Meng Zhixun, seek the sun and the moon, and hope that the light is too small. Is it ridiculous? " 8. "Sages are the same as people in heaven and earth, and Confucianism, Buddhism, Lao and Zhuang are all used by me, which is called the avenue. The second is selfishness, which is called path. " 9. "Nothing is greater than the merits of heaven, sin is greater than the goodness of Tibetans, evil is deeper than attacking energy, and humiliation is more important than the shame of forgetting oneself. All four are prepared for disaster." 10, "Fu Xuegui is in my heart. What's more, what's more, what's worse This is from the heart, but it is also. Although it is a cliche, it dare not think it is wrong, but it comes from Confucius. 1 1 "Therefore, being a saint is pure nature, not talent. Therefore, although a mortal is willing to learn and make this heart pure in heaven, he can also be a saint. "12," Although the heavens and the earth are big, there is a good thought and a conscience. Although ordinary people can become saints. "
Tougou Heihachirou, a famous Japanese military strategist in modern times, was impressed by Wang Yangming's theory and specially wore a seal engraved with "Do my best to worship Yangming all my life". With Zhu Shunshui's eastward crossing to Japan in the late Ming Dynasty, Yangming studies also spread to Japan, and now there is a statue of Zhu Shunshui in Mito, Japan. Japan's Yangming school directly became the basis of Japan's resistance to total westernization during the Meiji Restoration. So today, Japanese traditions are much better preserved than those in China. During Chiang Kai-shek's stay in Japan, he saw many Japanese people reading Wang Yangming's Biography on the tram, watching for a while and closing their eyes for a while. He was shocked, so he began to read Biography and worship Wang Yangming.