1. Common sense of forest fire prevention
1. Forest fire
Forest fire is the most dangerous enemy and the most terrible disaster in forestry, which will bring the greatest harm and devastating consequences to the forest. Forest fire will not only burn patches of forest, harm the animals in the forest, but also reduce the regeneration ability of the forest, cause soil impoverishment, destroy the function of forest to conserve water, and even lead to imbalance of ecological environment. Despite the rapid development of science in the world today, human beings have not made great progress in putting out forest fires.
2. Types and classification of forest fires
According to the burning position, spreading speed, damaged position and degree of forest fires, forest fires can be roughly divided into three categories: 1. Surface fire II. Crown fire 3. Underground fires are divided into the following four categories according to the size of the damaged forest area: 1. Forest fire: the affected forest area is less than 1 hectare or other woodlands are on fire (including yellow fire); 2. General forest fire: the affected forest area is more than 1 hectare and less than 100 hectare; 3. Major forest fires: the affected forest area is less than 1000 hectares1000 hectares; 4. Extraordinary forest fire: the affected forest area 1000 hectares or more;
3. Causes of forest fires
There are two main causes of forest fires: man-made fires and natural fires. (1) Man-made fires include the following types: 1. Productive fire sources: fire for agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry production, fire for forest sideline production, fire for industrial and mining transportation production, etc. 2. Unproductive fire sources: such as cooking, cooking, burning paper, heating, etc. ; 3. Among the fires caused by man-made fire sources, intentional arson is the most, and forest fires caused by land reclamation and smoking are the most. In the forest fires in our city, the fires caused by cooking smoke, burning wasteland and burning paper on graves account for an absolute number. (2) Natural fire: including lightning fire and spontaneous combustion. Forest fires caused by natural fires account for about 1% of the total forest fires in China. Temperature, humidity and unit combustible load are three factors that affect the fire.
4. Discover forest fires-Finding them is more meaningful than putting them out.
Forest fire is very harmful and difficult to put out, so it is particularly important to put out the fire immediately when the fire is still in its infancy. Because forest fires are often located in deep mountains and old forests, it is not easy to find them, so it is of great significance to find them early. 1, the watchtower has been built. At present, there are many backward technologies in China. Watchtower monitoring is to observe the occurrence of forest fire through the watchtower, determine the fire location and report the fire. Its advantages are large coverage and good effect. The disadvantages are: it is impossible to set up observation points in remote forest areas without living conditions; Its observation effect is limited by topography, with small coverage, dead corners and gaps, so it is impossible to observe large-scale fires, residual fires and underground fires with dense smoke. No lightning weather can be observed on the tower; Lookout is an observation method based on the observer's experience, which has low accuracy and large error. In addition, the personal safety of the lookout is threatened by lightning, wild animals and forest encephalitis. 2. Establish the mainstream monitoring mode of domestic video monitoring system at present. This is a simple extension of traditional city monitoring, which collects the video images by microwave and completes centralized monitoring manually. Manual monitoring is easy to cause naked eye fatigue, and the fire in the video is not easy to be detected, resulting in missing reports; There are many video lines in the monitoring center, and manual monitoring can't monitor them one by one, which is easy to cause missing reports. Therefore, the biggest drawback of traditional video surveillance is the high rate of missing reports. Traditional video surveillance is a non-digital system, and many intelligent applications cannot be realized. 3. Establish an intelligent early warning system, which is the development direction of forest fire prevention and realize the intelligence and informatization of forest fire prevention. The intelligent monitoring, early warning and emergency command system of forest fire prevention is established by using high-tech technologies such as intelligent image recognition technology, object-oriented 3D GIS technology and seamless integration of large-scale network monitoring technology, and combining with professional knowledge of forest management and experience of forest fire prevention, so as to realize the functions of automatic monitoring of forest video, accurate identification of fireworks, accurate location of fire spots, deduction of fire spread trend, fire fighting command and decision-making, post-disaster evaluation, etc., and establish a complete forest fire prevention business chain to solve users in a targeted manner. For example, "Forest Protection 365" series products are mainly composed of front-end intelligent monitoring products and back-end application systems. Front-end intelligent monitoring products include heavy digital ptz, intelligent control box of base station, embedded intelligent processor for fireworks identification, etc. The back-end application system includes Haipu networked monitoring and management platform, forest fire prevention auxiliary decision-making and emergency command system based on ArcGIS platform.
Step 5 put out forest fires
(A) how to strengthen safety measures and strengthen fire fighting organizations. One is to send comrades with fire fighting experience as front-line commanders. Second, the temporary organization of firefighters, must specify the section chief and team leader. The third is to clarify fire discipline and safety matters. The fourth is to check whether the fire-fighting equipment meets the requirements and whether the fire-fighting clothing is loose and flame retardant. Fifth, strengthen fire reconnaissance and organize fire communication, rescue and logistics support. The sixth is to enter the fire from the tail of the fire and fight along the two wings of the fire. Seventh, don't strike the fire head directly in the wind, don't strike the fire head up the mountain, don't strike the fire head on cliffs, steep slopes and broken terrain, don't put out the fire directly in windy weather and fire conditions, and don't put out the fire in places with dense combustibles. Eight is the correct use of fire fighting equipment. (2) Out of danger and self-help methods to retreat to safety. The fire fighting team (group) should observe the changes of the fire scene when putting out the fire. In case of Fei Huo and cyclone, organize firefighters to enter burn areas, areas with less vegetation and low flame. The second is to ignite and save yourself according to the specifications. It is necessary to unify the command, choose a relatively flat place, and lie down to avoid danger according to regulations. In case of danger, you should lie down in a place with less vegetation nearby, with your feet facing the fire, pull open the floating soil until you see wet soil, bury your face in the pit, wrap your head with clothes and put your hands in front of your body. The fourth is to break the wind according to the norms. When the wind changes suddenly and the fire turns around, the commander should decisively give the order to break through, and the players themselves should make decisive decisions, choose places with less grass, wrap their heads with clothes, hold their breath and rush to break through in the wind. People should be able to break through in 7.5 seconds. Never race against the fire, only rush to it.
6. What are the hazards and consequences of forest fires?
1, forest fire will not only kill many trees, reduce stand density and destroy forest structure; At the same time, it also causes tree species succession and is replaced by low-value tree species, shrubs and weeds, which reduces the utilization value of forests. 2. Because the forest is burned and the woodland is exposed, the function of water conservation and soil and water conservation of the forest is lost, which will lead to other natural disasters such as floods, droughts, mudslides, landslides and sandstorms. 3. The growth of forest trees in the burned area decreased, which provided a favorable environment for the breeding of forest diseases and insect pests and accelerated the death of trees. After forest fire, the forest environment changes dramatically, and the forest ecology such as weather, water and soil is disturbed and out of balance, which often takes decades or hundreds of years to recover. 4. Forest fires can burn all kinds of production facilities and buildings in forest areas, threaten villages and towns near forest areas and endanger the safety of people's lives and property in forest areas. At the same time, forest fires will kill and drive away precious animals. When a forest fire breaks out, it will also produce a lot of smoke and pollute the air environment. In addition, fighting forest fires consumes a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources, which affects industrial and agricultural production. Sometimes it causes personal casualties and affects social stability. Main measures to prevent forest fires: (1) Establish and improve forest fire prevention organizations; (2) According to the Regulations on Forest Fire Prevention, the administrative leadership responsibility system of people's governments at all levels shall be implemented in forest fire prevention work, and relevant departments shall be organized to set up forest fire prevention headquarters. The comprehensive management of forest fires is based on the Regulations on Forest Fire Prevention, focusing on "grasping the grass roots and grasping the foundation" and taking concrete measures as the breakthrough point, thoroughly implementing the forest fire prevention policy of "putting prevention first and actively eliminating", constantly reforming and innovating, and establishing a new forest fire prevention mechanism of "basing on the grass roots, laying the foundation, self-prevention by village communities, group prevention and group management, self-prevention and self-rescue". The main contents are:/kl 2. Strengthen the management of wild fire sources. 3. Accelerate the construction of fire prevention projects. 4. Strengthen the construction of forest fire prevention team. 5. Strengthen command and dispatch. 6. Strengthen supervision and inspection. 7, forest fire aftermath. Forest fire must meet three conditions, namely, forest combustible, fire weather and fire source. Forest combustibles are classified according to their flammability. 1. Combustible: In general, it is easy to dry, flammable and burn quickly. This combustible material includes: dry weeds, fallen leaves, fallen leaves, lichens and mosses, needles and twigs of conifers, etc. 2. Slow-burning combustible materials: generally refers to heavy combustible materials with large particles, such as dead standing trees, roots, big branches, fallen trees, humus, etc. These combustibles are not easy to burn, but they can keep heat for a long time after fire and are not easy to extinguish. It is difficult to clean the fire when cleaning, and it is easy to rekindle. Combustible: refers to the growing herbs, shrubs and trees. Fire weather In the case of forest combustibles and fire sources, whether forest fires can occur mainly depends on fire weather. Generally speaking, fire weather is also a favorable climatic condition for forest fires, such as high temperature, less precipitation, low relative humidity, strong wind and long-term drought. Fire sources Fire sources include man-made fires and natural fires. What are the basic principles and methods to put out forest fires? When putting out forest fires, as long as any factor of the fire is controlled, the fire can be put out. Principle: 1, the combustible temperature is low, below the ignition point. 2. Blocking combustible materials and destroying the conditions of continuous combustion. 3. Isolate combustible materials from air (oxygen). Basic method: 1. Cooling method sprinkles water, chemicals or wet soil on burning combustible materials to reduce the heat, so that the temperature of combustible materials drops below the ignition point, thus putting out the fire. 2. The isolation method separates fire from combustible substances and separates burned substances from unburned substances by blocking. Generally, fire lines (belts) are set by spraying chemicals on combustible materials, or manually beating, turning the soil with machines, adopting high-speed wind, burning ahead of time, and moderately blasting. So as to separate fire from combustible materials, burning combustible materials and unburned combustible materials. At the same time, the fire resistance and flame retardancy of combustible materials can also be increased by sprinkling water or chemicals on the combustible materials after combustion. 3. The suffocation method can reduce the oxygen content in the air to below 14- 18% by isolating the air, thus suffocating the fire. Generally, machines and tools are used to put out fires, covered with soil, sprayed with chemicals and blasted. What safety matters should be paid attention to when putting out fires: The local people's government or the forest fire prevention headquarters shall organize and command the fighting of forest fires. Units and individuals who have received fire fighting orders must quickly rush to the designated place and put into fire fighting work.