1 Beijing Forbidden City Attractions Introduction The Forbidden City, located in the center of Beijing, was the imperial palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, formerly known as the Forbidden City. There were fourteen emperors in the Ming Dynasty and ten emperors in the Qing Dynasty lived here. They ruled China for 49 1 year. The Forbidden City is the largest existing palace complex in China and the largest palace complex in the world. Why is the Forbidden City called "Forbidden City"? Because the palaces where feudal emperors lived were not allowed to be near by ordinary people. A tall wall surrounded the palace, and this heavily guarded land became a private forbidden area for the Ming and Qing emperors. Why is the Forbidden City called the Forbidden City? There are three explanations in academic circles. The first explanation is that the legendary Emperor Tiandi lived in the Purple Palace in the sky, and the emperor on the ground was the son of the Emperor Tiandi, and the imperial power was granted by God, so the place where he lived was also called the Forbidden City. The second explanation is that the word "purple" is synonymous with "purple gas comes from the east", that is, Xiangyun symbolizes the emperor. The third explanation is that the Forbidden City is a metaphor of Wei Zixing's wall. Ancient astronomers in China once divided the stars in the sky into three walls and twenty-eight huts. Wei Zixing wishes, located in the center of Sanyuan, is a constellation representing the Emperor of Heaven. As the son of heaven, the emperor "sits among the sons of peace, and the officials are divided into four seas." Age and scale of the Forbidden City: The Forbidden City was built in the fourth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1406) and took fifteen years to complete. It has a history of more than 570 years. The Forbidden City covers an area of more than 720,000 square meters, surrounded by more than 9,900 palaces, with a construction area of 6,543,800 square meters. There is a moat 52 meters wide outside the city, commonly known as "Tongzi River". There are exquisite turrets around the city wall and doors on all sides. Donghuamen in the east, Xihuamen in the west, Wumen in the south and Shenwumen in the north. The architecture of the Forbidden City embodies the exquisite level and national characteristics of ancient architectural art in China. The architectural layout and functions of the Forbidden City can be divided into two parts: the "outer courtyard" and the "inner courtyard". The three halls of Taihe, Zhonghe and Baohe in the foreign dynasty are the axis, and the Wenhua Hall and Wuying Hall are the two wings, which are the main places for the emperor to exercise his power, ascend the pole and summon ministers. The Forbidden City is located on the central axis of Gan Qing Palace, Jiaotai Palace and Kunning Palace, and is surrounded by the Imperial Garden and six palaces. It is not only the place where the emperor handles daily affairs, but also the place where the emperor lives with his queen, concubines, queen mother and toffee. The Palace Museum The Palace Museum is now home to the largest museum in China. At present, the open area can be divided into four tour routes, which can facilitate visitors to enjoy the historical features of the Forbidden City more comprehensively. These four tourist routes are: China-Shandong->; Take | West Road-> Take | East Road-> Take Waidong Road-> Take the middle meridian gate | Jinshui Bridge | Hall of Supreme Harmony | The terrace of Hall of Supreme Harmony symbolizes the long-term stability of the country | Taihe Gate | Zhonghe Hall | Baohe Hall | Gan Qing Gate | Gan Qing Palace | Jiaotai Hall | Kunning Palace | East Board House | Royal Garden | Shenwumen | Wumen is the main entrance of the Forbidden City. There is a saying that the doorway of the meridian gate is "Sanming and Five Darkness". From the front, there are three. In fact, there are two secret doors left and right. These two doors extend into the city platform to the east and west, then turn north and go out from the north of the city. There are five doorways from behind the meridian gate. The main entrance of the meridian gate, only the emperor can enter and exit: the main entrance is usually only accessible to the emperor. Only two situations can make an exception to enter and leave this door: when the emperor gets married, the queen can enter once; The three students before the palace exam, that is, those who won the first place, the second place and the flower exploration, can walk out of this door once. In the Qing Dynasty, ministers of civil and military affairs went in and out through the left door, while royal princes went in and out through the right door. The left and right doors are closed at ordinary times. Only when the emperor holds a ceremony in the Hall of Supreme Harmony can the civil and military officials enter and leave through the two doors. Wufenglou is commonly known as Wufenglou: The Forbidden City is commonly known as Wufenglou, and its name comes from the architectural style of Wumen. The east, west and north sides of the Wumen Gate are connected by a 12-meter-high platform surrounded by a square. The gatehouse in the middle of the north platform is nine rooms wide with double eaves and yellow tile roof. There are thirteen bedrooms on the east-west platform, which are arranged from both sides of the gatehouse to the south, like a wild goose wing, so it is called the wild goose wing building. There is a double-eaved pyramid-shaped roof pavilion at the north and south ends of the East-West Swallow Wing Building. In this way, the majestic meridian gate is like three mountains surrounded by five mountains, which is magnificent, so it is commonly known as the Five Wind Pagoda.
Pay attention to ringing bells and drums: there are two pavilions around the gatehouse in the middle of the noon gate, with bells and drums inside. When you ring the bell and drum, you are very particular. According to the regulations, the emperor will ring the bell when he comes out of the meridian gate; When the emperor worships the ancestral temple, he drums; Only when the emperor goes to the temple to hold a ceremony can the bell and drum ring. On the fifteenth day of the first month of the Ming Dynasty, lanterns were hung at the noon gate to entertain hundreds of officials. At the beginning of spring, the emperor sends spring cakes at Chongyang, and cold cakes and flower cakes at noon. New Moon Presentation Ceremony: The Qing emperors presented the almanac of the next year at the meridian gate on the first day of the tenth lunar month and held a new moon presentation ceremony, which was called "New Moon Presentation Ceremony". The instrument of offering prisoners: the country has a large-scale movement. When returning to the DPRK after winning the battle, it is sometimes necessary to sacrifice prisoners of war and hold a ceremony at the meridian gate. The emperor personally accepted the ceremony of offering sacrifices to prisoners of war at the noon gate. Responsibility of court aides: All ministers who offend the emperor and are criticized for "scaling" should be taken outside the noon gate and be responsible to the court aides. Jinshui Bridge Outside Jinshui Bridge: The artificial river in front of Tiananmen Square is called Waijinshui River, and the five stone bridges on the river are called Waijinshui Bridge. Neijinshui Bridge: The bow-shaped artificial river in front of Wumen Taihe Gate is called Neijinshui River, which spans five stone bridges side by side, that is, Neijinshui Bridge. Neijinshui River is introduced into the Forbidden City from the moat in the northwest corner of the Forbidden City. It winds south, then east, then south. Occasional, wide or narrow, it is connected with the moat outside the southeast corner of the Forbidden City, with a total length of more than 2,000 meters. The most gorgeous river section is in front of Taihe Gate, which is both open and regular, and the decoration is quite gorgeous. The bottom and banks of the river are made of white stone, and both sides of the river are equipped with white marble columns and fences. Main bridge that only the emperor can pass: among the five internal jinshui bridges, the middle bridge is the longest and widest, and it is the main bridge that only the emperor can pass; The left and right four bridges are passenger bridges, which are used by royal princes and ministers. The largest palace in the Hall of Supreme Harmony: Hall of Supreme Harmony, commonly known as the Golden Throne Hall, is the largest palace in the Forbidden City. In the Ming Dynasty, it was called Fengtian Hall and Huangji Hall. In the Qing Dynasty, it was renamed the Hall of Supreme Harmony. It experienced three fires and a military disaster, and it can still be seen in palaces built in the Qing Dynasty. The Hall of Supreme Harmony covers an area of 2,377 square meters; The highest frame from the ground to the spine kiss is 35.5 meters. The highest level of temple form: five ridges and four slopes, yellow tile double eaves; Liang Mei's color painting used Jinlong's "He Cai Hua"; Even the number of small beasts behind the immortals on the cornices is the largest, with ten. The top of the temple is covered with wellhead smallpox with golden dragon patterns, and there is a relief dragon algae well with a treasure bead in the middle. The majestic momentum of the dragon dance competition: there is a gold lacquer pedestal with nanmu hollowed out and carved dragon patterns in the center of the hall, with a golden lacquer throne of Kowloon on the pedestal and a gold lacquer screen carved dragon behind the throne; On both sides of the throne, there are six golden dragon pillars. The faucets of the three gold pillars on the east face the throne to the west, and the faucets of the three gold pillars on the west face the throne to the east, which makes the whole hall dance, thus creating an atmosphere of defending the throne. Seventy-two pillars: the Hall of Supreme Harmony is eleven wide and five deep. * * There are seventy-two pillars supporting its total weight, of which the top pillar is the thickest and tallest, with a diameter of one meter six and a height of twelve meters seven hundred. Nanmu was used in the Ming Dynasty and collected from Sichuan, Guangzhou, Yunnan and Guizhou. After the reconstruction in Qing Dynasty, pine was collected from the mountains of three northeastern provinces. 47 18 gold bricks: The floor of the Hall of Supreme Harmony is paved with 47 18 big gold bricks two feet square. But bricks are not made of gold, they are specially made in Suzhou. Its surface is light black, oily and bright, not astringent and not slippery. Suzhou has good soil quality and fine firing. After firing, it can be used only when it reaches the level of "knocking loudly and breaking without holes" The place of enthronement ceremony: Twenty-four emperors of Ming and Qing Dynasties enthroned here and declared their enthronement.
Celebration: Every emperor's birthday, that is, longevity day, queen's appointment day, New Year's Day, winter solstice day and other festivals, as well as when generals go out to war, make peace and spread the story of Jindian, grand ceremonies or ceremonies will be held here to receive congratulations from civil and military officials. The sundial displayed on the platform of the Hall of Supreme Harmony symbolizes the eternal life of the country: the ancient Chinese timer. There is a stone disc engraved with time on the stone base, and a copper needle is placed in the middle, perpendicular to the disc surface. The time at that time was calculated by using the shadow position of the copper needle reflected by the sunlight. Jia Liang: A symbolic measure. There is a partition in the middle of the measuring device with a large body, the upper part is a welcome guest, and the lower part is a bucket; There are two small ears on both sides, one is upward, the other is closed at the upper part, and the lower part is cockroach. Copper turtle and copper crane: symbols of good luck and longevity. Eighteen Ding Incense Burners: Built in the Qing Qianlong period. When the emperor held a ceremony, he lit pine and cypress branches and sandalwood in the incense burner, and the smoke curled up, adding mystery and majesty. 200 ceremonial piers: In the spacious courtyard of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, there are two rows of white stones one foot square, about one meter apart, narrow in the north and wide in the south, showing a figure of eight, about 200 pieces. This is the ceremony pier. When the emperor held the ceremony, the guard of honor stood on the ceremonial pier, holding banners, fans, hijabs, stars, cymbals, melons, halberds and so on. Taihe Gate is the main entrance of the three main halls. Inside the Taihe Gate, there are three spacious enclosed courtyards. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is the tallest palace in the Forbidden City, located on three platforms due north, which makes the Taihe Gate look spacious and spectacular. . In the east of the courtyard, there is Tijen Pavilion in the middle of the court, and Hongyi Pavilion in the west. There are four beautiful buildings in the four corners of the yard. On both sides of Taihe Gate, there are a pair of big bronze lions, male in the east and hydrangea in the right front paw. The one in the west is only a female, and the left front paw caresses a young lion. This kind of decoration in the court not only represents luxury, but also symbolizes the dignity and majesty of the emperor. In addition, there are other gold-plated bronze lions, gold-plated bronze unicorns and gold-plated bronze statues similar to the big bronze lion in front of the Forbidden City Palace or inside and outside the palace gate. The unique shape of Zhonghe Hall Zhonghe Hall is a square pavilion-like palace. It is this unique shape that makes its position between the tall Hall of Supreme Harmony and the Hall of Baohe highlight the originality of architectural layout. As a result, the overall structure of the three halls presents a staggered and orderly architectural pattern, showing the charm of China's architectural art style. When did the emperor use this hall? When the ceremony was held in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Supreme Harmony was the first resting place for the emperor, and the deacons would also visit him during the ceremony. Every year, when offering sacrifices to the Temple of Heaven, Ditan and Ancestral Hall, the emperor will read the memorial here in advance. Before offering sacrifices to the Xiannongtan, the emperor should read out the sacrificial ceremony and farm tools used for farming in Zhonghe Hall. The Qing dynasty stipulated that the genealogy of the emperor should be compiled once every ten years, which is called jade plate. After the compilation, a presentation and review ceremony to the emperor was held in Zhonghe Hall. Two golden four-legged unicorns are displayed on the left and right sides of the throne. They are not biological images in the real world, but imaginary beasts. It is said that they travel 18,000 miles a day, are familiar with the four languages and know far-reaching things. Although it is used to burn sandalwood, it is placed on both sides of the emperor's throne because it has the meaning of a god beast and implies the holiness of the monarch. Copper fuming stoves placed on both sides of the platform are used to make a fire to keep warm. In the Qing dynasty, the best charcoal was named "carrot charcoal" and burned in the palace. This kind of charcoal is hot, extremely flame-resistant, gray and non-explosive. There are two sedan chairs on each side of the throne, which are elegant and shoulder-mounted. They were the means of transportation used by the Qing emperors when they traveled inside the court. emperor
After that, what kind of sedan chair to sit in any occasion has strict grade regulations. The shoulder strap shown here is one of the various sedan chairs used by the emperor. The emperor of Baohe Hall gave a banquet. Every year on New Year's Eve, the emperors of the Qing Dynasty hosted a banquet in Baohe Hall for foreign ministers, Mongolian princes and ministers of civil and military affairs. The examination room of the highest grade examination was the place where the court examination was held in the Qing Dynasty. The court examination was moved from the Hall of Supreme Harmony to the Hall of Baohe in the 54th year of Qianlong (1789). Palace examination was the highest-level examination in the feudal imperial examination system. The emperor personally put forward a proposition, appointed a minister questionnaire, and read the top ten papers himself. The first place is the champion, the second place is the second place, and the third place is the flower exploration. All high school students were awarded Jinshi and appointed as senior officials. This kind of palace examination is held every three years, and participants generally have to pass the provincial examination and the general examination to qualify for the palace examination. Yunlong stone carving in the middle of the back steps of Baohe Hall is a stone carved with clouds, dragons, sea water and cliffs, which is called Yunlong stone carving. This is the largest stone carving in the Forbidden City. It is 1 6m long, 3m wide,1m thick and weighs 250 tons. Originally engraved in the Ming Dynasty, it was re-engraved in the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. There are nine pearls in the Youlong with a pattern between cliffs, sea water and flowing clouds, and their images are full of vitality. The stone of Yunlong stone carving is produced in the cave in Fangshan, western Beijing. At that time, it took more than 10 thousand migrant workers to drag such a heavy boulder to Beijing, and it was towed by dry boats. To this end, a well is dug every mile along the way for migrant workers to drink water. It took nearly a month to haul the goods from Fangshan to Beijing. Although this way of hauling was difficult, it also showed the talent and wisdom of workers at that time's productivity level. Ganlong spits water. Ganlong is a thousand stone faucet protruding from a column. Whenever it rains, the rainwater will be discharged from Longkou, which organically combines the practical function of diverting rainwater with the ornamental function of architectural art. The spectacular scene of the dragon spitting water comes from the three-story platform above the three halls of Taihe, Zhonghe and Baohe. "Santai" covers an area of about 2,500 square meters and is made of large blocks of white marble. Sumitomo is engraved around the base of each floor. On the Sumeru, there is a big rectangular slate named Defoe. There are pillars between the ground and fences between the pillars. Below them, there are drainage pipes. There is a stone carving faucet sticking out under each column, and the whole "three sets" have 1 142 faucets. Except for the faucets with protruding corners on each floor, round holes are drilled between the two lips of other faucets, which communicate with the channels under the observation post. Because the design of the countertop is that the middle is higher than the periphery, whenever it rains, the rain that falls on the countertop naturally bypasses the bottom of the terrain and is discharged from Longkou, forming a spectacle of "a thousand dragons spitting water". Located on the east and west sides of Baohe Hall, the bedroom was transformed into an exhibition hall. To the north of Gan Qing Gate is the Forbidden City, where the Queen lives. The Qing emperor "listened to the government at the imperial gate" here, that is, the emperor himself came here and sat on the throne temporarily placed in the middle of the door to listen to important government affairs. It is usually played by cabinet officials and decided by the emperor's decree. Emperor Kangxi was the most diligent in listening to politics. A university student once invited the emperor to listen to politics every three or four days, but Emperor Kangxi insisted on being diligent and listening to politics. He said: "It has become a common practice to listen to politics together for more than 30 years, and in a few days, you will feel uneasy ..." So some national events at that time, such as the Qing army's decision to counter Russian aggression against China twice in jaxa, were decided when you were listening to politics in Yumen. Ten golden pots and ten glittering gold-plated copper pots are displayed on both sides of Gan Qing Gate, against the red palace wall. These golden pots are not only open-air furnishings in the palace, but more importantly, appliances for storing water and preventing fire. The weight of the cylinder is more than 4,000 kilograms, and the water is more than 4,000 kilograms. There are 22 similar gilded bronze cylinder palaces, plus other styles of bronze cylinders and iron cylinders, totaling * * * 308. Gan Qing Palace is the main hall of the imperial palace, with 9 rooms wide, 5 rooms deep and 20 meters high. There is a throne in the temple, and there are warm pavilions at both ends. Sixteen Emperors' Bedrooms Fourteen Emperors of Ming Dynasty and two Emperors of Shunzhi and Kangxi of Qing Dynasty all lived in Gan Qing Palace. They live here and usually deal with daily affairs. During the period of Shunzhi and Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, Gan Qing Palace had a close relationship with government affairs. The emperor studied here, reviewed the memorial, summoned officials, met foreign envoys, held palace ceremonies and family banquets.
5. Behind the plaque, the "Zheng Da Guangming" plaque inscribed by the emperor shunzhi in Qing Dynasty hangs high in the main hall of Gan Qing Palace. Behind this plaque, there is a "storage box" that determines the fate of the prince. At that time, the infighting among governors for the throne was quite fierce. In order to alleviate this contradiction, since the Yongzheng dynasty, the secret storage method has been adopted, that is, the emperor unfairly disclosed the documents of the selected heir to the throne in two copies, one for the emperor; One of them was sealed in the "building storage box" and placed behind the "fairness and justice" plaque. After the emperor died, Minister Gu Ming took down the "storage box" and compared it with the copy kept by the emperor. After verification, he announced the heir to the throne. Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng all ascended the throne according to this system. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, because Emperor Xianfeng had only one son, Emperor Tongzhi and Emperor Guangxu had no sons, this method of secret storage lost its meaning. In the sixty-first year of Kangxi (1722) and the fifty years of Qianlong (1785), two grand banquets were held in Gan Qing Palace. The second time was much bigger than the first time. More than 3000 ministers, officials, non-commissioned officers, civilians, craftsmen, etc. Over 65 years old to attend the grand banquet hosted by Emperor Qianlong. During the dinner, Emperor Qianlong also called the ministers of Yipin and people over 90 years old to the throne, gave wine and gave everyone crutches and other items. At the banquet, thousands of poems were written together. In the Qing dynasty, the upright official was still the place where the emperor's coffin was parked after his death. Even if the emperor dies in other places, he should first transport his spiritual pivot (also called Zigong) to Gan Qing and park it for a few days. The emperor shunzhi died in hall of mental cultivation, Emperor Kangxi died in Changchun Garden, Yong Zhengdi died in Yuanmingyuan, and Emperor Xianfeng died in the summer resort. All their spiritual fulcrums were transported back to Gan Qing officials, where they were parked and commemorated as required. There are two stone platforms on both sides of the platform in front of Gan Qing Palace. There is a gold-plated bronze pavilion on each stone platform, which is called the Golden Hall of Jiangshan State, also known as the Golden Pavilion in spoken language. The Golden Temple is deep and wide, with four partition fans and double eaves on both sides. On the top eaves of the circular pyramid-shaped roof, there is an elegant treasure top, which symbolizes that the country of Jiangshan is in the hands of the emperor. There are three culverts in Laolong Cave, about two meters high and one meter wide, which are located at the junction of the south edge of Gan Qing Palace and Yudaotai. It's called the tiger's den. It is said that due to the strict hierarchy in the palace, the internal biography who served the emperor could not board the terrace and imperial road, but could only walk back and forth in the "tiger den" Anecdotes about the South Study There was a South Study in the South Hall of Qing Dynasty. According to records, the young Emperor Kangxi removed Ao Bai here. At that time, Emperor Kangxi summoned Ao Bai and ordered tea. The housekeeper served Ao Bai tea in a boiling bowl. When Ao Bai took the tea, the bowl fell to the ground with a bang, because it was too hot and hot. The housekeeper behind Ao Bai pushed the tampered chair, and Ao Bai fell to the ground. Emperor Kangxi shouted, "Ao Bai is disrespectful." . A group of robust teenagers rushed out at once and caught Ao Bai. The ceremony of the Millennium Festival in Jiaotai Hall was held in the Qing Dynasty, and the birthday of the queen was called the Millennium Festival. On that day, the Queen will hold a ceremony in the Jiaotai Hall to receive greetings from the imperial concubine, concubine, concubine, princess and Fujin (the wife of the prince and the king of the county). Saving twenty-five treasures is the seal of the emperor's exercise of power. In the 13th year of Qianlong (1748), the emperor stored 25 treasures representing imperial power in the Jiaotai Hall. These imperial seals are held by the cabinet and supervised by the palace supervisor. When using it, you must ask the emperor for instructions and get permission to use it. Each treasure seal stored here has different uses: "the treasure of the emperor" is used to send letters and publish the imperial list when recruiting Jinshi; "The treasure of making laws" and "the treasure of life and morality" are used to formulate imperial edicts and reward officials; The "treasure of controlling the Sixth Division" is used in the military. The precious seal is put in a treasure box, covered with yellow silk. Now, the treasure chest is still displayed in the Jiaotai Hall in its original position. The dzmz displayed in the Jiaotai Hall was made by the Qing Palace in the third year of Jiaqing (1798). Its shell is a Chinese pavilion-shaped wooden cabinet with a height of 5 meters and 80 meters, which is divided into upper, middle and lower floors. There is a small staircase behind the bell tower. Climbing stairs can wind the clock. When the bell rings, it will automatically show the time on time. Now, this clock has gone through 200 years, but it can still walk normally and accurately, and its sound is crisp and loud when it strikes the time. This shows that its manufacturing process is very sophisticated.
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