Chinese name: Zeng Guofan
alias: Zeng shaved his head and Zeng Bohan
Nationality: China
Nationality: Han nationality
Birthplace: Changsha, Hunan Province
Date of birth: November 26th, 1811
Date of death: March 12th, 1872
Occupation.
The main deeds of
The Skill of Educating Children
Suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and Conquering Tianjing
Born in Baiyangping (now Tianping Village, Heye Town, Shuangfeng County, Loudi City, Hunan Province) in 1811 (the 16th year of Jiaqing), an ordinary farming family. There are nine brothers and sisters, Zeng Guofan is the eldest son. Ancestors mainly worked in agriculture, and their lives were relatively well-off. Grandfather Zeng Yuping has little education, but rich experience; Father Zeng Linshu, as a scholar, and Zeng Guofan, as the eldest son and grandson, naturally got the ethical education of two ancestors. He advocated the Westernization Movement, founded the Xiang Army, and made great achievements in governing the family, the army, the country and education. He was a local reformer during the Westernization Movement. At the age of six, he went to school, but he was also a stupid child in his childhood. (For details, see the first episode of Zeng Guofan's family instructions (Part I) in Lecture Room: "Who will save the stupid child", but he is also diligent and studious. In the 12th year of Daoguang (1832), he was admitted as a scholar and married Ouyang Cangming's daughter. After failing to pass the exam twice in a row, he worked hard to review for one year. At the age of 28 in nominal age, palace examination was admitted to the same Jinshi in the eighteenth year of Daoguang (1838). Since then, he has set foot on the road of official career step by step, and has become a favorite pupil of Minister Muzhang. In Beijing for more than ten years, he successively served as Jishi Shu of the Imperial Academy, moved to study, lectured with a bachelor's degree, worked in Wenyuan Pavilion, served as a bachelor's degree in cabinet, inspected Chinese book affairs, served as assistant minister of Ministry of Justice and Ministry of War, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Punishment, and official department. Zeng Guofan was promoted to the second-class position step by step along this career path. Ten years and seven moves, even ten steps. In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), Zeng Guofan was lost at home because of his mother. At this time, the uprising of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom had swept half of China. Although the Qing government mobilized a large number of officers and men of the Eight Banners and green camp from all over the country to deal with the Taiping Army, this decadent armed force was vulnerable. Therefore, the Qing government repeatedly issued orders to reward Yong Tuan, trying to use the landlord armed forces in various places to curb the development of revolutionary forces, which provided an opportunity for the emergence of Zeng Guofan's Xiang army. In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), when the Qing government gave him the opportunity to seek strength to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, he built a local group training called Xiang Yong in his hometown of Hunan, relying on complicated interpersonal relationships such as mentoring, relatives and friends. In February, 1854, the Xiang army rushed out, and Zeng Guofan published "Asking for Guangdong Bandits". In this essay, he attacked the peasant war of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom as "poisoning the living beings" and "cited China's thousands of years of etiquette and ethics, once swept away. This is not only a strange change in the Qing Dynasty, but also a strange change in the famous religion since the opening up. Confucius and Mencius wept bitterly in Jiuyuan ",and then called on" anyone who can read and write can sit still and do nothing ".He stood at the commanding heights of morality, so he mobilized the broad masses of intellectuals at that time to participate in the struggle against the Taiping Army, laying a solid foundation for future victory. Zeng Guofan cruelly suppressed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom uprising and used harsh punishments. It is said in history that "one person was sent to Zhizhou, and one person was taken care of to judge the bandits. If the solution was serious, it would be decided, and if it was light, it would be killed, and if it was light, it would be thousands of whips. ..... the case will be immediately heard and the law will be immediately executed, and there is no expectation of delay. " Not only did he kill people directly, but his father and four brothers also killed people, that is, some people accused him of killing too many people, calling him "Zeng shaved his head" and "Zeng butcher." It is said that children in Nanjing cried at night, and their mother said, "I shaved my head," so the children stopped crying. Zeng Guofan knew how to make good use of people, and set an example to abide by military discipline. Wherever the army went, the people all went their own way. One of the eight books, "marching without disturbing the people", may be summed up in the period when the Xiang army wiped out the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Xiang Army became one of the main forces fighting against the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in southern China among the Qing armed forces with backward military quality. Zeng Guofan was named the first-class brave marquis, and became the first person to seal the marquis of Wu as a scholar in the Qing Dynasty. Later, he served as the governor of Liangjiang and Zhili, and the official residence was one product. In 1864, the Xiang Army, led by its brother Ceng Guoquan, captured Tianjing and became a hero in suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. After the suppression of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Zeng Guofan's Xiang army has reached more than 1,. Some subordinates once said, "The weight of the tripod is like asking." In fact, it is to persuade him to use his prestige to support himself when he reaches the peak. Zeng Guofan changed it to "the weight of the tripod can't be asked" and wrote in calligraphy, "There are countless flowers in the sea, and the water is high and the mountain knows itself", and the persuader is silent. Judging from the strength comparison at that time, Zeng Guofan did have the power to win the championship, but the Qing court had been very wary of it. But for Zeng Guofan personally, he has always been loyal to the Qing Dynasty. Judging from the situation, at that time, the world had just suffered from the military disaster, and the people's hearts were not necessarily available. A considerable number of people still had illusions about the Qing court, and the objective situation did not allow him to stand on his own feet. Zeng Guofan's subsequent dissolution of the Xiang army did not necessarily show the Qing court that he had no ambition. There are many works in his life, but Letters from Home is the most widely circulated and influential. In the fifth year of Guangxu (1879), that is, seven years after Zeng Guofan's death, Chuanzhong Bookstore engraved Zeng Wenzheng's Letter from the Public edited by Li Hanzhang and Li Hongzhang. I am also good at using talents, and other famous ministers in the Qing Dynasty, such as Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang, are closely related to him. Li Hongzhang and others called Zeng Guofan a teacher. Zeng Guofan once said, "Li Shaoquan tried his best to be an official, and Yu Yinfu (Yu Yue) tried his best to write a book". After the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Taiping Army joined the Nian Army in the rest of Jiangbei, and the Qing court ordered Zeng Guofan to supervise the military affairs in Zhili, Shandong and Henan provinces. Zeng Guofan led 2, Xiang troops and 6, Huai troops, equipped with foreign guns and guns, to "suppress twisting" in the north. His policy was to "emphasize suppression rather than stern chase" and put forward plans such as "key fortification" in an attempt to stop the twisting army in the canal and Shahe areas, so that it had nowhere to escape and then be destroyed. However, the Nian army broke through Zeng Guofan's defense line and entered Shandong, which made Zeng Guofan's strategic plan bankrupt. Zeng Guofan was removed from office and replaced by Li Hongzhang. In the ninth year of Tongzhi (187), Zeng Guofan, who was in office as governor of Zhili, was ordered to go to Tianjin to handle the Tianjin religious plan. On June 21, 187, thousands of people in Tianjin gathered in front of the French Catholic church on suspicion that the Catholic church used the nursery as a crutch to kidnap people and kill babies. French consul Feng Daye thought that the official didn't press hard. He ran into Liu Jie, a magistrate of Tianjin, with a gun in the street. Because of a dispute, he shot and killed Liu Jie's servant on the spot. In public anger, he first killed French consul Feng Daye and his secretary Simon, then killed 1 nuns, 2 priests, 2 other French consulate staff, 2 French nationals, 3 Russian nationals and more than 3 China believers, and burned the French consulate, the Catholic Church of Wanghailou and local British and American missionaries. After the incident, Britain, the United States, France and other countries jointly protested and dispatched warships to show off their power. After Zeng Guofan arrived in Tianjin, considering the situation at that time, he didn't want to go to war with France. "However, the quick success of the Hebei draw was not one of the crimes of asking for love." At the request of France, he decided to finally kill 18 people who were the first to kill, banished 25 people, and sent Zhang Guangzao, the magistrate of Tianjin, and Liu Jie, the magistrate of a county, to Heilongjiang to compensate foreigners for their losses of 462, silver, and sent a mission from Chonghou to France to apologize. As a result of this negotiation, people in the imperial court and public opinion were very dissatisfied, which greatly affected Zeng Guofan's reputation and caused reviled by the ruling and opposition parties all over the country. Even his fellow countrymen in Hunan smashed and burned the plaque that he boasted of his fame in Huguang Hall. He died in Nanjing on the fourth day of February in the eleventh year of Tongzhi (Gregorian calendar: March 2, 1872). The imperial court gave a gift to Taifu, and he was given the title of "Wen Zheng" after his death. His cemetery was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution after the Tongxi Temple in Fulongshan, Pingtang Town, Wangcheng County, Changsha City, and remains such as stone horses still remain in the cemetery.
As an outstanding man of his time, he also has his own human side. After being defeated by the Taiping Army, he committed suicide by jumping into the river twice. When he failed, he was laughed at by the people of the current dynasty, and his self-esteem was greatly hurt. His subsequent success was accumulated on the basis of his previous failure. As a man, he is also lewd, which is recorded in his diary. When he heard that his friend had married a beautiful concubine with a face like a peach blossom, he insisted on seeing her face despite his friend's great displeasure. After seeing her, he was even more frivolous in his face. After returning home, he regretted it very much in his diary. This also shows the true side of Zeng Guofan's human nature.
editing this life chronicle
Born in Tianping Village, Heye Township, Shuangfeng County, Loudi City, Hunan Province on November 26th, 1811 (16th year of Jiaqing), his birth name was Kuanyi. In 1815 (the twentieth year of Jiaqing), he was literate at home at the age of five. A year later, he entered the family school to "see the fast". In 1826 (the sixth year of Daoguang reign), at the age of 16, he took the Changsha government test (boy test) and ranked seventh. In 183 (the tenth year of Daoguang), at the age of 2, he studied at the Tang Ancestral Hall in Hengyang and studied under Wang Juean. A year later, he transferred to Lianbin College in Xiangxiang. Change the number and wash it. In 1833 (13th year of Daoguang reign), at the age of 23, he took part in the Xiangxiang County Examination and was admitted as a scholar. In 1834 (14th year of Daoguang), at the age of 24, he entered Yuelu Academy. Autumn, take part in the 36th juren after having obtained the provincial examination. In winter, I entered Beijing to prepare for the exam, and I passed through Changsha before I started to associate with Liu Rong. In 1835 (15th year of Daoguang reign), at the age of 25, in April, he tried to stay in Beijing to study in Changsha Guild Hall. In 1836 (16th year of Daoguang reign), at the age of 26, Enke tried again and went home from Beijing. To Changsha, I met with Liu Rong and Guo Songtao in Xiangxiang Hall for two months. In 1838 (18th year of Daoguang), at the age of 28, Gong Shi was ranked 38th in the public examination. After the test, it was renamed Guofan. Palace examination took the 42nd place in the top three, and was given the same background as a scholar. Chao Kao ranked first and third, and Daoguang Emperor ranked second. Awarded the academician courtyard Jishi Shu. Begging for leave and returning home at the end of the year. In the summer of 1839 (19th year of Daoguang), at the age of 29, he left Hengyang to visit Du Gongbu Temple and Shigu Academy. In autumn, I went out to Shaoyang and visited Wugang, Xinhua, Lantian and Yongfeng. In December, Zi Jizesheng left home for Beijing. I started to keep a diary this year, persevering and never stopping. In 184 (the 2th year of Daoguang), at the age of 3, in May, Jishi Shu closed the museum, ranking second and nineteen, and was awarded a review by the Hanlin Academy. In July, he got sick and was treated and nursed by Ouyang Zhaoxiong and Wu Tingdong. He recovered in two months and the three became friends. In 1841 (twenty-first year of Daoguang), at the age of 31, in August, he went to see Tang Jian, the master of Neo-Confucianism, for advice on the way to study and the importance of physical examination. "Kao De asked about the industry" and "fumigated by righteousness". In November, he was appointed as a member of the National History Museum, reviewing the previous history and distinguishing gains and losses. That year, I enjoyed reading Tao Wenyi's Collection of Official Documents presented by Hu Linyi. Writing "Li Xu", straight to the sufferings of the people, flogging corrupt officials. In 1842 (twenty-two years of Daoguang), at the age of 32, he devoted himself to the study of Cheng Zhu, and he had to do daily classes: getting up early, respecting, sitting in meditation, reading books, reading history, being cautious, keeping healthy, knowing that the day is dead, remembering what he can do in the month, writing words and staying at home at night. In 1843 (twenty-third year of Daoguang), at the age of 33, he was promoted to be an assistant lecturer at the Hanlin Academy. In July, Qin was appointed as the examiner after having obtained the provincial examination (Sichuan). In August, he was granted a lecture at the Hanlin Academy. In December, Chong Wenyuan Pavilion was in charge of school management. In August, 1844 (twenty-four years of Daoguang), at the age of 34, Guo Songtao introduced Jiang Zhongyuan and became a teacher and student. Sent to the Imperial Academy to teach Jishi Shu. In October, 1845 (twenty-five years of Daoguang), at the age of 35, he was promoted to a bachelor's degree as a lecturer in the Hanlin Academy. Li Hongzhang entered Beijing for the examination, and his family voted for him in the next year. In 1846 (twenty-six years of Daoguang), at the age of 36, in January, he was in charge of Wenyuan Pavilion. I wrote to my bookstore and said, "Beg for Quezhai". During the summer and autumn, he reported to the Baoguo Temple in the south of the city for illness, and had an in-depth discussion with Liu Chuanying, his roommate, on Sinology and Song Studies. He knew that learning must return to the main task and "serve both purposes". In July, 1847 (twenty-seventh year of Daoguang), at the age of 37, he was awarded a bachelor's degree in cabinet and assistant minister street. In November, Qin Pai Wu Hui tried to be the president, and palace examination read the volume. In 1848 (twenty-eight years of Daoguang), at the age of 38, Zi Ji Hongsheng was born in March. In October, I collected the speeches of great scholars in ancient and modern times, and compiled them into "Zeng's Family Instructions" in 32 orders according to self-cultivation, family planning and governing the country. In 1849 (twenty-ninth year of Daoguang), at the age of 39, he was promoted to the right assistant minister of the ritual department in February. In September, the right assistant minister of the Ministry of War. In 185 (thirty years of Daoguang), at the age of 4, I went to the book "I should write a letter to Chen Yan Shu", which directly revealed that the officialdom was "unwilling to follow suit" and the officials were "timid" and "soft". "The speaker today is only at the ear of the employer". In July, and official department left assistant minister. In January 1851 (the first year of Xianfeng), at the age of 41, Hong Xiuquan organized an uprising in Jintian Village, Guiping, Guangxi. In May, on the "Respect for Chen Shengde's Three Ends to Prevent Abuse", Emperor Xianfeng "angrily threw it to the ground" and wanted to sin. In January, 1852 (the second year of Xianfeng), at the age of 42, I went to "Prepare for the sufferings of the people". In July, he was appointed as the examiner of Jiangxi Provincial Examination. Arriving at Xiaochi Post in Taihu County, Anhui Province, I got my mother's obituary and went home to attend the funeral. Arrive home in early October. The Taiping Army left Guangxi and entered Hunan, attacked Changsha in September and depended on Yuezhou in October. In 1853 (the third year of Xianfeng), at the age of 43, on January 21, he took over the mission of Hunan Youth League Training. Guo Songtao urged Bao Sangzi. On the 3th, he arrived in Changsha for a business group training with Hunan Governor Zhang Liangji. On March 19th, the Taiping Army captured Jiangning, making Tianjing its capital. In September, Zhun Zhun moved to Hengzhou for training. In November, Hengzhou Shipyard was built to build warships. Send people to Guangdong to buy foreign guns and build a navy. In 1854 (the fourth year of Xianfeng), at the age of 44, he was ordered to lead his division to the Taiping Army on February 25th. Release "Ask for Guangdong Bandits". Chu Ruhang was appointed as the president of the navy and Taqibu as the pioneer of the army, commanding 17, people and sending troops north. In May, the soldiers defeated Jinggang and were rescued by drowning themselves. On July 25, after reorganizing the land and water armies, they started to attack Yuezhou. Take Wuchang on October 14th. Emperor Xianfeng ordered him to deploy the governor of Hubei Province. Take it back after 7 days. Reward the rank of assistant minister of the Ministry of War. On December 2, Tianjia Town was captured. In 1855 (the fifth year of Xianfeng), at the age of 45, on the night of February 12, Shi Dakai attacked the Xiang water camp and burned more than 1 Xiang warships. Zeng Guofan's ship was captured, and "all the books and volumes were lost." "Angry, want to ride to the enemy to death", Luo Zenan, Liu Rongli advised is to stop. In 1856 (six years of Xianfeng), at the age of 46, he was trapped in Nanchang. On September 2, after Yang and Hong fought each other (Tianjing Incident), the Taiping Army was badly hurt. In October, Zeng Guofan set up a auspicious word camp in Changyouyong to enter Jiangxi. In 1857 (the seventh year of Xianfeng), at the age of 47, his father died on February 27, and his brother Guohua returned home to attend the funeral. In July, I went to the hydrophobic twice, and asked for the final system at home, which was approved by Emperor Xianfeng. The Siyun Pavilion was built in. In 1858 (the eighth year of Xianfeng), at the age of 48, on May 19th, Li Xubin and Yang Yuebin led the amphibious forces to capture Jiujiang. Di Guohua entered the Li curtain. On July 13, he was ordered by the imperial edict to run Zhejiang military affairs and set off on July 17. On August 5, I arrived in Wuchang. Discuss with Hu Linyi the strategy of invading troops and raising salaries. On November 15th, Li Xubin and Ceng Guohua died in the Battle of Three Rivers. In December, he wrote "Love Folk Songs" to train the Xiang Army. 1859 (