The introduction of this lesson consists of two parts: pictures and words. The picture shows China people cutting braids in the street after the Revolution of 1911. The main content of the text is a letter written by Kang Youwei, a representative of the reformists during the Reform Movement of 1898, to Emperor Guangxu, which emphasizes the importance of "breaking clothes". The purpose of the two parts is to show that backward social customs not only hinder the normal communication between countries, but also hinder the development of industrial civilization in China, which is contrary to the trend of social development. Therefore, the idea of cutting off braids, taking off robes and connecting with the world is undoubtedly progressive. It is suggested that teachers should take pictures and words as materials and read the introduction by asking questions in the teaching process. Design question one, what historical information can be obtained by observing the pictures in the introduction? From what aspects do you judge the historical era reflected in the picture? When did this hairstyle start? ) design question 2. By reading the text in the introduction, why do you think Kang Youwei put forward the idea of "breaking clothes" on the basis of students' answering questions, and the teacher guided the students into this lesson?
First, "modern social life in turmoil and change". Starting from the Opium War 1840, the textbook introduces the changes of food, clothing, housing, transportation and social life in modern China. The social life of the West is influencing China, and the people of China are also moving closer to the developed countries in the process of learning from the West. At first, the textbook briefly introduces the reasons why China people's modern life has changed since the Opium War. Then it focuses on the performance of China's modern social life changes from 65438 to the 1940s.
Because "breaking clothes" and "waste foot binding" are important concepts in this course, it is suggested that teachers first increase the origin of shaving, braiding and foot binding of "breaking clothes" and "waste foot binding". Deepen the understanding of the changes in social life in China since modern times.
(1) The reasons for the changes in modern life in turmoil
1840, Britain deliberately launched the opium war against China in order to open China's market and raw material producing areas, and China was defeated. Britain forced the Qing government to sign the first unequal treaty in China's history, Sino-British treaty of nanking. Accordingly, China's territorial sovereignty, commercial and trade rights, tariff sovereignty and a series of other sovereignty have been destroyed. The western countries, represented by Britain, started large-scale commodity aggression and capital aggression, and then the western modes of production, lifestyles and social customs were introduced into China, which affected the social production and social life of our people. At the same time, some people of insight, represented by China resistance faction Lin Zexu, realized China's backwardness through the Opium War, and put forward the idea and proposition of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", which set off a new ideological trend of learning from the West. In the Westernization Movement, the Reform Movement of 1898, the Revolution of 1911 and the New Culture Movement, they successively learned their advanced technology, advanced political system and advanced culture from the West, and the western lifestyle and social customs were further introduced to China. Great changes have taken place in the social life of our society, from the southeast coast of our country, the biggest change is Shanghai. Teachers are advised to guide students to browse the wonderful Shanghai website to understand the specific situation.
(2) the performance of changes in modern social life.
Because the teaching content of this course is closely related to students' real life, it is suggested that teachers should use multimedia to display pictures and video materials during this period, so as to increase the intuitive feeling of teaching, stimulate students' interest in learning and improve the classroom teaching effect. In the teaching content, we should pay close attention to food, clothing, housing, transportation and social customs to implement teaching.
In terms of "clothes". People's clothes basically reflect the degree of modernization of a country or region's economic outlook. After the Opium War, firstly, China, as a trading port, was influenced by western clothing culture. Some comprador who worked for foreigners wore suits and became the earliest modern people in China. Secondly, young children studying in the United States not only put on suits, but also cut off braids, which opened the prelude to "breaking hair and changing clothes"; Third, before the Revolution of 1911, many people with lofty ideals and young students took the lead in cutting off the braid symbolizing the Qing Dynasty and expressed their determination to oppose feudal autocracy. After the Revolution of 1911, the Nanjing Provisional Government issued a braid cutting order. In a few years, most men in the country cut their braids. The change of dress is that intellectuals and young students like to wear simple suits, called "student clothes", instead of robes and mandarin jackets. Wearing this kind of clothing can give people a sense of solemnity and elegance. Dr. Sun Yat-sen liked to wear this kind of clothing in those days, and made some changes to it. Later, it spread and was honored as "Chinese tunic suit". Soon, men wore tunic suits, women put on cheongsam, and people began to wear foreign clothes and socks. At the same time, the bad habit of foot binding, which was harmful to women's physical and mental health, was abolished.
As far as food is concerned. Eating habits have strong national heritability, and are also greatly influenced and restricted by the natural environment and production methods. Although the traditional diet in China is very rich, for example, rice is the staple food in rice-growing agricultural areas in the south, while oats and millet are the staple food in arid agricultural areas in the north. However, after the Opium War, it became fashionable for the rich in some big cities in trading ports to eat western food, and the diet structure changed greatly during the Republic of China. Western wine, chocolate candy, coffee and soda water are also accepted by people.
In terms of "housing". After the Opium War, western-style garden houses for foreigners and wealthy people in China began to appear in traditional China houses in coastal cities. Some wealthy businessmen and bureaucrats have built "foreign buildings". There are electric lights and running water in urban houses, which provide convenience for the lives of the general public. But there are a lot of old houses in the city and thatched houses in the countryside. It is suggested that teachers can choose a typical China traditional Beijing quadrangle, and compare it with western-style garden houses to enhance their appeal.
In terms of social customs. During the Reform Movement of 1898, the reformists advocated "breaking clothes", and during the interim government of the Republic of China, they also advocated "abolishing foot binding" for women. The custom of foot-binding lasted for more than 1000 years in the history of China, and it spread widely. The deformed foot entangled by women is beautified as "three-inch golden lotus", which is widely praised by people. One of the important reasons why foot-binding can spread for thousands of years is marriage. The quality of marriage depends on the size of the feet. In fact, the meaning of a woman's life lies in these feet. This custom once had a great influence on the history and society of China. As early as 1883, Kang Youwei, a representative of the reformists, joined some enlightened gentry in his hometown of Nanhai, Guangzhou, and founded the foot-binding society. He also set an example, and neither his wife nor his daughter bound their feet. During the reform period, a non-foot-binding club was set up to carry out foot-letting exercise. 19 12, when the Republic of China was founded, the Nanjing provisional government headed by Dr. Sun Yat-sen announced that women were forbidden to bind their feet. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, 200 million male compatriots in China all cut off their long braids in just a few years, unifying the 268-year-old Qing Dynasty hairstyle into a modern male hairstyle that is universally used in the world. However, it took nearly half a century to ban women's foot binding. It is suggested that teachers guide students to read history and let them think about the difference between Hanfu and suit and the influence of women's foot binding. The evolution of the custom system of weddings and funerals shows that the luxurious and complicated marriage systems such as the birth and birth of the family, the introduction of the matchmaker, the "matchmaking" (child bride) and the "big knot" (formal marriage) have evolved into a free, simple and civilized marriage system, and social etiquette and address have also evolved from hierarchical regulations to equal western norms. In addition, appellations, calendars and festivals have also undergone tremendous changes.
Although great changes have taken place in the cities of China, the changes in the backward rural areas of China are still weak. The reason is mainly due to the closed state and conservative concept of rural areas, which makes the contact between urban and rural areas less and communication less, while the contact with foreign countries is almost zero. The feudal traditional ideas formed for a long time are rock-solid, which seriously fetters the ideology of Chinese farmers.
The second item is "New Life and Fashion in New China". This project is divided into two stages to introduce the changes of social life in China after the founding of New China. First, the changes in China's social life after the founding of New China; Second, the changes in social life in China after the reform and opening up. It is suggested that teachers should invite students to introduce their family's clothing, food, housing, transportation and living habits when dealing with the teaching content of reform and opening up. Let students know more about the changes around us.
(1) Reasons for the changes in social life in China after the founding of New China.
With the establishment of New China, the people of China overthrew three mountains, turned over and became masters of their own affairs, and bid farewell to the era of exploitation and oppression. On behalf of the people's interests, the Party and the people's government allocated land to farmers and solved the employment problem of urban residents. The people's government also implements social welfare to ensure the food, clothing, housing and transportation of vulnerable groups. People's lives have gradually improved.
However, due to the lack of understanding and experience of many domestic and foreign factors in the construction, especially the proposal of the general line of building socialism from 65438 to 0958, the "Great Leap Forward" and the rise of the people's commune movement, the pace of economic construction is too fast and the proportion of the national economy is unbalanced; Secondly, the rapid growth of urban population has become a heavy burden of economic growth; Third, some illegal speculators took the opportunity to drive up prices, so there was a serious contradiction between supply and demand of materials in China. To this end, the party and the government have successively implemented the policy of unified purchase and marketing of grain, edible oil, cotton and cotton cloth, which has stabilized prices and guaranteed people's basic material needs.
However, the problem of food and clothing for China people, especially farmers, has not been solved for a long time.
(2) Since the reform and opening up, the social life of China people has undergone earth-shaking changes.
From 65438 to 0978, since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, a great historic turning point has taken place in China. The focus of the Party's work has shifted to socialist modernization. The party and the government regard the realization of a well-off society as the goal of economic construction. We began to reform the economic system and implement the great decision of opening to the outside world. Thanks to the joint efforts of the people of the whole country, the people of China have undergone earth-shaking changes in food, clothing, housing and transportation.
Since the reform and opening up, the social life of China people has undergone earth-shaking changes.
In terms of "eating" People's living standards have changed greatly. The people of China have basically solved the problem of food and clothing that has not been solved for thousands of years, and the Party and the government are very concerned about the quality of life of the people. 1987 launched the "vegetable basket project" to put rich vegetables, meat, eggs and seafood on the table of the people. Coarse grains and green food are popular, and people have improved their diet structure and paid attention to nutrition. On holidays, people go out of the kitchen more often and go to restaurants for family dinners and friends' gatherings. It is suggested that teachers explain the "vegetable basket project" well, and arrange research study topics such as "vegetable basket project and environmental protection" in combination with the local actual situation, so that students can deeply understand the implementation of the local "vegetable basket project".
In terms of "wearing". For a long time before the reform and opening up in New China, people wore the same gray Chinese tunic suit or blue liberation suit, which was described as "blue (gray) ocean". At that time, people had to buy clothes with cloth tickets. With the liberation of people's minds, China people's clothes have changed from dull gray-blue clothes to colorful clothes. Not only the color of clothes is changing, but also the style and brand of clothes have changed greatly. Mainly men's suits and jackets, women's styles are more. Jeans are teenagers' favorite style and the most popular. Large clothing stores often hold fashion shows, and the ever-changing fashions are dizzying.
In terms of "housing". Since the founding of New China, especially since the 1980s, the Party and the government have issued policies on housing projects and comfortable housing projects. Residents' housing has been continuously improved, not only the per capita living area has been expanded, but also the interior decoration and living environment have been significantly improved.
In terms of "social customs". After the founding of New China, social evils such as prostitution, drug trafficking, gambling and reactionary society were banned, and the social atmosphere became new. Feudal marriage system was widespread in the early days of the People's Republic of China. Young men and women often follow old habits when they get married. Parents' orders and matchmakers' words are the premise of marriage. Finding the right family and discussing wealth are necessary conditions for marriage. Arranging, buying and selling marriage and early marriage are the main forms of marriage. In order to prepare for marriage, some turn-over households borrow money or sell their property as a bride price, often at the end of the wedding period, family resources are empty, leading to poverty. Early marriage is prominent. Women get married and have children at the age of thirteen or fourteen, which endangers personal health, lowers the quality of the population and hurts national vitality. On May 1950, 1, China formally implemented the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China. Its principle is: "Abolish the feudal marriage system which is arranged and forced, and men are superior to women, regardless of the interests of children. A new democratic marriage system with freedom of marriage for men and women, monogamy, equal rights for men and women and protection of the legitimate rights and interests of women and children. " "Bigamy and concubinage are prohibited. Child bride is forbidden. It is forbidden to interfere with the widow's freedom of marriage. It is forbidden for anyone to ask for property by marriage. " Thus, the paradigm of the new democratic marriage system is constructed, which also provides a legal basis for the reform of the marriage system. This is an important measure to emancipate women and change social customs, which has greatly changed the family life in China for thousands of years. The party and government also advocate the spirit of thrift, love of labor, selfless dedication and helpfulness, which fundamentally changes the social atmosphere.
The continuous improvement of social life and the extension of holidays provide people with more and more leisure time. It has become a social fashion that people use their spare time to recharge their batteries, improve their quality, care for themselves, others and society.
Third, teaching design and cases
1. Instructional design
In order to help students understand and understand the influence of the Opium War on China, teachers can first ask students to review the related problems of the Opium War, and realize the re-understanding and reappearance of the old knowledge in the form of conversation. For example, when did the Opium War break out? The result of the opium war? Where did you sign the contract? What is the content and influence of Sino-British treaty of nanking? Therefore, guide students to start learning new courses. In teaching, teachers can ask students to read the introduction of textbooks, observe pictures and think about what effective historical information can be obtained. Can remind students from the following angles, when did the people of China first realize "broken hair and easy clothes"? When did the people of China really "change their clothes"? Through the understanding of this issue, students can realize that every progress of China people is the result of the struggle between progress and backward forces. The conclusion is that the trend of historical progress is unstoppable. Teachers can guide students to read the first paragraph of the textbook and analyze the internal and external reasons that lead to the changes in modern social life in China. We should pay close attention to the expression of food, clothing, housing and transportation and social customs when telling the expression of modern social life changes in China. When teaching Clothing, we should highlight the process of change and emphasize five periods. The teacher can focus on the Zhongshan suit. Zhongshan suit is a kind of clothing with special significance advocated by Dr. Sun Yat-sen. The five buttons of Zhongshan suit represent the five major nationalities in China, the three buttons on the cuffs represent the Three People's Principles advocated by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, and the four pockets of the coat represent the unity of the whole country. With its unique political meaning, Zhongshan suit was quickly accepted and popularized by intellectuals and young students in China. Regarding "food" and "housing", students can feel the important changes in people's lives through pictures. With regard to the change of social customs, teachers can guide students to find out through which aspects the change of social customs is manifested, and can also guide students to arrange short plays to properly express this change. Easy to be understood and accepted by students.
With regard to the new life and fashion in new China, when teachers are teaching the economic situation in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, they can ask students to go home and collect some food stamps, cloth tickets, cotton tickets, oil tickets, meat tickets and tofu tickets from their parents before class according to the policy of unified purchase and marketing implemented by the party and the government, and display them through physical projectors. Ask the students to think about what these tickets mean. By designing such questions, students can realize the situation of that era and deepen their understanding of the earth-shaking changes after the reform and opening up. After the reform and opening up, China people's basic necessities of life have changed. The textbook shows four historical photos: the vegetable basket project, the homemade fabrics displayed by girls in Dangjia Village, hancheng city City, Shaanxi Province, the Huayuan Community, the largest housing project in Tianjin, the Tai Ji Chuan performance in Tiananmen Square and the Thousand-Person Go Competition in Tangqiao Town, Zhangjiagang City, Jiangsu Province, which reflects what China people have done since the reform and opening up. When introducing the "food basket project" of "eating", the teacher asked the students to investigate the varieties of the vegetable market in the 1960 s and 1970 s and the changes throughout the year through their parents. And through their own contact, cite the vegetable basket project that happened around them, such as the vegetable plastic greenhouse in the suburbs of the city, so that people can eat all kinds of vegetables all year round; Pollution-free green vegetables and brand vegetables have become the pursuit of people at the dinner table. When the teacher introduced the "housing project" of "housing", combined with the chart of the textbook Statistics of Household Appliances Owned by Every 100 Households in China since the Reform and Opening-up, the teacher asked the students to think about the conclusions we can draw from these two materials, emphasizing that while the people's living environment has changed, the people's quality of life has also changed greatly. This can cultivate students' ability to analyze and compare problems. When introducing "social customs", Tai Ji Chuan's performance in Tiananmen Square and "Thousand-Person Go Competition in Tangqiao Town, Zhangjiagang City, Jiangsu Province", the teacher first explained the fundamental improvement of China's marriage system and the ugly social atmosphere after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Then, students can be organized to list examples of the improvement of people's living standards in China. It is an important part of people's social life to take advantage of weekends, "May Day" and "Eleventh" long holidays, and to recharge in the library, especially to engage in public welfare activities.