First, your respectful name
Honorifics, also known as honorifics, are used to show respect for each other, and the words used to show honorifics are called honorifics.
According to the part of speech of honorifics, there are three situations:
(1) is a pronoun that directly uses honorific words, generally monosyllabic words, commonly used as "such as, er, zi, er, gong, jun" and so on. These can all be translated as "you".
(2) Use nouns instead of pronouns to address each other. These words are disyllabic words, and there are three forms of this title: "Mr. and my son" as a general honorific; You can also use the place where the other person is or the people under your own hands to represent the other person, such as "first step, your majesty, your Excellency, deacon, left and right"; There are also people who address each other by their official positions, such as "king, doctor, general, son" and so on. These nouns can also be translated as "you". Your majesty is the monarch and emperor, but there is no need for translation, and neither does an official.
(3) Adjectives are used to address the behavior of people who are related to each other. These words are generally disyllabic words, the former is an adjective and the latter is a noun related to people. Common ones are:
Respect: respect the government, brothers, drivers and wives;
Xian: A good brother and wife.
Jen: My dear brother, my dear brother
Expensive: your body (with greetings), your surname, your Geng;
High: high friends, high relatives, high neighbors and high opinions;
Big: big gift, masterpiece, preparation.
These words generally don't need to be translated.
These honorifics have changed with the development of society, and one or two of the above situations are basically unnecessary now; The third type is still commonly used. These appellations are respectful, friendly and harmonious.
Second, modesty.
Modesty means confidence. The word used to express modesty is modesty. Can be divided into two situations to understand and master.
One is to replace the pronoun "I" with some nouns. Can be divided into the following four categories:
One is to use one's surname or first name to express modesty. "Perilla and the guests are boating under the Red Cliff." (Red Cliff Fu) uses the surname; "Ji's father heard that you were in mourning on the seventh day." (Sacrifice to Twelve Lang) uses a name.
The second category is to use "minister, servant, so-and-so, villain" to claim to be sorry. "Servants suffered this disaster in spoken English." (Bao Ren An Shu) "Some people have been familiar with the art of war since childhood." (Lost Street Pavilion)
The third category is that women often use "concubine, maid, slave and maid" to express their apologies. "The same persecution, so is your concubine." (Peacock flies southeast)
The four categories are that monarchs often use "few people", "no hub" and "lonely people" to express modesty. I am in the country, and I am very involved. "("Mencius Hui Liang Wang Shang ")
These modest names can be translated as "I".
The other is to use certain words to address people related to themselves. These words are all disyllabic compounds, and the former word modifies the latter word. Judging from the part of speech of the modified words, it can be divided into three situations.
One is to use adjectives to modify, to show modesty, common are:
Foolish: foolish brother, foolish brother (both words mean "I"), foolish opinion and foolish meaning (all of which can be translated as "mine").
Ours: our country, our city ("ours" is equivalent to "mine").
Cheap: cheap body, cheap body, cheap benefits (calling a son in front of the monarch and emperor) and cheap wife (calling a wife). ["Cheap" equals "mine"]
Small: little girl, child, trumpet.
Micro minister
Humble: a humble position.
The second is to use verbs to modify and behavior to express modesty. Common ones are:
Steal: Steal thoughts, ideas and smells. ("stealing" can be translated into private)
Fu: (thinking on the ground. When talking to elders or younger generations) and prose. ("Wen Fu Sheng Chao governs the world with filial piety." Chen Qingbiao)
The third is to use nouns to show modesty. Politeness to your brother in front of others can be called "home" and "my father, my husband and my family respect my family". "My mother, my home" refers to my mother; "Brother" means his brother. In front of others, we use "she" to address our younger or junior relatives. "Little brother" is a little brother and "nephew" is a nephew. Both "home" and "house" can be translated as "mine".
These humble names have changed a lot with the development of society. The first case is basically not used, and the second case is still used.
Third, other titles
Claiming to be yourself in front of others. The emperor calls himself a villain, the old man calls himself an old man, the young man calls himself a younger brother in front of the old man, the monk calls himself a poor monk, and the average person calls himself me. Modesty is self-assertion.
He called it addressing others. For example, the woman who accompanies the bride is called "maid of honor", the aristocratic woman is called "madam", and "madam" is called the wife of a vassal in ancient times, and later it is used to address the wife of ordinary people, the old man is called "father-in-law" and the young man is called "husband". All honorifics belong to him.
A contemptuous address is to address others in a contemptuous tone, such as "vertical, boy, woman."
Appropriate appellations are some established appellations. For example, the woodcutter is called "woodcutter", the boatman is called "boat", and the outstanding figures of the country are called "Guo Shi".
Substitution refers to borrowing other appellations to replace the original appellations, such as "fu" for women, "Liyuan" for troupe and "Xie You" for comedians. Surrogacy belongs to metonymy in rhetoric.
Idiom is to address someone with a customary title. For example, Lao Zi refers to Lao Zi (Li Er) and Zhuangzi (Zhuang Zhou) and their theories, while Jiao Han Dao Shu refers to Meng Jiao and Jia Dao.
Appellations of people of different ages
A person is called a baby when he is born and a baby when he is less than one year old.
2 to 3 years old are called children.
A seven-year-old girl's name is Li Nian. It is said that a boy was very young when he was seven years old.
10 years old, called Huangkou.
The year from 13 to 15 is called the year of dancing spoon.
15 to 20 years old is called the Year of Dancing Elephants.
/kloc-A girl of 0/2 years old is called the Year of Chai Jin.
13-year-old girl is called cardamom.
Girl 15 years old.
16 years old is called jasper age;
At the age of 20, he was called Tao Li Nianhua.
24 years old, known as Huaxin Nianhua; Women get married again? The year of plum blossom.
A man at the age of 20 is called a weak crown.
30 years old is the year of standing.
40 years old is called the year of no doubt.
50 years old is called the year of know life.
60 years old is called the year of sixty or the year of hearing.
At the age of 70, 70.
80 years old is called the year of the pole dynasty.
80 to 90 years old? Mao year, Mao year.
100 years old.
In addition, there are childhood terms, juvenile terms, women to be married terms, years or words terms, old people terms, longevity terms and so on.
Social Language and Dating Appellations
Say "I've heard a lot about you" when I first met you; Use "wait" to wait for guests;
The other party's letter is called "Shu Hui"; Ask someone to help say "I'm sorry";
Ask people to do things with "please"; Ask someone to give directions and use "instructions";
Praise people's views with "high praise"; Ask for forgiveness and say "tolerance";
The age of the elderly requires "longevity"; When the guests come, use "coming";
Use "goodbye" with others; Visit others with "visit";
Please don't send "leave"; Trouble others to say "I'm sorry";
Ask for convenience and say "excuse me"; Find someone to teach and say "consult";
Welcome to buy is called "patronage"; Long time no see "long time no see";
Use "loss compensation" in the middle first; Use "axe correction" to present the work.
Courtesy address between relatives and friends
Parents are called Gaotang and Chunxuan, and their parents are knee-high.
My parents simply call me dad and Yan Jia; My mother, my family.
Father's death name: My father, strictness is the first, and exams are the first.
Mother's death is called: first mother, first kindness, first son.
Brothers and sisters are called brothers, brothers, sisters and sisters.
Brother's name is Kun Zhong and brother.
Husband and wife are called husband and wife, spouse and partner.
The death of peers is called: dead brother, brother, sister, wife.
Other people's parents say: your father, your mother.
Although the brother and sister are called: your brother and sister.
Although people and children are called: your son, you Yuan.
Wife and father are called: father-in-law, father-in-law and Mount Tai.
Other people's homes are called: government, respected government.
My home is called my humble abode, my shed and my thatched cottage.
Men and women are collectively referred to as: men are called men and women are called women.
The death of five couples is called widowhood.
The teacher said: teacher, master.
Students are called: students, students.
The school said: cold window, chicken window.
Classmate said: Classmate.
Collection of ancient appellations
Baby: less than one year old.
Child: Two to three years old.
At first, the girl was seven years old.
First year: the boy is eight years old.
Description: According to the physiological condition, boys are eight years old and girls are seven years old. They can change teeth, take off deciduous teeth and grow permanent teeth. This is called "childhood year", "childhood year" or "childhood year".
General angle: the general term for childhood.
The year of hanging steamed buns: refers to children. In ancient times, children's hair drooped, which extended to minors. )
Yellow button: under ten years old.
Kindergarten: ten years old. (Book of Rites Quli Shang: "Ten years of life, learning at a young age." Because there were no punctuation marks in ancient Chinese characters, people intercepted the word "kindergarten" as a proxy for ten years old. )
Chai Jin Year: The girl is twelve years old.
Cardamom: The woman is thirteen years old.
Chi Xue: Fifteen. (The Analects of Confucius: Confucius said, "Nine times out of ten, I am determined to learn ...")
There is also logistics: the woman is fifteen years old. (The Book of Rites: "The woman died in five years." )
Jasper's youth broke the melon: the woman was sixteen. (In the old days, scholars took the word "melon" as 2008, which was called sixteen years old, and was mostly used by women. )
Weak crown: twenty years old. ("Book of Rites Quli Shang": "Twenty is the weak crown." )
Tao: Female, twenty years old.
Flowers in love: female 24 years old.
Standing: thirty years old.
There is no doubt: forty years old.
Destiny: fifty years old. (The Analects of Confucius: Confucius said: "I am determined to learn five out of ten, stand at thirty, not be confused at forty, know my destiny at fifty, listen to my ears at sixty, and do what I want at seventy, without exceeding the moment." ")
The year of distinguishing right from wrong: fifty years old. ("Huai Nan Zi Yuan Tao Xun": "Apollo is fifty years old, not forty-nine years." It is said that there was a Apollo in the Spring and Autumn Period who often reflected on himself. At the age of 50, he knew the mistakes of the previous 49 years, so later generations called him fifty with "knowing right and wrong". )
Listening to flowers: 60 years old. Since ancient times, heavenly stems and earthly branches has been used in our country to date each other intricately, which can form sixty pairs of branches, so it is called "sixty branches" or "sixty flowers", so sixty years old is also called "the year of sixty flowers". )
Gu Xi: Seventy years old. (Du Fu's "Two Poems of Qujiang": "A total of wine and debt, life is seventy years old." )
People in their eighties and nineties. ("Book of Rites Quli": "890 Yue Yao." According to this explanation, people use the word "eighty or ninety years old" to refer to people who are eighty or ninety years old. )
Yi: centenarians. (Book of Rites Quli: "A hundred years is long." It means that life lasts for a hundred years, so it is called "the year of life". Chen Yuan Hao explained: "Life is a hundred years, so it is a period; I am embarrassed that everything I eat and drink is moving. " )
Men and women are collectively referred to as: men are called men and women are called women.
The death of five couples is called widowhood.
The teacher said: teacher, master.
Students are called: students, students.