Guo Moruo (1892 ―― 1978) is an outstanding writer, poet, dramatist, Marxist historian and ancient philologist.
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At the intersection of Dadu River and Minjiang River in Sichuan, there is a famous historical and cultural city of more than 3,000 years-Leshan City. This was the old rule of Ming Kai, which was the southern county of Qin Wei 'an, and was transferred to Shu County, which was changed to Qianwei County in Han Dynasty. The Northern Zhou Dynasty was ruled by Pingqiang County, and Xuan Di was regarded as history when he proclaimed himself emperor. At the end of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty, Leshan County was added, formerly known as Leshan.
There are beautiful scenery in history, including the world-famous Mount Emei and the world's largest Buddha statue in the Tang Dynasty. The second peak of Emei Mountain, commonly known as Er 'e, and a San 'e, called Meiren Peak. To the north of this beautiful mountain, there is a small town in the Tang Dynasty called Lin Nan Town. The former site of the Qing Dynasty was destroyed and moved to the place called Shawan today. 100 years ago, this was Shawan Town, Guan 'e Township, Leshan County, Jiading County, Sichuan Province in the late Qing Dynasty.
At noon on September 27th (1892 165438+1016) in the 18th year of Guangxu reign of Qing dynasty, the mother endured great pain of dystocia and gave birth to a rebellious baby-a baby who couldn't wait to get into the ground first. When my mother was pregnant, she dreamed that a leopard bit her left hand, so she took Wenbao as her baby's nickname, and after entering the family school, she took Kaizhen as her scientific name, named martial arts.
This family was originally from Ninghua County, Tingzhou District, Fujian Province, and moved to Shu 46 years ago (178 1). This is the sixth generation. Grandfather loves to spread his wealth, so that his family business withers. Father Guo Chaopei is good at managing money and restoring his family business. He set up a "Suishan Pavilion" in the backyard of his former residence to teach his children. Mother Du, also known as Du Sunfu, the daughter of Jinshi, married into the Guo family at the age of 15, and was hardworking and respected by the whole family.
/kloc-in the spring of 0/897, Zhen entered the Suishan Pavilion in Jiashu. At the age of 8, he was taught to read Tang poems and Si Kongtu's poems. Later, his views on poetry were generally influenced by poetry. When I was about 9 years old, I began to learn antithesis and tried to paste poems in a few words, which produced a phenomenon that even I felt "a little strange", that is, "I like Li Bai and Liu Zongyuan, but I don't like Du Like Fu, and I hate Han Tui." At the beginning of the 20th century, I began to get in touch with a large number of new books and periodicals, and read ancient books in a more organized way. At the same time, develop a "temper" that is good at discussion and make conviction articles in the future. He made no secret that at the age of eleven, his sexual impulse was "so rampant that it almost got out of control" that he contracted masturbation. However, what are the benefits of "weird"? In my twilight years, reading the bible biography of My Fair Lady, A Gentleman is Good at Walking every day is a great responsibility for "precocity of common people of the same age". Just turned 13 years old, and entered Leshan Senior Primary School. At this time, he read "Historical Records" and "liked Tai Shigong's style very much". /kloc-in the autumn of 0/907, he entered Jiading Fu Middle School. Lin Qinnan's translated novels are his favorite reading materials, which have a decisive influence on his later literary tendency. During this period, "my favorite books are Zhuangzi, Songs of the South, Selected Works, Historical Records, Yan's Translation of Evolution and Words of a Group of Scholars", especially Zhuangzi. 19 10 was admitted to Chengdu Higher Education College in February and studied in three grades.
After 20 years of nominal age, it was the first year of the Republic of China (19 12). On the 15th day of the first month, Lantern Festival, he was ordered by his parents to marry Zhang Qionghua in a hurry. Five days have passed, and since then, everyone has been separated, but this woman who has lived in a lonely "bridal chamber" all her life has always made him feel "it's time to repent." After being admitted to Chengdu University of Technology and Tianjin Army Medical College, I finally went on to study in Japan with the help of my eldest brother. 1914 65438+10 arrived in Tokyo in mid-October and started a new life.
After half a year's hard work, I was admitted to the pre-medical class of Tokyo No.1 University and became an official international student in China. 19 15 July, I was promoted to the Third Medical Department of Okayama Sixth University, and met Cheng in the Second Engineering Department. 19 16 At the beginning of August, just as he was suffering from severe neurasthenia and was "pessimistic to the end and wanted to commit suicide many times", he accidentally met Zuo Fuzi and named him Anna, which gave birth to "love" and "the desire to write poems seriously". At the end of the year, I made a special trip to Tokyo to pick Anna up and live in Okayama. Therefore, he attracted accusations from his parents and even cut off communication with him for a time.
Because most of the teachers in Okayama's six German classes are bachelor of arts, it has had an "opposite influence" on him, that is, "the tendency to abandon literature and art has been provoked again, and the old literature and art are deeply combined with the new literature and art". I like Goethe because I am more familiar with Spinoza in German class. I like Tagore because of the Japanese Tagore craze at that time, and I "approached the pantheism of philosophy" and "rediscovered the Zhuangzi I liked as a teenager". Pantheism not only influenced his poetry creation and his understanding of China's ancient myths, but also manifested in his exposition of the pre-Qin philosophers' thoughts.
1965438+In August 2008, I was admitted to Kyushu Imperial Medical University in Fukuoka without examination. When the new edition was published in September of 19 19, it was signed for the first time, claiming that it was formed by "folding" two rivers in my hometown-Ink (Dadu River) and Ruoshui (Yahe River, also known as Qingyi River). Since then, Mo Ruo's name has replaced Kai Zhen. In the mid-1920s, when translated novels and operas were published, the word "Guo" began to be used. Later, Luo (Jin Woo), Wang Guantang (Guowei), Guo (Mo Ruo) and Ke were often referred to as "four halls" in the field of ancient Chinese characters and ancient Chinese artifacts research, which became the code names to show their academic achievements.
The four and a half years of studying medicine in Fukuoka were basically replaced by his poetry creation and literary activities, and he completely "entered the new trend of literature and art" and embarked on the road of "abandoning medicine and pursuing literature". Communicate with Tian Han and Zong Baihua to discuss poetry creation and life path, initiate the establishment of a creative society with Yu Dafu and Cheng Fang, travel between Japan and Shanghai, publish a collection of vernacular poems, translate and publish the poems of young Werther, Tagore, Heine, Whitman and Shelley, and publish poetic dramas and historical dramas ... Although I am in Fukuoka, I am "eager to create". Stick to March 1923, graduated from Kyushu imperial university with a bachelor's degree in medicine. At that time, someone hired him as a doctor with a high salary, but he was rejected. He said, "Doctors only treat a few patients' physical diseases at most. In order to make the motherland wake up at an early date, stand up and struggle, in any case, we must carry out new literary creation. "In April, I returned to China with my family and arrived in Shanghai.
A year later, I began to get rid of pantheism: "Some pantheism thoughts in the past, so-called personality development, so-called freedom, so-called expression, and invisibility, have all been liquidated. Marx and Lenin, who were once on the edge of consciousness, don't know when Spinoza and Goethe were squeezed out and occupied the center of consciousness. " The translation of Social Organization and Social Revolution by Dr. Kawakami, a famous Japanese economist, played a great role in Guo Moruo's "turning to Marxism and settling down". 1In August, 924, he confidently announced in his letter to Cheng: "I am now a complete believer in Marxism! Marxism is the only treasure ship of our time. " From "Essays on Literature and Art" to "The Sequel of Essays on Literature and Art", it reflects the transformation process of Guo Moruo's literary thought and the changes of his whole thought, life and style.
On the recommendation of Qu Qiubai and Lin's specific arrangement, Guo Moruo went to Guangzhou from Shanghai on March 1926 to apply for the post of senior liberal arts student of Guangdong University (later renamed Sun Yat-sen University). On the day I arrived in Guangzhou, I saw it at Lin's home. In the next two months, I met with Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong many times and forged a friendship with them for half a century. From then on, Guo Moruo began his political career under the direct leadership and influence of China. In June, he agreed that Yang Hansheng and Li Yimang would join the Northern Expedition. According to the specific arrangement of Zhou Enlai, Sun Bingwen recommended Chiang Kai-shek and Deng Zesheng (Yan Da) as the propaganda section chief (colonel rank) of the Political Department of the Northern Expeditionary Army. In July, Guo Moruo went all the way with the main battlefield of Tonghu. Sun Bingwen gave him a farewell dinner with the badge of "Military Scholar". In August, the Secretary-General of the Political Department of the Northern Expeditionary Army (rank of Major General) was promoted to the rank of Deputy Director of the Political Department (rank of Lieutenant General). In the complicated and sharp vortex of domestic political struggle, Guo Moruo has always maintained a clear insight. 1in March, 927, Chiang Kai-shek secretly appointed him as "Commander-in-Chief and Director of the Political Department", saying that "you must come with me no matter what" and "verbal matters will depend more on you in the future". Guo Moruo "pretended to be a snake" and followed him from Nanchang to Jiujiang and Anqing. Finally, he thoroughly "saw his truth" and decided to leave Chiang Kai-shek. He wrote "Seeing Chiang Kai-shek Today" at Zhu De's home and published it. On April 65, 438+02, Chiang Kai-shek staged a coup. 14 years, Guo Moruo sneaked into Shanghai and got in touch with Li Yimang and Zhou Enlai through his Japanese friend Neishan. Zhou Enlai listened to Guo Moruo's report, combined with the actual situation in Shanghai, and put forward the suggestion of "quickly launching a crusade against Chiang Kai-shek" to the central government. In May, Guo Moruo was wanted by the Nanjing government of the Kuomintang controlled by Chiang Kai-shek. After many twists and turns, I arrived in Nanchang on August 4th and found Zhou Enlai and He Long. The Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee appointed him as a member of the Presidium of the Rebel Army and director of the General Political Department. Then, with the Nanchang uprising troops south. Arrive in Guangchang on August 17. After the introduction of Zhou Enlai and Li Yimang, Guo Moruo and He Long joined China.
1928 In February, after reaching an agreement with Zhou Enlai, he crossed to Japan again. After going abroad for ten years, under the difficult situation of "double surveillance" and "busy writing to make a living", Guo Moruo "embarked on the road of materialistic research that he should take", and successively wrote China Ancient Society Research, Oracle Bone Inscriptions Research, Yin and Zhou Jinwen Research, Bronze Textual Research, Complete Works of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Ancient China.
1July, 937, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out in an all-round way, Guo Moruo's wanted order was cancelled by the Nanjing government of the Kuomintang, and Guo Moruo secretly returned to China. In February 65438+, after the Japanese army captured Shanghai, the Nanjing government of the Kuomintang moved its capital to Chongqing, and Guo Moruo, He Xiangning and Zou Taofen went to Guangzhou. 1938 1 month, moved to Wuhan and started a new family life with Yu Liqun. In April, according to the arrangement of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, he was appointed as the director of the third hall of the Political Department of the Military Commission of the National Government, and actively carried out the work of resisting Japan and saving the nation. 10 year 10 late, left Wuhan, moved to Changsha and Guilin, and arrived in Chongqing at the end of the year. 1September 1940, the third hall was cancelled. On June+10, 5438, the Cultural Work Committee was re-established, continued to serve as the director, and invited to return to the original team of Santang. In this way, Guo Moruo spent eight years of anti-Japanese war in a dual capacity. During this period, on the one hand, I wrote a lot of political articles, on the other hand, I wrote Qu Yuan Research, Bronze Age, Ten Criticism Books, Shen Jia's Three Hundred Years Sacrifice and Academic Research on Historical Figures, and published Flowers of Tang Di, Qu Yuan, Tiger Symbol, My High Opinion and Peacock Gallbladder. In literary creation.
After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, Guo Moruo devoted himself to the activities of "opposing dictatorship" and welcoming the "People's Spring Festival". People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded. Guo Moruo was re-elected as the vice chairman of the first, second, third and fifth Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and was elected as the president of the China World Peace Conference. He was appointed by the Central People's Government as the deputy prime minister of the State Council and director of the Cultural and Educational Committee, the president of the China Academy of Sciences and the director of the Institute of History, and was elected as the chairman of the All-China Federation of Literary and Artistic Workers. 1954, he was re-elected as the vice chairman of the NPC Standing Committee. 1969, he was also a member of the 9th and 10th Central Committee of China. During the period of 1949- 1959, Guo Moruo was re-elected as the vice-chairman of the World Peace Protection Council (with Aurio Curie as the chairman), and "has been making unremitting efforts to safeguard world peace". In international exchanges, Guo Moruo made important contributions to enhancing the friendship and understanding of people from all countries to the people of China, and was awarded the title of academician or honorary academician by the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries.
During the Cultural Revolution, Guo Moruo helped Zhou Enlai to do a lot of foreign affairs. During the eight years from 1970 to 1977, he received hundreds of foreign guests, especially in the establishment of diplomatic relations between China, Japan and China.
As a state activist and a messenger of world peace, he spent a lot of time and energy. However, Guo Moruo is, after all, a literary giant. After taking office, he continued to pursue the academic peak, and practiced his oath of "not seeking high but seeking strong", leaving behind academic works such as Slave Age, Guan Zi Li Bai Du Fu Collection, a large number of archaeological papers and literary masterpieces-Cai Wenji and Wu Zetian, and a series of papers on Rebirth and its authors.
Guo Moruo's academic research can be roughly divided into: from the late 1920s to the mid-1930s, he studied ancient China society on the basis of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronzes and other ancient China characters and artifacts; From the late 1930s to the mid-40s, he cooperated with the creation of historical dramas to study historical figures, while discussing the thoughts and theories of pre-Qin philosophers. In the 1950s, it mainly focused on the staging of ancient society and the collation of ancient books, while the study of historical figures and the creation of historical dramas in the 1960s influenced the social sciences and the fields of literature and art at that time. During the more than 20 years from 1950s to 1970s, there was a separate textual research or research paper on China ancient characters and cultural relics published at any time.
Guo Moruo left more than one million words of works in his life. The Complete Works of Guo Moruo was edited and published by Guo Moruo's Works Editing and Publishing Committee, with 8 volumes of history, 0/2 volumes of archaeology and 20 volumes of literature. There are still 12 volumes of translations and collections of lost articles to be published. His works have been translated into Japanese, European and American languages, which are widely loved and studied. Guo Moruo's former residence, located in Qianhai West Street 18 in Beijing and Shawan in Leshan, Sichuan, has been turned into a memorial hall for people at home and abroad to visit.
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Guo Moruo is the most distinctive literary superstar in China in the 20th century. His academic and cultural achievements show a spherical development trend, which is manifested in many fields. Below, I will briefly introduce it from ten aspects.
First, the world cultural view based on China culture.
Guo Moruo made great contributions to the exchange and development of China culture and world culture in the 20th century, and at the same time, he formed a world cultural view based on China culture: he paid attention to the excellent cultures of different nationalities, tested their adaptability to China tradition, absorbed their scientific milk, promoted the creation of national new culture, and then went out to fill the blank pages in the history of world culture.
Guo Moruo has two important choices on how to understand and absorb "excellent elements of foreign culture". If the original choice was based on emotional preference, then the emergence of the vernacular poem Goddess opened up the development path of new literature. Then when Guo Moruo entered the rational pursuit, his eyes focused on Marx's socialist theory. He noticed that the elucidation and popularization of dialectical materialism "has become the mainstream of China's ideological circle", and at the same time realized that if this foreign thought and method want to take root in China's "inherent culture" and be accepted by China people, it depends on whether it adapts to China's national conditions. From 19 19 to 1978, Guo Moruo came here in this way. This road pioneered by Guo Moruo is still followed by the development of our academic culture in today's open era.
Second, accept science and take the scientific China road.
Guo Moruo's view of world culture contains a kind of "scientific China" thought, that is, "scientific China is the main way to accept science", "popularization is the purpose, literature is the means" and "political democratization is the premise".
In the 1920s, Guo Moruo proposed that "we should awaken our inherent cultural spirit and suck the sweetness of Ouxi's pure science." In 1930s, the translation of Life Science, a masterpiece by H.G. Wells, a famous British scholar, involved the synthesis, popularization and literariness of science. He believed that "the comprehensive science aims at popularization and takes literature (art) as the means." In the 1940s, he prefaced the "Popular Science Series" in Shanghai, emphasizing that "science is our way of thinking and life today and the highest stage of our human spiritual development." This is the highest level of scientific synthesis, all-round synthesis of humanities, social sciences and natural sciences! "Scientific China" is closely linked with opposing ignorance and superstition and popularizing science. Guo Moruo analyzed the reasons for China's backwardness and thought that "the main reason is that science is underdeveloped and there are too many unreasonable burdens." At the same time, it emphasizes "not only to popularize scientific knowledge, but also to popularize scientific spirit." If we really do this, ignorance and superstition will naturally disappear! "Scientific literature and art" is a special understanding in Guo Moruo's scientific thought, and his whole academic career has always been full of the integration of scientific thinking and artistic thinking. As will be mentioned later, the establishment of a scientific system for understanding Chinese bronzes embodies the perfect combination of image thinking and logical thinking, artistic thinking and scientific thinking. The creation of historical drama is considered to be the result of the combination of "science and art". "Scientific China" is closely related to political democratization. Regarding the relationship between science and democracy, Guo Moruo made it very clear: "To achieve this level (according to: referring to the scientific China), there must always be political democratization as the premise."
Until the publication of "Spring of Science", Guo Moruo's last wish was still: "Break the old rules, cut through thorns, and open up the road of our scientific development." Scientific thinking and artistic thinking are still integrated: "It is both whimsical and realistic, which is the unique style of scientific workers. Let's explore infinite truth in endless rivers! "
Third, the individual standard-"revolutionary literature"-people-oriented literary view.
From individual-oriented "self-expression" to "revolutionary literature" and then to people-oriented literary view, it not only marks Guo Moruo's creative path, but also reflects the continuous maturity of his literary thoughts. This reflects his understanding of China's traditional culture: Confucius and Mencius take the people as the standard, Mozi takes the emperor as the standard, and Laozi and Zhuangzi take the individual as the standard. This understanding runs through Guo Moruo's academic research and literary creation for a long time. Grasping this point, it is easier to understand his evaluation of historical figures.
Fourthly, from the perspective of emerging science, the paper materials and underground materials are "fused in one furnace" to establish the "China ancient cultural system".
When "liquidating China society" and testing the adaptability of dialectical materialism and historical materialism to China's national conditions and China's tradition, Guo Moruo found that Engels' The Origin of Family, Ownership and State made no mention of the scope of China society, so he decided to write a sequel under the guidance of this masterpiece and provide Engels with the word "never mentioned"
There are three important breakthroughs in the understanding of the debate on "national heritage" at that time in The Study of Ancient China Society. First, the "national heritage" is no longer limited to books, historical subsets and other documents, but extends to underground unearthed objects-Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronze inscriptions. Second, "national heritage" includes "the real situation in ancient times". Thirdly, it is pointed out that Engel's The Origin of Family, Private Ownership and State, although it doesn't mention the social scope of China, is "of great help" in its understanding of "national heritage". "Jumping out" of the subset of classics and history, starting from the physical objects unearthed underground, "jumping out" of the scope of traditional concepts, and introducing the concept of foreign dialectical materialism, so as to understand "the true feelings of ancient society", a brand-new China ancient cultural system was established. This is the "historical materialism ancient culture system of China" established by "studying the ancient society of China from the viewpoint of emerging science" and "melting the paper materials of poetry, books and Yi Zhong with the underground materials of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Zhou Zhong".
Although there are "many wrong conclusions" in the book "Research on Ancient Society in China", the mistakes of specific conclusions can not conceal the fact that in the 1920s, under the guidance of the latest concept of historical materialism, it integrated the latest achievements of the two most representative academic schools at that time, namely, the school of ancient history discrimination and the school of new evidence of ancient history, and established a unique research system of ancient culture in China, which led the subsequent academic research. After that, Guo Moruo continued to explore the social nature of ancient China, constantly improved his research system of the slavery era, and became an influential representative in the discussion of ancient history by stages.
In order to understand the "real situation in ancient times", Guo Moruo first inspected the traditional classics such as Yi, Shi and Shu. The artifacts unearthed in the ground because of "Doubting the Classics" have made great achievements in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and inscriptions on bronze, attracting worldwide attention.
Fifth, promote the development of Oracle Bone Inscriptions from scratch to maturity, and predict the basic trend of later development.
From 1899, when Oracle Bone Inscriptions and the inscription were discovered in Anyang, Henan Province, to the time when the writing was recognized and broken in the 1920s, coupled with the achievements of Luo Zhenyu and Wang Guowei in "guiding the way" and "examining history", the study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions went out of its initial stage. During the period of 1928- 1937, Academia Sinica organized 15 scientific excavations of Yin Ruins. During this period, Guo Moruo published three masterpieces, Oracle Bone Inscriptions Studies, Oracle Bone Inscriptions's Complete Works and Yin Qi Nazi Compilation, which made Oracle Bone Inscriptions mature from scratch.
Guo Moruo's study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions follows a path of "reading it, using it and revealing its secrets". Oracle Bone Inscriptions's study reflects Oracle Bone Inscriptions's primary level of "reading and using it". The Complete Works of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, through masterpieces handed down from generation to generation, established a "system" for understanding Oracle Bone Inscriptions and pushed the study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions to a new height. Guo Moruo's Embrace System classifies Oracle Bone Inscriptions into eight categories: official branch, several branches, lineage, celestial phenomena, food, conquest, vagrancy and miscellaneous compilation, which not only clearly explains the internal relationship of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's content, but also points out the way for beginners in this field. The establishment of this "system" not only corrected the misinterpretation of Luo Zhenyu and Wang Guowei, but also made him understand many mysteries of Oracle Bone Inscriptions. The outstanding example is that, after interpreting the "lineage" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, a basically complete lineage table of Yin predecessors was listed, which solved some long-standing disputes. Yin Qi compiled by the Nazis also made many inventions about Yin's lineage, which provided reliable evidence for correcting the mistakes recorded in Historical Records.
Guo Moruo's exploration of the mystery of Oracle bone inscriptions is roughly manifested in two basic aspects: first, how to record the divination at that time (including divination, lettering, wording, writing, etc.). ), and the second is how to make scientific use of it by future generations (including distinguishing the times, combining fragments, making residual words complement each other and proofreading and eliminating duplication, etc.). ) Although Guo Moruo didn't personally explore Oracle bones at that time, he also made great achievements like Dong Zuobin (Tang Yan). For the number of divination, that is, "omen sequence", divination bone and post-divination, this paper puts forward a regular generalization and a reasonable exploration with foresight. In particular, the arrangement order of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's engraving parts and lines, the so-called Oracle Bone Inscriptions case, was expounded in The Complete Edition of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which corrected many mistakes made by predecessors. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions's scientific application, the combination of fragments and the supplement of residual words are great achievements. Fragment conjugation refers to two or even three or four pieces of broken and scattered Oracle bones, which are basically restored to their original appearance after conjugation, so that the fragments can be completely recorded. Because there is more than one story, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, who is seriously damaged about the same thing, can complement each other and become more complete historical materials. This is the so-called "complementary residual words". Due to the joining and complementation, repeated Oracle Bone Inscriptions fragments were also found. The Complete Works of Oracle Bone Inscriptions has 18 films, and The Collection of Oracle Bone Inscriptions has more than 6,000 films, which is a clean-up since Oracle Bone Inscriptions recorded it.
Guo Moruo began to compile the Collection of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in 1960s, and only after his death did he publish 13 volumes one after another, becoming a master of Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Although Guo Moruo died before he could write a preface for the Collection of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, he really deserved to be the editor-in-chief.
6. Establish a scientific system for understanding Chinese bronzes.
Research on bronze inscriptions in Yin and Zhou Dynasties, Textual Research on the Department of Jin Ci in Two Weeks, Textual Research on the Collection of Jin Ci, etc. It embodies Guo Moruo's new idea of textual research on bronze inscriptions-bringing archaeology into the "artistic vision", starting with the shape and pattern of artifacts, combining image thinking with logical thinking, finding the historical system of artifacts, and establishing a scientific system to understand Chinese bronzes with historical system and geographical distribution.
There are as many as three or four thousand pieces of Yin and Zhou bronzes recorded since the Northern Song Dynasty, but most of them have unknown ages and origins. Guo Moruo translated and published the History of Art Archaeological Discovery by German Mi Helisz, and made a preliminary practice in the book with the method of historical research, completing the study of bronze inscriptions in Yin and Zhou Dynasties. Guo Moruo changed the previous recording method of "taking vessels as categories" and the tradition of interpreting vessel inscriptions in isolation, and sorted out the historical system and regional distribution of inscriptions on bronzes in the past two weeks. Textual research and interpretation of two weeks' bronze inscriptions is compiled as bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which "imitates the style of Shangshu and takes kings as the second time". The next part is the inscription of various countries, "imitating the' national style', taking the country as the second time." Western Zhou inscriptions 162, Eastern Zhou inscriptions 162, and two-week inscriptions total 324. The image of the album Tu Bian and the inscription of the album Lu Bian. The images recorded in the margin are arranged according to the shape and age of the musical instruments. This book fully expresses Guo Moruo's new academic thoughts in this field and the academic system established by Yi Ming for the first time in two weeks. Later, Guo Moruo made a self-summary in the article "Self-criticism of Ancient Chinese Literature Research": first, find some standard dating instruments as liaison stations, and then refer to the names, deeds, style of writing, font structure and pattern form of the instruments to find out one that is at least close. Where there are countries, we will find out the chronological order of the countries. In this way, a total of 324 vessels were sorted out, all of which had long inscriptions and high historical value, and the "chaos" of two weeks and 800 years was debunked. From this, a set of systems of pattern science and shape science has been developed, which will be more conclusive if cited as social historical materials. Guo Moruo regards patterns and shapes as an important means to determine the age of objects, and outlines the basic outline of the development of Chinese bronzes from the image of Yi ware. He divides the Chinese bronze age (from the early Yin and Zhou Dynasties to the late Warring States) into four periods, namely, the initial period, the ancient period, the development period and the new period, which are accepted and used by Chinese and foreign academic circles. Such staging and discussion indicate that Guo Moruo has made an epoch-making contribution to the study of epigraphy by using archaeological scientific methods.
The purpose of interpreting Yi inscriptions in Zhou Dynasty and establishing a dating system is to explore a two-week society. From this perspective, Guo Moruo excavated some important historical facts, which opened up a new situation for studying the society in these two weeks. This is where Guo Moruo surpasses other ancient philologists and antique experts.
Seventhly, Su lived the life of ancient literature and advocated the modern translation of ancient books.
Guo Moruo, while testifying the history in kind, never forgets the life of Suhuo's ancient documents, advocates the modern translation of ancient books, pays special attention to the age of ancient books, and closely combines the collation of ancient books with academic research.
The modern translation of Qu Fu Yuan, the revision of the first seventeen volumes of Rebirth, and the collation of Ya Zhou Zhi show Guo Moruo's characteristics and achievements in the collation of ancient books from different fields and sides. Among them, Guan Jiao is the most representative. In the process of edition collection, different edition systems were found, and the previous works of Guanzi were collected as much as possible. There are more than 2,000 articles in the book "Murrow Case", with a total word count of not less than 200,000 words. School-oriented, integrated with proofreading and annotation; Combination of proofreading and interpretation, discrimination and dating; Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Li, Cao and other old and new characters were used to inject modern economic thoughts, which pushed the collation of Guanzi to a new height.
Eight, systematically investigate the pre-Qin society and the thoughts of Zhou and Qin philosophers.
Investigating the thoughts of Zhou and Qin philosophers is closely related to Guo Moruo's understanding of China traditional culture. Dissatisfied with the practice of "divorced from social background", he made a systematic study of the society and thoughts in the pre-Qin period, and put forward "companion pieces" to investigate the academic climax in the Zhou and Qin dynasties-Bronze Age, which emphasizes textual research, and Ten Criticism Books, which are his theoretical masterpieces. Among them, the identification of the duality of Confucianism, the exploration of the origin and schools of Taoism, and the distinction between legalists and magicians have far-reaching influence and become an expression of academic thought in the pre-Qin period.
Nine, the study of classical literature has great social effects.
Guo Moruo's classical literary works, totaling nearly one million words, were mainly written in the 1940s and 1960s. Although it only occupies a small position in all his academic research works, it has social effects that are difficult to produce in most other works. Among them, the textual research on Qu Fu, Hu Jia's poems, Chen Duansheng's and Li Bai's comments on Du Fu can best reflect his profound knowledge, keen thinking and innovative academic characteristics and the long-term academic value of research results. Guo Moruo has both the temperament of a poet and the erudition of a scholar. He loves the beauty of poets and advocates the true pursuit of philosophers, forming his unique thinking characteristics and academic style. Poets and literati do it at the same time, and temperament and reason blend to write Li Bai and Du Fu. From the perspective of academic research, through the experiences of Li, Du and especially Li Bai, the historical picture of Tang society from prosperity to decline is vividly displayed. Secondly, the study of Li Bai's life experience and Du Li's religious life is pushed to a new height with poetry as evidence of history; Thirdly, it broke through the old framework of Du Fu's poetry research and promoted the new progress of Du Fu's poetry research.
X. Use the small stage of drama to "reproduce" the "big stage" of history
Some fragments (details) are "copied" from the "big stage" of China history, and reappeared on the small stage of drama in the form of art, which is an undeniable reason why other scholars can't catch up with Guo Moruo, which has great social effects. Guo Moruo's historical drama creation has entered a mature stage, among which Qu Yuan is an outstanding representative, which contains his important achievements in studying Qu Yuan. Hu Fu's grasp of "historical spirit" enriches the theory of the relationship between historical research and historical drama. In the 1960s, studying historical figures and calendars? /TD & gt；
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Guo Moruo is an outstanding writer in the modern history of China.