The Tianli Sect, formerly known as Longhua Hui (also known as Baiyang Sect and Ronghua Hui), is a branch of the White Lotus Sect. Because the Eight Trigrams (Li Gua, Zhen Gua, Kan Gua, Gen Gua, Xun Gua, Qian Gua, Dui Gua, and Kun Gua) are used as the name of the division, it is also called Bagua Sect. In the fifty-first year of Qianlong's reign (1786), the Bagua sect rioted in Daming Mansion and attempted to rob and release Liu Hong, the leader of the Bagua sect who was imprisoned. After this incident, the Qing court strictly banned the Bagua Sect. Li Wencheng of the Zhen Gua Sect and Lin Qing of the Kan Gua Sect continued to preach and renamed the Bagua Sect as the Tianli Sect. The Tenri Sect takes "A vacuum hometown, a birthless old mother" as its eight-character mantra, and pays "foundation money" to obtain land in the future as the main means to win over the lower class people.
Preparing for an uprising.
Li Wencheng, the main person in charge of the Tianli Sect, is a "person from Huaxian County, Henan Province". He is a young orphan who works as a carpenter and is called Li Si Carpenter. ", "Involved in the Xing family's Xiangwei, the deduction is quite empirical." At that time, various religions and parties were secretly circulating in Shandong and Henan - "Tiger Tail Whip", "Yihe Quan", "Red Brick Society", "Wa Dao Society", etc. "The biggest one is called Bagua Sect." After Li Wencheng joined the Bagua sect, he was "recommended by everyone" and "those who practice the Bagua religion must obey the rules and regulations" and "manage the Bagua sect, with tens of thousands of followers". Li Wencheng "purchased war horses privately, raised soldiers, forged armor and staffs, issued flags" and "conspired to rebel at a certain date."
Lin Qing is another person in charge of the Tianli Sect. He lives in Daxing County, Shuntian Prefecture. He once "served as a scribe in Huang Village and then resigned". He joined the Ronghua Society in the 11th year of Jiaqing (1806). Lin Qing said: "Loans are always given to loan borrowers, and there are more than ten thousand families in the countryside who depend on them for food." Lin Qing "hidden a treacherous plot and falsely said that he was the descending star of Venus" and "there will be great events in the autumn month of the Year You". "He also falsely claimed that his previous lineage was Mao Jin Dao, so he changed his surname to Liu and his first name to Anguo. He was also known as Liu Vacuum, also known as Liu Lin. ".
In the 17th year of Jiaqing (1812), Lin Qing went to Huaxian to meet Li Wencheng. "Wencheng was very happy to see the Qing Dynasty and worshiped the Qing Dynasty as a cross to unite. So the Bagua Nine Palaces were controlled by Lin and Li." , it was agreed that "at noon on September 15th next year, Zhili, Shandong, and Henan will start the uprising on the same day." Li Wencheng and Lin Qing made careful arrangements for the uprising and stipulated the slogan of the uprising, "The official slogan is 'Fengtian Kaidao', and the secret code is 'Victory'"; the symbol of the uprising is a white flag, with a white cloth wrapped around the head and waist; and stipulated that when launching the uprising, At the same time, Lin Qing launched an uprising in Beijing to seize the city.
Huaxian riot.
In early September of the 18th year of Jiaqing (1813), news that Li Wencheng was preparing for an uprising in Huaxian County was discovered by Qiang Kejie, the magistrate of Huaxian County. On the fifth day of September, he sent yamen officers to arrest Li Wencheng and Niu Liangchen and imprison them. During the interrogation, Li Wencheng was tortured even more and his shins were pinched off. With the news already exposed, the Huaxian rebels launched an uprising in advance on the seventh day of September, "went directly to Huaxian", rescued Li Wencheng, Niu Liangchen and others from prison, killed the county magistrate, defeated Jie, and inspected Liu Bin. Li Wencheng "set up a feather tent" in the Huaxian office, "tree a large banner, and wrote the seven characters "Li Zhenzhen of Shuntian in the Ming Dynasty"."
After occupying Huaxian County, the rebels seized the military strongholds near Huaxian County and Daokou Town, an important area for grain harvesting, and besieged Rongxian County, an important road to the north with heavy troops. Encouraged by the riots in Huaxian County, Changyuan County "religionists" killed Zhao Lun, the magistrate who went to Weiyuan Village at the junction of Changyuan and Huaxian County, hunted down Tianli Sect believers, and occupied Chunhengji. Soon, Dingtao Sect in Shandong Two to three thousand citizens occupied the county seat and killed the county magistrate and the official history." The religious people of Cao County, Shandong Province invaded the county office, killed the magistrate, robbed the prison and opened the treasury.
The Qing court learned that the Tianli Sect had rioted in Huaxian, Dingtao, and Caoxian counties, and immediately ordered Wen Chenghui, the governor of Zhili, to lead an army together with the Hebei general Seketong'a to defend from the north; and ordered the Henan governor Gao Qi to control Henan. ; Order the governor of Shandong Tongxing to patrol the border of Shandong to prevent Shandong and Henan from becoming one.
The bloody Forbidden City.
Lin Qing has been preaching in the Gyeonggi area for many years. In addition to farmers, urban poor, government servants, and eunuchs in the palace, among the believers he developed. Through the information provided by the religious eunuchs Liu Decai, Liu Jin, Gao Guangzhou, Zhang Tai, Yan Jinxi, and Wang Fulu, Lin Qing formulated a plan to "rise up and enter the forbidden city" "in the summer of the 16th year." Lin Qing, who was based in Huangcun, knew nothing about the early uprising in Huaxian County and the fact that Li Wencheng's rebel army failed to go north to the capital because of the interception by the Qing army. According to the original plan, on September 15, the 18th year of Jiaqing, 200 believers were sent to sneak into the capital and lurk outside Donghua Gate and Xihua Gate respectively. The east road rushed into Donghua Gate with the support of eunuchs Liu Decai and Liu Jin; the west road rushed into Xihua Gate with the support of eunuchs Zhang Tai and Gao Guangkuo. Eunuchs Wang Fulu and Yan Jinxi were in the middle to provide support, while Lin Qing was waiting for the Henan rebels in Huangcun.
The guards guarding Donghua Gate discovered that the situation was abnormal and immediately closed the city gate. Only a dozen people rushed into the palace. They were eventually captured and killed because they were weak and unfamiliar with the route. All the West Route rebels entered Xihua Gate at noon that day. In order to prevent reinforcements from the Qing army, Xihua Gate was closed and the white flags of "Fengtian opened the way" and "Shuntian protected the people" were hung on the city gate. The eunuch who acted as an internal agent once had a conflict with the Shangyi Supervisor (the unit that sews clothes), so he led the rebels to the Wenying Hall of the Shangyi Supervisor to vent their anger, and finally came to Longzongmen. Longzong Gate is the only way to Chuxiu Palace where the queen lives. The fighting in the palace by the rebels on the West Road alerted the guards and closed Longzong Gate. The rebels first hit the door with sticks, and then shot in with arrows, but to no avail. A few rebels climbed over the wall and entered. The prince Minning (later Emperor Daoguang) and others, who were studying in the study, "used shotguns to stop and beat the people above and below the room."
Just as the rebels were piling up tables, chairs, and quilts and planning to set fire to the house, the princes and ministers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs who stayed in Beijing led troops into the Shenwu Gate. They also transferred the Jianrui Battalion and the Firearms Battalion, which were going to be sent to Henan to suppress Li Wencheng, into the palace. The rebels were unable to support them. , had no choice but to retreat from the Longzong Gate and retreat to the Xihua Gate.
Thirty-one of the rebels who invaded the Forbidden City were killed and 41 were captured. On September 19, Lin Qing, who was waiting for the Henan rebels in Huangcun, was captured by the Qing court.
Emperor Jiaqing was not in Beijing at that time and was on his way back to Beijing. When he heard about the change, he immediately issued the "Edict of Sin", pointing out: "Changes occur for a while, but disasters accumulate over time. Today's major disadvantages are due to causes, conditions, and The four words "lazy" and "playful" are actually the same at home and abroad." "It has led to things that have never happened before in the Han, Tang, Song, and Ming dynasties. Compared with the case of Ji Zhao in the Ming Dynasty, it is much worse. Thinking about this, I really can't bear to say it anymore. . Yu Wei returned to his profession, corrected his righteousness, responded to the mercy of heaven, and resolved the grievances of the people."
The Battle of Daokou.
After suppressing the uprising launched by Lin Qing, the Qing rulers immediately mobilized their troops and generals to concentrate all their efforts on suppressing Li Wencheng who occupied Huaxian and Daokou. Emperor Jiaqing transferred Na Yan, the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, to become the governor of Zhili, and ordered him to control the Qing armies in Shandong and Henan; he also transferred Jianrui and Firearms Second Battalion Qing soldiers and the generals Yang Yuchun, Yang Fang, and Mukedenbu who suppressed the White Lotus Sect uprising. Wait for each to lead his troops to Henan.
In October of the 18th year of Jiaqing, Yang Yuchun and others led their troops to the Daokou and successively captured Zhoutan Village, Lianzhuang, Luojiazhai and Dingluanji near the Daokou. On October 21, the rebel army set up an ambush in Zhongshi and defeated the Qing army. "Yang Yuchun's Qianzong Li Hongchun and foreign affairs committee member Ke Yu were both killed in the battle." After this battle, the rebels retreated to the crossing and "could not get out."
The Qing army divided into seven groups and besieged the crossing, bombarded the city with artillery, and defeated thousands of rebels reinforced by Huaxian and Taoyuan. Not long after, the Daokou city was destroyed, and the rebels suffered heavy casualties. "The whole row of houses in the city was burned down," "the corpses were scattered everywhere, and the streets were full of houses." The collapse of the crossing caused Hua County to lose its barrier. Na Yancheng quickly mobilized troops to the county seat of Hua County and surrounded the three city gates. Only the north gate and the northwest gate were difficult to encircle due to lack of troops. Na Yancheng was afraid that the rebels would abandon Hua County and fight on the move, so he urgently requested the court to increase troops.
Battle of Sizhai.
Li Wencheng unilaterally believed that the reason for the failure of the White Lotus Sect uprising was that "there was no city to defend". After the capture of Huaxian County, he "built high battlements" "to wait for reinforcements from other counties", which made The rulers of the Qing Dynasty could mobilize their troops to defeat the rebel strongholds one by one.
After the Qing army captured Daokou and headed towards Huaxian, Liu Yuanming led 800 Taoyuan Rebels to rescue Huaxian, entered the county at night, and took Li Wencheng out of the city. Li Wencheng realized that there was no way out to defend Huaxian, so he mobilized 4,000 rebel troops to march westward and capture Sizhai in the mountains of Huixian. However, Li Wencheng and others occupied Sizhai and had no time to set up defenses. Yang Fang, the Qing general general, and others had already led their troops to pursue them and "entered Bo Sizhai and surrounded them heavily."
Sizhai is "backed by mountains and facing rivers, with deep ditches and solid walls." There are "three hundred private houses with brick and stone walls, towering vertically and horizontally, and more than ten blockhouses." On the morning of November 20th in the 18th year of Jiaqing, the Qing army launched an attack on Sizhai. The rebels held on to the danger and fought bloody and hard. "The corpses piled up like mountains." By the afternoon, a corner of the village wall was destroyed, and the Qing army invaded the village. The rebels "threw stones and fired guns and artillery, causing many casualties among the officers and soldiers." As night fell, the battle continued. The commander-in-chief Yang Fang ordered the camp to be burned. "In a moment, the sky was covered with smoke and flames, and the corpses of thieves blocked the road. Anyone who escaped with a sudden burst of smoke and a burnt head would be bound alive."
Li Wencheng, Liu Yuanming and others were trapped in a watchtower. Yang Fang "led the crowd to the tower". Liu Yuanming "jumped out with a knife and killed several soldiers. The officers and soldiers stabbed them with long spears. Yuanming died" . When the Qing army rushed into the watchtower, Li Wencheng, whose legs were disabled, "set himself on fire and burned himself." When the fire was extinguished and the smoke subsided, the Qing troops rushed into the watchtower. They saw "Li Wencheng was wearing a net scarf on his head, with long hair, plaster applied to his two torture wounds, his arms were burned, his shoulders were scorched, his left eye was injured, and his face was covered with blood." The gun built was so painful that all the tents were destroyed, except for the seven words "Da Ming Shun Li Zhen" written on Fang Baiqi. There were thousands of thieves in the stronghold, but no one could escape."
Qingyiyuan Huaxian fell.
Huaxian County was the old jurisdiction of Huazhou. "The city is thick, with bricks on the outside, soil on the inside, and sand in the middle. It can be attacked with artillery and stopped when it encounters sand." load". After the Qing army captured Sizhai, they "gathered in Huaxian and attacked day and night." The Qing army dug "more than ten underground tunnels outside the city", but they were all discovered by the rebels, who "either irrigated them with water or cut them off." Therefore, Yang Fangli "pretended to build other gates to attack, while digging old tunnels to fill them with gunpowder." On the tenth day of December, the Qing army retreated three miles away. "There was a thunderous earthquake in the southwest corner of the city, which cracked more than twenty feet." The rebels were "burned and shocked to death by the thousands." Street fighting continued into the night. Li Wencheng's wife, Zhang, "led her troops to attack the officers and soldiers at night, entering and exiting three times. Many of the officers and soldiers were killed. Hua City was destroyed. Niu Liangchen and Xu Anguo persuaded Zhang to "pretend to be a distressed woman and leave the city." Zhang said : 'The city fell and perished, the undead were not heroes,' but they fought in the streets with swords and killed several people. The whole household hanged himself, and the young girl, who was twelve years old, also committed suicide."
In this battle, 20,000 rebels were killed, and 20,000 men and women, old and young, were captured. Niu Liangchen and others were captured alive and "offered to the capital." So far, the Tenrikyo uprising, which lasted for three months, failed.