If we re-understand composition from different angles, we will get a brand-new perspective. Compared with the Chinese Syllabus for Full-time Primary Schools in Nine-year Compulsory Education (Trial Revision) formulated by the Ministry of Education and the Chinese Curriculum Standard (Trial Revision), which was formulated by the former State Education Commission (1992), there are some significant changes in the expression of writing teaching, among which the most instructive is to change "composition" into "exercise".
"Composition" is far from "exercise". I think this change has very important theoretical value. Our primary school students' written expression ability should be measured mainly by "learning" rather than "writing". "Practice" highlights the nature of writing practice and reduces the requirements. "Composition" focuses on results and can only be successful; The sentence is unreasonable and the spelling is incomplete. How can it be a composition? "Exercise" focuses on the process and allows failure; As long as the students write, it is victory, and nothing else is important. Xu Chi once said to the editor of a student journal, "Children's compositions should not be changed, but typos can be relaxed. Never change your child's composition too perfectly. " Xu Chi is so tolerant of published student compositions. Why do we demand so much from ordinary students' compositions?
Perhaps the "all-Chinese writing teaching" in Hong Kong can give us some enlightenment. At the beginning, students can use drawing paper instead of writing paper. Students will not immediately raise their hands to ask the teacher when they encounter words that they can't write, and the teacher will not immediately go to him to answer. Students should first try to express those words with symbols or pictures or even English. Don't interrupt their writing thinking because they are waiting for the teacher's answer, so that they can keep writing and avoid interfering with others. Finally 15 minutes, the teacher should announce the time to remind students not to indulge in meditation. Students in Hong Kong have few constraints when writing. In the eyes of teachers, typos are nothing, and you can "express those words with symbols or pictures or even in English". The important thing in writing is to be coherent and "in one go". Yes, typos will gradually disappear with the growth of children's knowledge. It's normal to make mistakes, so there's no need to make a fuss. Even our teacher, who can guarantee that there are no typos in the article? We have tried our best to eliminate students' typos, which is the most meaningless move! Pulling out seedlings encourages students and seriously restricts them.
In fact, students' composition is a very common thing. Ye Shengtao said: "Writing is talking, saying what you want to say for the needs of life;" But not verbally, but in writing. Everyone has something to say. I write what I say and you write what you say. "Who can't talk? Expression is human nature. There is something in my heart, and if I don't express it, there will be problems. I really want to tell you something true at this moment. Once I went to Huaiyuan, I saw an unforgettable scene on the bus: a poodle was crushed to death by the car in front. It's moaning in pain. As if to say "help me, help me", my heart is full of sadness. I want to say, say my feelings. Teachers, have you found that many students with poor compositions tell beautiful stories? He wants to express it. He said he was very happy! He is very happy, he said! It is said that the biggest punishment for the prisoner is not to let him talk. The prisoners don't care about anything If they put him in a cell and say nothing, they will cry bitterly.
Everyone can talk, and if they can talk, they can write articles! When we look at students' composition from a new angle, we will get a brand-new point of view: every student is a genius of speaking and every student is a genius of composition!
It's easier said than done. Students have the potential to write, but they cannot "automatically" become geniuses. To make every student a genius in composition, it is necessary to reform composition teaching! Our idea is to free ourselves from bondage, let students enjoy the pleasure of writing and realize their self-ability in writing. Curriculum Standard points out the direction for us: "Provide favorable conditions and broad space for students to write independently, reduce the constraints on students' writing, and encourage free expression and creative expression. Encourage students to write their own questions and write less propositional essays. " "Attach importance to guiding students to improve their writing ability through self-revision and mutual revision." This is an independent exercise. The so-called autonomous exercise means "free selection of materials, free expression, independent drafting of topics and independent revision". That is, "four self-study exercises". We believe that independent writing is the only way to reform composition teaching!
How to make students write independently? We must first find out what conditions students have to do their homework. When we meet these conditions, can't students write independently? Let's enjoy a poem first
homesickness
In childhood
Homesickness is a small stamp.
I'm at this end
Mom is over there.
When I grow up
Homesickness is a narrow ticket.
I'm at this end
The bride is over there.
We'll talk about it later.
Homesickness is a low grave.
I am outside
Mom's inside.
But now
Homesickness is a shallow strait.
I'm at this end
The mainland is over there
This poem is the masterpiece of Taiwan Province poet Yu Guangzhong. In his later years, the poet was far away from the mainland and his hometown. Fallen leaves come back to their roots, and homesickness beats the poet all the time. His blood is boiling and he can't help it. Poets have a strong writing motivation, and the generation of writing motivation is the first condition for writing. The poet remembered his bumpy life: he left his mother to study abroad in his early years; When I grow up, I leave my wife to study in the United States; Old people live in Taiwan Province Province, facing the mainland separated by water, they can only look at the "sea" and sigh! "A clever woman can't cook without rice", and a rich material reserve is another indispensable condition for exercise. Since ancient times, it is the most common for wanderers to miss their hometown. However, only a few people can express their homesickness as vividly as Yu Guangzhong. It can be seen that expression is another important condition for students' works.
From the above analysis, we can draw a conclusion that students' composition includes at least three conditions: motivation, material and expression. In my opinion, if these three conditions are met, students can do their own problems. Let's briefly talk about how to meet these conditions in Chinese teaching activities.
1, fully stimulate students' writing motivation.
How to fully stimulate students' writing motivation? Firstly, it introduces Maslow's "hierarchy of needs". Maslow believes that human needs can be divided into seven levels: ① physiological needs; (2) the need for security; (3) the need for relationship and love; ④ The need for respect; (5) cognitive needs; 6. The need for beauty; ⑦ The need for self-realization.
Maslow pointed out that in human development, these seven needs are a series that rises step by step in order. Only by meeting the needs of subordinates can the needs of superiors be formed. There are different views on this theory. But it can be used for reference in composition teaching.
What are the needs of beauty and self-realization? Try to explain it by "knowing how to understand cows" In Zhuangzi, the Master of Health, Zhuangzi tells the story of "being good at understanding cows". Skilled men slaughter cattle to make a living, which belongs to the lowest level of "physiological needs". But when I know how to solve the cow, the sound from my shoulders, feet and knees is like a wonderful music! What is this state? Aesthetic realm! The best is yet to come. After I untied the cow, I stood there with a knife and looked around, full of ambition. This is the highest realm of human needs-the realm of "self-realization".
According to the above theoretical analysis, our students' writing motivation is very low. Most students write their compositions to avoid teachers' criticism and parents' scolding, which is a security need. If writing is just to get a high score, an ice cream and a lollipop rewarded by parents are the minimum needs-physiological needs. Only a few students practice to show themselves and gain the respect of their classmates, and the realm is slightly higher. Therefore, our composition teaching should first improve students' writing motivation, and take exercise as an aesthetic activity and the need to realize themselves. Aesthetic activities are free and cannot be forced. It is natural to appreciate a flower. Who forced you to appreciate it, would you still be interested? How can we make students regard homework as an aesthetic activity? One word is amazing, and that is the word "love". Just as a magnet attracts iron, "love" can hold students tightly.
If a student can't help dancing when doing his homework, his passion will make him write a thousand words in one fell swoop, and the composition will not be difficult anymore. If students finish their homework, they are also "looking around and full of ambition", who doesn't want to write! It seems that how to create situations and stimulate students' writing enthusiasm is a problem that should be discussed in writing teaching.
2. Help students accumulate materials.
Homework is expression, not narration. Express what? Tell what? Calling is the simplest oral composition. At the beginning, you should also ask "Hello, what's wrong?" . It's okay. Just call 250. Students' exercises must have materials. You can't make a silk purse out of sow's ears. With the information, are you still worried about your homework? Therefore, in order to let students do their own problems, it is necessary to help accumulate materials.
There are two ways to accumulate: enriching students' life and increasing students' reading.
Enrich students' lives
In order to help students accumulate exercise materials, we must try our best to enrich their lives. In this regard, Suhomlinski has set an example for us. In the article Under the Blue Sky, he said that he once took his children to the orchard to go to school. The school is under the blue sky, on the green land, under the big pear tree and in the vineyard. The children took off their shoes and walked barefoot, twittering with joy. Attracted by the beautiful scenery, everyone is quiet. A string of Ryukyu grapes hangs among the green leaves. The orchard is shrouded in green fog, just like the fairy tale world under the sea. Fields, grasslands and roads seem to tremble in the transparent heat wave, and the sun shines on the trees as if sparks are shining on them. Katja said, "The sun is shining." Why does the sun produce sparks? Teachers and classmates make up fairy tales together. The students are deeply attracted and afraid to break the silence and dispel this fascinating illusion. 12 years later, when Kajia was about to graduate, she once again used this metaphor to express her love for nature in an essay.
There are many ways to enrich students' lives. Activities can be carried out in a class or a school. Our school recently launched an ancient poetry competition, and senior students can recite more than 200 poems at most; Middle and lower grades can also recite dozens of songs. Carrying ancient poems, the children were deeply intoxicated and forgot everything around them. Our school's textbook plays are also very vivid. The children are amazing. They write and direct all the programs. The performance of the sixth grade of Plum Blossom Soul was particularly touching. Grandpa is played by a girl and is very devoted. Her expressive performance made people cry. The grass turns green again in spring, but what about you, my friend Prince? ? "Free flying flowers are as light as dreams, and endless silk rain is as fine as sorrow." Seeing the children's performance, my eyes filled with tears. Life is the source of exercise. "Ask the canal so clearly because there is flowing water at the source." With a rich life, students' exercises will flow like clouds.
I think an effective way to train students to observe life and accumulate exercise materials is to let students keep a diary of their lives. It doesn't matter if you write more or less. As long as students write, it is success and should be praised.
Increase students' reading.
The combination of reading and writing is one of the essences of traditional Chinese teaching in China. Yang Xiong of the Western Han Dynasty said, "To be able to read thousands of poems is to do good." This is the earliest discussion about the relationship between reading and writing in China. Later dynasties emphasized the relationship between reading and writing. Modern times are represented by Ye Shengtao. In 1942, he pointed out: "Reading is a matter of' concentration'. From reading, we can receive the experiences of others and get in touch with their feelings; Writing is a "publishing" thing. From writing, we can show our experiences and express our feelings. " Guangdong Ding Youkuan is the most famous contemporary. From 65438 to 0963, I have been studying the combination of reading and writing. Here, I'm not going to introduce specific methods. Just repeating a point: reading a lot is the prerequisite for students to write independently. There are always some students who write well in the class. Whose credit is this? Is it directed by the teacher? This is undeniable. But I think this is mainly because of reading. These students read much more than their classmates. Students' small reading is an important factor affecting students' composition. So how many books are suitable for students to read?
In the past, we only paid attention to textbook learning and ignored extracurricular reading. Now things have changed. "Chinese Curriculum Standard" clearly stipulates the reading amount of students. The specific provisions are: 6.5438+0.5 million for primary schools and 2.6 million for middle schools. This 6.5438+0.5 million word is certainly a leap forward from the past. However, I think this kind of reading is far from enough. 1.5 million, not much more than a dream of red mansions. Please look at the bibliography given by Suhomlinski to students. The bibliography recommended by Suhomlinski to students can be divided into domestic and foreign categories. There are 104 Chinese books that students should read, including War and Peace, Crime and Punishment, etc. Foreign language bibliography 152, including Homer's epic, Shakespeare's four tragedies, the true story of Ah Q, etc. To my special surprise, Suhomlinski went on to write: "Most students can finish reading these books when they are teenagers." We have reason to believe that this educator will not tell lies!
Reading enriches spiritual life and changes life. For students, reading is life itself. It is no exaggeration to say that 70% of students' information comes from books. Reading provides knowledge reserve for composition. Words and sentences, article layout, etc. You can't teach, you can only learn from reading. Reading also edifies people's sentiments and makes them noble people. Gorky read and felt the smallness of his master. Reading played a great role in his becoming a master of literature.
To increase students' reading, it is necessary to provide students with a large number of extracurricular reading materials. We can come up with many good ideas. It is a good way to set up a book corner in the class. The best way for students to develop good reading habits is to let them write reading notes. A few words will do, but you must persevere and stick to it.
Lu You said: "Learning poetry, kung fu is outside poetry." . Students should be able to do their own homework, and their kung fu should be outside the classroom. With the above two trainings, students' autonomous practice is just around the corner.
3. Encourage bold expression.
Ye Shengtao once said that the meaning of language is "speaking as language and writing as words". I'll say what's on my mind and write what I say. But with a rich life, you may not be able to express it. The weather-beaten beggar won't say anything. Therefore, we should attach importance to cultivating students' expressive ability. Do everything possible to make students happy and good at expression. How do we do this? Chen's composition class in Taiwan Province Province may give us some enlightenment.
Fairy tales are a type of children's literature. It shows the plot of the story through rich imagination and exaggeration. Fairy tale language is simple and beautiful, close to spoken language, and easy for children to understand and accept. Fairy tales are full of fantastic colors, with magical and interesting plots and intriguing reasoning, which can make children feel the charm of language and characters in fun and appreciate the scenes created by language and characters in fun.
Children are no strangers to fairy tales. Many children have learned fairy tales since they came into contact with language. Judging from the stories they heard and the extracurricular books they read, fairy tales have already brought them into a world full of fantasy, and laid a certain foundation for their later Chinese practice. They can think, listen and speak, and have a certain amount of language accumulation.
In Chinese teaching, how to make students know and learn fairy tales again?
First, build a platform.
"Chinese Curriculum Standard" requires: "The development of students' physical, psychological and language abilities has staged characteristics, and the teaching of different contents also has its own laws. Corresponding teaching strategies should be adopted according to the characteristics of students at different stages and different teaching contents to promote the all-round improvement of students' Chinese literacy. " The study of fairy tales focuses on understanding, feeling, appreciation and comprehension. For fairy tales, children's initial understanding mostly lies in the magic and fun attraction of fairy tales. As the acceptance of stories, there is no internal hidden thinking and understanding process, as well as the understanding and appreciation process of styles. Chinese curriculum attaches great importance to practice. In the actual teaching, it is necessary to build an open Chinese learning environment and provide them with practical opportunities, so that students can have a broader understanding and deeper feelings about fairy tales, cultivate students' research reading ability and continuously accumulate consciousness.
1, target establishment
When understanding and learning fairy tales, on the basis of respecting students' hobbies and free choice, let them read a lot first, guide them from understanding to re-understanding, and from learning to re-learning, the experience will be deepened, the feelings will be richer, and their personalized creative desire will be stimulated. This is "I also want to write fairy tales". Seize the opportunity, establish the process training of reading and writing as the development goal of students' Chinese ability, build a reading and writing platform, grasp the characteristics of course content, let students fully participate in activities inside and outside the classroom, and make the listening, speaking, reading and writing ability develop as a whole in the emotional experience full of interest in fairy tales.
Step 2 conceive
The focus of reading teaching is to cultivate students' ability to feel, understand, appreciate and evaluate. In practice, how are the learning experiences and knowledge gained by students reflected? This is what teachers should focus on when planning and imagining the whole Chinese practice. The process of "accumulation, collection, arrangement and communication" can provide students with evaluation opportunities, provide information feedback for teachers and students, and create an atmosphere of cooperative learning, cooperative discussion and self-presentation. It is under this assumption that the Chinese practice of Fairy Tales in My Heart entered the classroom.
3. Activity flow
The activity is divided into two stages: understanding fairy tales-creating fairy tales.
The first stage: understanding fairy tales.
Taking interest throughout, grasping the age characteristics of students, the activity is divided into five links: interest introduction-fragment appreciation-role reproduction-story browsing-practice listening and commenting-work recommendation.
① Interest introduction: Take the "boat of wisdom" to the fairy tale kingdom and take students into the magical world; "Talking about the characteristics of fairy tales" not only helps students understand the genre of children's literature, but also lays the foundation for their reading practice. "Fill in the card" stimulates students' enthusiasm for reading and reading more, and provides reading data for practical activities.
② Fragment appreciation: The familiar fairy tales "Ugly Duckling", "Scarecrow" and "Earthworms and Bees" offer beautiful passages for children, with interesting role performances, so that students can appreciate the artistic embodiment of the author's unity of "humanity" and "materiality" in beautiful scenes.
(3) Role representation: This link is more interesting. With personification and first-person self-report, let the characters in the story meet the real people, express the humor and exaggeration of fairy tales incisively and vividly through language, understand the story and character characteristics from the self-report of the characters, and subtly let the students have the meaning of "warning". At the same time, it also cultivates the ability of language expression and emotional expression.
(4) Story browsing: A short narrative will expose children to the excellent works of fairy tale masters such as Andersen, Green, Ye Shengtao, Wilde and Howe, stimulate their interest in "I want to see" and help broaden their horizons.
⑤ Practice listening and commenting: This is the focus of the whole activity. Reading is students' personalized behavior. In order to let students know fairy tales in positive emotional activities, deepen their understanding and experience of language and characters, and gain enlightenment and sentiment, then writing can let students use language in understanding, improve their reading and writing ability and cultivate their self-confidence in trying. In this activity, a lot of information is needed. The students' "listening, reading, commenting and discussing" affirmed their gains in the practice of activities, and understood their ability to use knowledge in the practice of activities. Teachers' guidance and students' communication have enhanced their awareness of cooperation, discussion, mutual learning and successful experience. It further examines students' grasp of style and highlights the process of teaching and learning, learning and using fairy tales.
⑥ Work recommendation: Meeting with readers, introducing your work to others, soliciting opinions from others, and listening to others' opinions with an open mind are also part of the activity. Self-recommendation exercises students' courage, cultivates students' communicative competence, makes students feel self-worth, increases confidence and fun for future re-creation, and is a spiritual incentive and behavioral promotion for children with poor homework.
The second stage: creating fairy tales.
Through the understanding of fairy tales, children have a great interest in fairy tales, and the practice of "walking into musical fairy tales" has opened up a new platform for their reading and writing. Let students learn, appreciate and create fairy tales from another angle, which is an extension of Chinese reading and writing practice and broadens the content, form and channels of learning activities.
Music, as the second language of human beings, has morphological consistency with people's psychological and emotional activities, which can stimulate students' thinking in images and expand divergent thinking. Under the influence of music melody, students plug in the wings of imagination and naturally enter the fairy tale artistic conception of music "creation". This artistic conception is not a ready-made picture, but a spontaneous emotional expression through "listening, appreciating, thinking and speaking". This kind of performance is the germination of students' innovative consciousness and the exertion of creative talents.
The key to entering music and imagining fairy tales lies in cultivating students' sense of music and guiding them to discover and explore the rich connotation of music. Inspired by one's own experience, it arouses the desire of imagination and creation, harmoniously unifies the beauty of melody and scene, transforms students' magical hope for fairy tales, and resonates with music and emotion.
German educator Dostoevsky once said: A bad teacher tells the truth, and a good teacher teaches students to discover the truth. This kind of "teaching" means that teachers can creatively research and design teaching forms and give students opportunities to explore, discover and apply knowledge. This is also the teaching concept that is more emphasized in the new curriculum requirements.
(1) Enjoy music and cultivate emotions.
"Chinese Curriculum Standard" points out that cultivating students' noble moral sentiment and healthy aesthetic taste, forming correct values and positive attitude towards life are the main contents of Chinese teaching, which should not be regarded as an external additional task, but should be subtly influenced and played, and these contents should be run through the daily teaching process. Music is the art of sound. It is fully expressive and infectious. It is difficult to infect students with music ontology, expand their imagination and enter fairy-tale scenes. We should not only be guided by specific goals, but also limit the scope and content of training, and leave enough room for students' thinking activities. How to listen? What music do you listen to? What song do you choose? Let all this follow the students' interests and wishes. Marx said: "Freedom is the premise of creation." Free choice stimulates students' sense of participation, allows students to enjoy their hobbies freely, and cultivates emotions in the melodious, high and low, unrestrained and euphemistic melody of music.
(2) Imagine music to inspire.
With the beautiful melody, students spread their imagination in the artistic conception created by music.
③ Create fairy tales and express aesthetic feeling.
"In the teaching process, the teacher's teaching largely determines the students' learning. On the one hand, children's creativity has great development potential, and teachers' teaching work can promote children's potential to be turned into reality. On the other hand, teachers' own ability structure and personality characteristics also have a subtle influence on children's development. "
Second, taste the harvest.
Through the comprehensive practice of Chinese, from goal establishment to conception, through the continuous exploration of practice, students have a deeper and newer experience in the understanding, understanding and application of fairy tales. They participated in a series of fairy tale activities of imitation, adaptation and self-editing, and created more than 200 fairy tales. Everyone has a fairy tale writing exercise book, which greatly stimulates their enthusiasm and interest in reading and writing, and their imagination and creativity have been continuously improved and developed. As described in student Zhang Shuangni's article "Smart Animals", in order to avoid being captured, animals are not kept in zoos and strive for freedom; After Yang Xianwen's Piggy Roaming in Space returned to the forest, all animals were mobilized to build a modern "forest kingdom"; The behavior of animals protecting forests and trees in Zeng's Protecting Green Homes has touched people who cut down trees, consciously protect the ecological environment and enhance their awareness of environmental protection. Children's fairy tales with colorful flowers are even more vivid and touching. Petals can be used to save a dog abused by its owner, turn a withered seedling into a stream to save it, send a magical dress for its mother's birthday, and use petals to find a huge dinosaur egg. It is even more interesting to listen to music and make up fairy tales. Listen to The Curved Moon and give students a feeling of "sitting on the moon boat". They can take a moon boat to see the Great Wall and Zhao Zhouqiao in Zhao County, Hebei Province. Sword dance reminds children not to slaughter animals, or they will be punished. "Only a mother is good in the world" makes children imagine the hard work of a mother cat to take care of a kitten. The magical Jiuzhai evokes children's reverie about the beautiful scenery of Jiuzhai. The beautiful melody of Song of Spring makes children create a "dream" to protect the forest. "I got into a small carriage" makes the magical small carriage in children's fairy tales bring poor children who are out of school to a place full of happiness. ...
The combination of reading and writing is an essential training way for Chinese subjects, and multi-angle reading and creative writing should be advocated. Teachers should start from students' interests, cherish students' unique feelings, stimulate emotional input, stimulate innovative spirit and strive to cultivate personality quality. Let students pay attention to reality, love life, enjoy reading and express their true feelings on the platform of learning, accumulating and applying knowledge. Such practical activities are conducive to the coordinated development of humanistic quality and the improvement of comprehensive quality.