An academic paper is a scientific record of new scientific research achievements or innovative ideas and knowledge of an academic topic in an experimental, theoretical or predictive way, or a scientific summary of new progress by applying known principles, so as to provide a written document for reading, communicating, discussing or publishing in academic journals or for other purposes. How to write the academic paper format template, let's have a look.
Academic paper format 1 How to write 1. Academic paper format requirements
(a) need to submit the full text, please use word input typesetting. No more than 5000 words.
(two) should be complete and to the point, involving the main ideas of pictures, curves and tables can not be omitted, the text should have a "conclusion" part. If the manuscript is unclear or the article is too long, the editor has the right to delete it.
(3) Please arrange the paper structure in the following order:
1. Title (first line): three black fonts, centered.
2. Name (second line): in lowercase letters, in the middle row.
3. Author's unit or mailing address (third line): in the order of province name, city name and postcode, in lowercase.
4. Key words. Need to list 4 keywords, small letter font. The 1 th keyword should be the names of two disciplines. Subject classification standards implement national standards; Please list the registration numbers of individual members of the National Association of China Association for Science and Technology after the keywords.
5. Text. Xiaosi Song Ti. The units of measurement used in this paper are written in English according to international common standards or national standards, such as km2 and kg. The year, year, month, day and figures in this paper are all expressed in Arabic numerals.
See the following table for the titles, charts and table styles at all levels of the text:
Table; Title style.
Title level font size format description.
The first-class title No.3 is the title of Song Center.
There are two bold characters in the second-level title No.4, and a single line of Chinese characters is added with a pause, such as "one"
The third-level title No.4 imitates the word "Song Dynasty Left Empty" with single-line Chinese character brackets, such as "(1)"
Leave two words in bold for the title of level 4, and add some Arabic numerals in a single line, such as "1."
Five-level title No.4 left 2 words right 1 words, Arabic numerals in the text are put in brackets. For example, "(1)" is allowed in untitled paragraphs.
Style of drawings, tables, notes and references.
Description of the content font size format.
The No.5 titles are arranged in Song style, and the middle and single line numbers are sorted by running water, such as "Figure1; Figure 2 "
Legend No.5, centered under the title of Song Dynasty layout, and then sorted by serial number, such as "1"; "2。"
The title of Table 5 is in the middle, and the unit of measurement can be arranged after the slash. The combined units need brackets, such as "Table 2 Maximum power /kW of several engines" and "Table 5 Speed of several vehicles /(km/h)", and the table numbers are sorted by running water, such as "Table 1" and "Table 2".
The column header of the table is small and the column is centered. The unit of measurement format is the same as above.
Text/Table No.5 Song Dynasty Table No.5 has 1 in front of the first line. Punctuation can be used in the paragraph, but not after the paragraph.
6. References. Articles must have references. With the word "reference" as the title, the font is five black in the middle, and the other fonts are five songs. The document description format is as follows:
(1) Works: Name of the author. Book title. Name of publishing house, publication date and page number (if there are more than two authors, separate them with commas)
(2) Periodical: author's name. The title of the article. Name, year, volume (issue) and page number of the periodical.
7. Introduction to the author. Please attach a brief introduction to the author after reference. "Author profile" should be arranged in five black fonts, starting from the left, leaving a space behind, and then arranged. The font of the author's profile is Wusong, 100 words or less, including the name, the name of the national society, the registration number of individual members of China Association for Science and Technology, work unit, telephone number, fax number, email address, etc.
How to write an academic paper 2 papers often refer to articles used to conduct scientific research and describe scientific research results. It is not only a means to discuss problems in scientific research, but also a tool to describe scientific research achievements for academic exchange. Including academic papers, graduation papers, dissertations, scientific papers, achievement papers, etc. , collectively referred to as the paper. The paper format refers to the stylistic requirements and writing standards when writing a paper. Intuitively speaking, the paper format means that the paper meets the standard style and content requirements that can be made public.
A paper generally consists of title, author, abstract, keywords, text, references and appendices, some of which (such as appendices) are dispensable. The composition order of the paper is: title, author, abstract, keywords, English title, English abstract, English keywords, text, references, appendix and thanks.
First, the basic content of the paper
1, the title of the paper. Should be able to summarize the most important content of the whole paper, concise and eye-catching, generally no more than 20 words. The title should be concise, specific and exact, which can summarize the specific content of the paper, help to select keywords, and conform to the relevant principles of compiling title catalogue, index and retrieval.
2. the author. The author's signature is placed under the title, and the author of the group author can also be marked in the footer of the first page of the article. Sometimes, the author's name can also be marked at the end of the article. (1. Department of University ×××, province and city zip code; 2.XX Department of XX University, province, city and zip code)
3. Abstracts and keywords. Abstract is an excerpt from the main content of the article, which requires short, accurate and complete. The main points of the paper should be expounded. Explain the research purpose, research methods, achievements and conclusions of this paper. Try to use text narration, and don't list the data in the text in the summary; The words should be concise, exclude the content that has become common sense in this subject field, and delete meaningless or unnecessary words; The contents should not be displayed, examples should not be cited, and the research process should not be introduced. The content is complete and should not be omitted, which can make people understand the basic content of the paper. About 300 words is appropriate.
Key words are the key words that can best reflect the theme of the paper, generally 3-8. Start a new line in the lower left corner of the abstract. Key words should be selected from the National Standard Chinese Glossary as far as possible. Important terms and names of new disciplines, regions, people and documents that are not included in the glossary can also be used as keywords. Keywords should be general technical terms that can cover the main content of the paper.
4. The text of the paper. It is the main body of graduation thesis.
(1) Introduction. The content should include the present situation at home and abroad in this research field, the problems to be solved in this paper, and the theoretical significance and practical value of this research work in economic construction, scientific and technological progress and social development. The introduction should be short and concise, and stick to the theme.
(2) The text of the paper. The text is the main body of the paper, which should include arguments, arguments, argumentation process and conclusions.
5. The recognition of a scientific research achievement or technological innovation is often not completed by one person, but also needs the support and help of human, financial and material resources. So many papers will be listed as "thanks" at the end. I am mainly grateful for the help I got in the process of completing my thesis, which is a sign of humility and courtesy in academic circles.
Thanks should be given to the following aspects:
Horizontal project contractors, enterprises, organizations or individuals that fund or support research; Organizations or individuals that assist in the completion of research work or provide convenient conditions; Someone who gives advice or help in research work; Owners of materials, pictures, documents, research ideas and ideas that have the right to reprint and quote; Other organizations or individuals that should be thanked.
6. References and notes. According to the number of documents or comments cited in the paper, it is listed after the main body of the paper and before the references. Charts or data must indicate the source and provenance. (When the reference is a periodical, the writing format is: [number], author, article title, periodical name (foreign abbreviation), year, number of volumes, number of issues and page number. When the reference is a book, the writing format is: [number], author, title, publishing unit, year, edition and page number. )
How to write the format of an academic paper 3 An academic paper is a scientific record of an academic topic with new scientific research achievements or innovative ideas and knowledge in the form of experiments, theories or observations, or a scientific summary of the new progress made by applying a known principle to practice, which can be read, exchanged or discussed at academic conferences or published in academic journals; Or written documents for other purposes. Academic papers are rational, original, logical and scientific, and their format (that is, certain specifications and styles) is very different from other styles of articles such as explanation, explanation and narration. In order to facilitate the collection, storage, processing, processing, retrieval, utilization, communication and dissemination of theoretical research results reported in academic papers, the relevant state departments have implemented some specifications for their format release, which mainly include three national standards: Format for Writing Scientific Reports, Dissertations and Academic Papers (GB/T 7713-1987); Rules for Thesis Writing (GB/T 7713.1-2006); Description rules of references after text (GB/T 77 14-2005). For these national standards, many authors don't know much or understand them comprehensively and inaccurately, which leads to some irregular problems in specific writing practice.
I. Title
1 concept. Title, also known as title and theme, is a logical combination that reflects the most important specific content in a short passage with the most appropriate and concise words. Every word used must take into account specific practical information, which is helpful for selecting keywords and writing titles, indexes and other auxiliary files to provide retrieval, and avoid using uncommon abbreviations, acronyms, characters, codes and formulas. Title is the first important information reflecting the research scope, arguments and level of academic papers. As the saying goes, eulogies are all women (titles). The importance of reading a text depends on the title (title) first, which can be summarized as one sentence: "Half the words are well written". General academic papers do not need subheadings, but they can have subheadings in the following circumstances: subheadings have incomplete meanings, and subheadings are used to supplement the specific contents of the report papers; Papers are published in volumes, or a series of work is divided into several reports, or phased research results, each with a different subtitle to distinguish its specific content; Others need subheadings as extensions or explanations.
2. Basic types. Generally, the titles of papers can be divided into the following three basic types: first, titles that reveal the scope of research. For example, On the Concept of Audit Quality only reflects the research scope of the paper, but does not express the views of the paper. The second is to reveal the topic or the title of the argument. For example, the topic of "users' satisfaction with audit quality" directly reflects the author's point of view, that is, the argument of the paper. The third is the title with both theme and subtitle, which not only reflects the research scope of the paper, but also reflects the argument of the paper. For example, the research on the concept of audit quality-on the "user" satisfaction of audit quality. Subtitles must be a further supplementary theme to prevent the problem of two skins. In the specific writing practice, the commOnly used title forms can be summarized as: on (talk, talk, talk, my humble opinion, simple analysis) XX (question); Problems and countermeasures in XX (my opinion and humble opinion); Discussion on XX (problem) (preliminary exploration, my opinion and humble opinion); Discussion on (right) XX (problem) (some understandings and thoughts). It should be noted that in this title, the prepositions "about" and "right" cannot be used together, only one can be used.
3. Basic requirements and precautions. The titles of academic papers are different from those of other articles (news, essays, novels, etc.). ), so there is no need to pursue artistic effects too much. Its basic requirements are as follows: First, the title is consistent. This is the basic standard for drafting the title of academic papers. The title of an academic paper should reflect the most important specific content in the article in concise and exact words, which is helpful to select key words, appropriately reflect the scope and depth of research on the problem, and try to avoid using symbols, abbreviations and abbreviations unfamiliar to readers. One of the points of attention of the thesis title is that it is too general, too big and too empty, and the connotation and extension of "title" and "text" do not match. For example, the paper entitled "Research on Audit Quality Management" actually only discusses one aspect of audit quality management-process control of audit quality. If the topic is changed to the specific object of study, such as "research on control methods" and "research on audit quality evaluation", such a title will be much more appropriate and convenient for in-depth discussion. There are also some papers that are only a few pages and thousands of words, but the titles are scary, such as Several Questions about … and Research on …. The second is simplicity. The number of words in the title of a paper should be as small as possible. On the premise of accurately reflecting the "most important specific content" of the paper, the fewer words, the better, which is convenient for readers to read, understand and remember. Generally speaking, the title of a paper should not exceed 20 words at most.
The second is to avoid cumbersome and lengthy. For example, the titles of papers such as Research on the Theoretical Basis of Audit Sampling, in which the words "about" and "research" are omitted, will not affect the expression of meaning, and can be condensed into Theoretical Basis of Audit Sampling. This change has reduced the number of words from the original 13 to 9, which is neat, concise and clear. Therefore, unnecessary and redundant words in the title should be deleted as much as possible to avoid synonyms or synonyms. For example, the analysis and discussion about …… and the titles of some papers are unclear and ambiguous. For example, how to prevent audit risks in state-owned enterprises, the research of excellent audit projects, and how audit institutions actively create a new situation in internal audit work make it difficult for readers to understand the contents discussed in this paper. The third is fascinating. The title of the paper is in the first eye-catching position, and whether the words are correct and the content expressed is eye-catching and attractive is related to whether the reader's interest in reading the text can be aroused. The title of academic papers should be "right" (accurate and appropriate, consistent with the topic, concise and easy to understand), and strive to be "good" (opposite, catchy, literary, giving readers a sense of beauty). It is particularly important to note that the expression of topics must conform to the grammar, rhetoric and logical rules of modern Chinese, and there can be no typos and language diseases. Otherwise, it will give readers the first impression of carelessness, carelessness, poor paper level and loss of interest in reading. Fourth, it is easy to search. The words used in the titles of academic papers should use the standardized words in the keyword list as far as possible, so as to facilitate the citation and retrieval in the dissemination of papers.
In a word, the title of a good academic paper should be a highly concentrated "one sentence" and reflect the function of the title (prompt and guidance). The author should try to summarize the most important topics in the paper that readers need to understand in one sentence, so that people will be interested in reading all the contents of the paper as soon as they see the title. In addition, the title of the proposed thesis is actually the author's address of his "child". As for when to plan, there are generally two situations: one is to "name the child first", that is, to plan the topic first and then write the paper; The second is "the name comes after the master", that is, write the paper (draft) first, and then draw up the topic.
Second, signature.
Signature is the name of the person who can write a paper and is responsible for the content, ranking according to the contribution. Signature involves copyright issues, it must be true and reliable, and give the full name. First, highlight the responsibility of writing; The second is to record the author's labor achievements; Third, it is convenient for readers to contact the author; Fourthly, it is used for literature retrieval (author index). There are two kinds of signatures: single-author papers (alone) and multi-author papers (together). The common fault of paper signature is illogical: in a paper, "we think" appears; In a closed paper, "I think" appears in the text. In order to avoid this kind of problem, when it is necessary to refer to the author in the text, "author" can be used instead.
Three. abstract
Abstract, also known as abstract, is extracted from the content of the paper. A short statement without comments and annotations is an independent and complete essay. In essence, an abstract is a highly concentrated summary of the main points and essence of a paper, which should be independent and self-sufficient, that is, you can get the necessary information without reading the full text of the paper. Generally speaking, the purpose, methods, results and conclusions of the research work are explained in the third person tone, with the emphasis on the results and conclusions. First, let readers know the main content of the paper as soon as possible to supplement the deficiency of the topic. Responsible for attracting readers and introducing the views of the paper. Readers generally don't read the full text as soon as they get the paper, but read the title and abstract first, and then decide whether they need to read through the paper.
The purpose is to let readers get the necessary information and understand the general content of the paper without reading the full text of the paper, so as to decide whether it is necessary to read the full text. The second is to provide convenience for scientific and technological information personnel and computer retrieval. After the paper is published, the abstract can be directly used by the abstract magazine without modification or slight modification, thus avoiding misunderstandings, shortcomings and mistakes that may occur when others write the abstract. The third is to provide convenience for secondary literature. The characteristic of writing is to use objective third-person expression.
There are two common irregularities in writing: first, they are confused with "editor's notes", self-evaluate, explain or explain the paper, and use words such as "this article", "the author thinks", "put forward his own views" and "made a superficial discussion". Second, it is too long or too short. The text is too long, the content is not concentrated and concise; Too short, often only one or two sentences, can not reflect the main information of the paper. The abstract of a general paper is about 300 words, without segmentation. It has also been suggested that the length of abstracts is generally limited to less than 5% of the words in the paper.
At present, many academic papers, including those published in some well-known social science journals, have irregular abstracts, and some even have no abstracts. Both the author and the editor have cognitive errors in the importance of abstracts to varying degrees, or they don't understand the standards and rules of abstract writing. Some paper authors think that it is enough to write the text well, and even think that the writing of abstract is an editor's business; However, some editors also ignore the abstract, only care about the academic level of the text of the paper, and think that the abstract is only a front part of the paper, which is irrelevant.
In fact, the abstract "should be a complete paper", which can be read independently and be self-sufficient. How to write the abstract of an academic paper into a "complete paper"? First of all, you can use the function of "automatically writing abstracts" in the computer "tools" to let the computer screen out some important "sentences" by setting the "proportion" (which can be set to more than 5%, such as 20% to facilitate revision), and then process them and string them into short articles. The thesis should be similar to the column of "Excerpts of Arguments" in Xinhua Digest and the column of "Abstracts of Arguments" in China Social Science Digest. The second is to abbreviate "text" to highlight the innovation points of the paper, including new technologies, new theories, new methods, new ideas and new laws, correct the mistakes of predecessors, solve disputes, supplement and develop the achievements of predecessors, etc.
Fourth, key words
The keywords of academic papers are also called index words, which belong to the category of subject words. They are words or terms selected from reports and papers, which are used for document indexing purposes to express information items of the full text. It is a word or phrase selected from the title, paragraph title and text of the paper that can reflect the theme of the paper. If the papers are not marked with keywords, such articles will not be included in the literature database, and readers will not be able to retrieve them. Whether the keywords are properly selected is related to the retrieval of papers and the utilization rate of papers. Keywords are located after the abstract and before the introduction. Keyword, like abstract, is the concentrated content of the paper, but it is more concise and can reveal the main points of the paper better than abstract.
The common phenomena and problems of nonstandard keywords are: the keywords are not critical, the extension is too large, and "one sentence" is the key word; There are too many or too few keywords, or verbs and adjectives are used as keywords, or some words or phrases that have nothing to do with the theme and paragraph title of the paper and cannot reflect the theme concept of the paper are selected, so it is difficult to retrieve the paper quickly and conveniently. The general selection method of keywords: after the author finishes writing the paper, he chooses the words that can express the main content of the paper. These words try to extract words and phrases consistent with the theme concept from the titles, abstracts, hierarchical titles and important paragraphs of the text, and try to use the standardized subject words listed in the Chinese Thesaurus. Generally, you should choose 3 ~ 8 keywords, and leave a space between each word to show the difference.
Introduction of verbs (abbreviation of verb)
Introduction is also called introduction, introduction, preface, introduction and preface. It is the preface of a paper, which belongs to the introduction part of the whole paper and leads to the argument, so it is written before the text. The purpose of introduction writing is to explain the ins and outs of this study to readers, and its function is to attract readers' attention, guide reading and make readers have a general understanding of the paper first.
The introduction briefly introduces the research purpose, scope, previous work and knowledge gaps in related fields, theoretical basis and analysis, research ideas, research methods and experimental design, expected results and significance. In order to make the overall structure of the paper rigorous, complete and logical, the reason why the introduction should first briefly explain the significance and purpose of the problem study and clearly put forward the arguments and other contents is to echo the previous ones, reflect the logical relationship between arguments and bring convenience to the argument of the text. The common phenomena of nonstandard introduction include: long words, scattered and trivial contents, which can not attract readers to read the text; Some papers are directly discussed without introduction. The problems that should be paid attention to when writing the preface include: first, it is fascinating and attracts readers.
The beginning of the article is commonly known as "phoenix head", which means wonderful and beautiful. Therefore, the lead should come straight to the point, quickly get into the theme, and arouse readers' interest in reading, instead of "writing a thousand words and pulling Wan Li", which makes readers confused. The second is to be concise, and the text should not be too long to prevent the paper from being top-heavy and asymmetrical. The introduction is complicated and lengthy, which will make readers bored and unwilling to read the full text. Some knowledge in general textbooks need not be described in the introduction. Third, it should not be the same as the abstract, nor should it be the annotation of the abstract.
Intransitive verb text
The text of the paper is the argumentation part and the main body of the paper, occupying the largest length of the paper. The main body of the general article (that is, the middle part of the article) is commonly called "pig's belly" (some people emphasize that it is sow's belly), which means that the main content of the article is in it. The creative achievements or new research achievements embodied in this paper will be fully reflected in this part.
Because there are great differences in the subjects, topics, research methods, workflow and expression of results involved in the research work, it is impossible to make uniform provisions on the content of the text. However, it must be realistic, objective and true, accurate and complete, clear in logic, concise and easy to read. The requirements for writing the text of the thesis are: the argument is correct, distinct, profound and novel; The argument is true, reliable, accurate, typical, sufficient and appropriate; The logic of the argument is clear, and the argument is unified with the argument. To this end, the text should be clear-cut, clear in context and prominent in theme. This requires dividing the text into several logical paragraphs, and a logical paragraph can contain several natural paragraphs (generally, there are not less than two natural paragraphs per page after writing). Each logical or natural segment can start with an appropriate title (subtitle or subtitle). Short sentences, short paragraphs and articles will all look clean and tidy.
Multiple segmentation helps to organize. The paragraph is too long, and different contents are entangled in one paragraph, which will make the article look dull and the logic is not easy to be clear. Punctuation helps reading. The sentence is too long, two lines with commas and several lines with periods, which is difficult to read. Common problems in writing: the level is unclear, each logical paragraph or natural paragraph lacks a subtitle, or the subtitle is not short and clear enough; Lack of logic between logical segments or natural segments; The length of words varies greatly, some logical paragraphs or natural paragraphs occupy several pages, and some are only a few words, which is very uncoordinated; The hierarchical serial number is chaotic, and "(1)" cannot be used in the order of "I", "I" and "1". When writing a text, we should pay attention to the following three points: First, demonstrate around a center (a line). Argumentation is the soul and core of the paper. Demonstrating and expressing arguments is the main task to be completed in thesis writing. Once the argument is determined, the whole article must take it as the center (a line) to arrange the structure, choose materials, choose words and make sentences.
Only by firmly grasping a center and closely surrounding a line can the written paper be integrated and have a sense of unity. Otherwise, the paper will be chaotic and chaotic. Second, around the center, the structure is reasonable. Paragraph structure is the basis of the article. Every logical paragraph or natural paragraph must be single and complete, focusing on expressing a meaning and making a meaning complete. Don't write anything irrelevant to the meaning of this paragraph in the same paragraph. At the same time, pay attention to the internal logical connection between each part, the cohesion and cohesion between paragraphs, and write transitional sentences with relevant words to make the article connect the preceding with the following and take care of it. Thirdly, flexible use of various specific argumentation methods (for example, citation, analogy, causality, reduction to absurdity) makes the paper "lively".
Seven. conclusion
The conclusion of the paper is the final and overall conclusion, not a simple repetition of the summary of each paragraph in the paper. Conclusion is also called conclusion and conclusion. It embodies the value of research results with its own orderliness, accuracy and objectivity. Conclusion, like abstract, also has the function of facilitating readers to read the full text and secondary literature work. The conclusion should include the core idea of the paper, explain the limitations of the research work, and put forward opinions or suggestions for future work. If there are many conclusions, you can write articles, each of which is a paragraph, and give appropriate numbers; If the conclusion paragraph is less, you can write it in one paragraph. The ending should echo the beginning, summarize the full text and add icing on the cake. It should be noted that the conclusion (ending) of the paper should not be written in the form of a document or a summary of the meeting, which is superfluous, nor should it be modest and polite and self-evaluated. If some papers write at the end: "The above are only the author's superficial understanding and shortcomings, please criticize and correct me." Some wrote at the end: "The research in this paper has advanced domestic level and filled the domestic gap." It's really gilding the lily, because after reading the whole paper, readers will have their own judgment, and there is no need for the author to comment on it himself.
Eight. refer to
The following references are related literature information resources cited for writing or editing papers and works. In the process of writing a paper, the author should always quote the viewpoints, data and materials published by others and the author himself in the past, and indicate where they appear in the paper, and no references are listed in the paper. The significance of listing references after the paper lies in: it can reflect the author's scientific attitude and the true and extensive scientific basis of the paper, as well as the starting point and depth of the paper; Distinguishing the author's achievements from those of predecessors not only shows the author's respect for others' labor, but also eliminates the suspicion of plagiarism. Readers can easily search and find relevant books and materials through the recorded references, so as to have a more detailed understanding of the quotations in this paper, which is conducive to saving the length of the paper.
References generally only record the most necessary and up-to-date documents and published documents. Frequently asked questions: First, it is too old; Second, the format is not standardized, and no standardized recording format is adopted. In order to avoid the problem of nonstandard format, the author can make an electronic document template by searching the National Standard Rules for the Description of References after Articles (GB /T 77 14—2005-2005) through the Internet, and just sit in the right position when necessary and compare it with the gourd painting ladle.
It should be noted that there is a great difference between references and notes. References are the bibliographies that the author refers to when writing and discussing, which are generally listed at the end of the article, and their serial numbers are marked with square brackets; Comments are further explanations or supplementary explanations of specific contents in the discussion text. Generally printed in the footer, its serial number is marked with numbers and circles. Finally, it must be explained that different paper demanders have different requirements for the format of published papers, and the author must determine the format of the papers according to their specific requirements.
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