Structural composition: There are various types, among which "Zhong Ni style" is the most common. Generally, it can be divided into piano body (i.e. the resonance box, which consists of piano face, piano bottom, piano products, goose feet and other parts) and chord system (including seven strings, moon mountain, Qin emblem and other parts).
Materials used: The piano panel of the piano body is generally made of paulownia wood, and the piano bottom is made of catalpa wood. The texture of strings used to be mostly silk, but now they are mostly metal; Qin Hui is mostly made of shells or jade.
Musical Instrument Features: It is one of the oldest musical instruments in the musical instrument family with a long history and one of the most important traditional national musical instruments in China. A plucked instrument belonging to the stringed instrument family, with a rich and deep pronunciation and a long aftertaste, has strong national characteristics in China. The playing techniques are complex, with special skills such as sliding, kneading strings and overtone playing, and rich expressive force.
Guqin has a small volume, low sound area, clear and rich timbre and simple style. In ancient times, almost every family of China literati had guqin. Confucius is also an admirer of guqin. Among the six arts he taught, guqin is a compulsory instrument, and Confucius wanted to cultivate people's sentiment through guqin. In about 48 1 BC, Confucius wrote the piano music Cao Cao to mourn the two wise men who were killed by Zhao Jianzi. The existing Qin songs "Turtle Hill Grass", "Holly Grass" and "Yao Lan Grass" are all works of Confucius.
Guqin is a flat and long speaker, with a length of about 130 cm, a width of about 20 cm and a thickness of about 5 cm. The panel, also called the piano face, is a long wooden board with an arched surface, a chord hole in the head and an oval tail. The bottom plate, also known as the piano bottom, has the same shape as the panel, but it is not arched. The belly of the piano is dug in the lower half of the whole piece of wood. There are two sound holes in the bottom plate, called Longchi and Fengman respectively. There are two foot holes near the waist in the middle, and two feet are installed on them to praise the feet. The piano face and the bottom plate are bonded to form the piano body, and the tongue-shaped wooden board is attached to the inside of the piano head to form a space separated from the belly of the piano, which is called the tongue hole. There is a sound beam on the back of the panel, also called Shi Xiang. There are two pillars in the belly of the piano, called Tianzhu and Judy. Chords, also called Qin Zhen, are mostly round or melon-shaped, hollow (for threading), and the strings are tied with velvet ropes and tied around the harp. The strings are wrapped in silk. Yueshan is embedded in the head of the panel and also has a chord hole. There are four feet on the floor. The first two feet are called palms and the last two feet are called tail stickers, which play the role of flattening the body. 13 signs made of mother-of-pearl or jade are embedded in the panel to mark phonemes. Guqin has beautiful shapes, such as Fuxi, Zhong Ni, Julian, sunset and the moon. Mainly according to the different neck and waist shapes of the piano body. Lacquer has broken lines, which is the symbol of the ancient piano. Due to the vibration of long-term performance and the difference of wood and paint base, various broken lines can be formed, such as plum blossom break, cow hair break, snake belly break, ice breaking, turtle pattern and so on. A broken piano is more valuable because of its clear sound and beautiful appearance.
Among Chinese musical instruments, the sound of guqin is special, unlike erhu, which is more euphemistic and lingering. You know, the kind that won't go away and is a little heartbroken. Unlike guzheng, which is loud and cheerful, the performance effect is immediate, but it is peaceful and calm, with a heart-to-heart chanting; Unlike the pipa, it is like pouring pearls of all sizes into a plate of jade-like straightforwardness. Guqin is delicate and subtle, and fingering quietly controls priorities. This kind of sound determines that it is not suitable as an ensemble instrument, but suitable for solo. The only thing that can be in harmony with guqin is the flute, which is bitter and vague, and the elegant piano, which transcends reality, which is why guqin is favored by traditional literati.
The sound of guqin is fascinating, the overtones are light and clear, the scattered sounds are calm and vigorous, and the timbre is soothing or intense or dignified. The fingering of the sound, pen, brush and rhyme of the guqin makes people truly experience the lingering fragrance, just like a wick of incense dancing slowly in the air, which is solid and empty, lingering around, just like the ink cloud in Chinese painting, such as Guo's Early Spring Picture and Huang's Fuchun.
China has many beautiful stories about guqin. In the Western Han Dynasty, Sima Xiangru's song "Phoenix Begging for Phoenix" won Zhuo Wenjun's heart, which is a love story with guqin as the theme. Kongming of the Three Kingdoms, with his extraordinary wisdom, burned incense and played the piano when the empty city was in danger, which became a classic story sung for a long time in later operas.
Guqin is a typical solo instrument, which is rarely used in ensemble. In ancient times, when literati sang, they often used it as an accompaniment instrument. Guqin is the oldest plucked instrument in China with a history of more than 3,000 years. It is the most famous musical instrument in ancient China. It is called philosophy art or philosophy of art, and it is listed as the first of the four major arts of "Chyi Chin Painting and Calligraphy". It is a compulsory instrument for every scholar in ancient times. Famous artists in history include Confucius, Cai Yong, Cai Wenji, Li Bai, Du Fu, Song Huizong and Ji Kang. Guqin is also one of Confucius' six arts. In the Book of Songs, it is recorded that "My Fair Lady is a friend of harps and harps" and "I have a guest, playing the piano and drums". Guqin itself is full of legendary symbolism. For example, it is 3 feet 6 inches 5 minutes long, representing 365 days in a year. The surface of the piano is curved, representing the sky, and the bottom of the piano is flat, symbolizing the earth, also known as the "round place". Guqin has 13 emblems, representing 12 months and leap months in a year. Guqin originally had five strings, symbolizing gold, wood, water, fire and earth. Zhou Wenwang added a string to mourn his dead son, Bo Yikao, and the other string was to boost morale when the prince of Wu attacked, so the guqin was also called the "civil-military lyre". Guqin has more than 100 overtones, which is probably the most overtone instrument in the world. Guqin has its own notation (simplified Chinese notation), at least 1500 years old. There are more than 50 guqin scores/kloc-0, including more than 3,000 guqin songs handed down from ancient times.
Qinpai
Qin School is a school composed of Qin people with a common artistic style. Qin School originated from Yushan School in the late Ming Dynasty and Guangling School in the Qing Dynasty. The philosophers in the post-Qin Dynasty were mostly named after geographical division, with Yushan School as the center and Guangling School as the center.
Guangling Qinpai
Jiuben school
Lingnan school
Meianpai
Pucheng school
Yushanpai
Zhepai
Zhuchengpai
Shupai
Qin Shi: Qin Shi, also known as "Lira". An ancient Greek folk plucked instrument. The lyre is a symbol of music. The lyre has a long history. The legendary lyre was invented by Greek helmer. One day, while walking in the wild, helmer accidentally stepped on something that could be pronounced. He picked it up and saw that it was a turtle shell with a tendon on it, which was pronounced by vibration. Helmer was inspired by this. Later, he used turtle shell as the base, covered with cowhide, as a resonance box. It has two small speakers, a beam between the upper parts and four strings (tendons) on the frame, thus making the world's earliest lyre. When playing, hold it in your arms, press the string with your left hand and pluck it with your right hand to make a beautiful and pleasant sound. This made the world's earliest lyre. In the 7th century BC, Delpande, known as the father of Greek music, increased the four strings of the lyre to five strings and seven strings successively, and the base and bracket of the lyre were all made of wood, so it was more convenient to watch the music score at that time. The Greeks regarded the lyre as a national musical instrument, which was played whenever Apollo was sacrificed. Later, some people increased the number of strings to eleven strings. With the development of foundry industry, metal materials were added to the piano body to make the sound quality more pleasant.
Around the sixth century BC, there was a famous female musician and poet Sappho in Greece. She is good at singing and dancing as well as playing the lyre. When she toured all over the Balkans, her exquisite piano skills, wonderful singing and moving dancing were welcomed by people all over the world. Legend has it that this instrument has spread all over Europe. In the history of painting, many painters have painted portraits of her, and her beautiful expression of dying with a pipa in her hand can also be passed down to future generations and remain in people's memory for a long time. About 1000 years later, although the lyre as a musical instrument was gradually eliminated by the lute (a kind of instrument similar to the mandolin), people always miss this elegant, symmetrical and simple musical instrument image. As the oldest musical instrument in China, the lyre has become a symbol of wonderful music. As a result, people in many countries regard it as a symbol of music and often hang it on the curtain of concert stage, which has been used ever since.
A flute is also called a flute. According to legend, when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions, he entered Chang 'an. After the Song Dynasty, it became an important accompaniment instrument of China traditional opera. In the Tang dynasty, it was called transverse blowing, and there was no flute membrane. In the Tang Dynasty, only the flute was covered with film. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the film was moved to the flute, but the flute was no longer covered with film. Now only Korean flutes are covered with plastic film.
Although there are membrane holes on the flute, in the past, the membrane holes were not very elegant. Just dig a round hole between the blow hole and the sixth hole and paste the flute membrane (bamboo membrane first). The first thing to pay attention to is the Shanghai Datong concert. 1932 10 Datong assistant Zheng Jinwen changed the circular membrane hole of the old flute into an ellipse to increase the folds of the flute membrane and make the tone more rounded and easier to control.
The timbre of the flute depends not only on whether the shape and position of the blowing hole are dug properly, but also on the thickness of the pipe wall. The age and tenderness of the flute membrane and the size of the membrane hole have great influence on the timbre. Generally speaking, the membrane hole is large, the pronunciation is thick (especially bass), the membrane hole is small, and the pronunciation is sharp. Therefore, the membrane hole is one of the key problems affecting the timbre of the flute.
The range of bamboo flute is limited to three groups, and now it can only play two and a half groups. The widening of the range of the flute is an all-round thing, including the shape and size of the blowing hole, the appropriate position and fingering combination of each sound hole, the wind intensity of the mouth shape and the appropriate position of the membrane hole. Generally speaking, the size of the membrane hole is moderate, and the range is wide when it is slightly close to one end of the blowing hole, otherwise the range is narrow.
The influence of the size of the membrane hole and the tightness of the flute membrane on the pitch: Generally speaking, everyone likes to use the tender flute membrane because it is tender, crisp and bright, and it is also labor-saving to play. This leads to a problem. The larger the membrane hole, the looser the flute membrane and the lower the absolute pitch of the flute. Therefore, the flute membrane can be slightly loosened in summer, because the temperature is high and the flute sound is high in summer, and the sound can be reduced by loosening the flute membrane; On the contrary, in winter, the flute membrane should be attached more tightly to make the flute sound higher.
The traditional flute is made of bamboo and has six pressing holes, ten holes, one blowing hole and one membrane hole. When playing, it is pronounced by the vibration of the air column in the bamboo tube. There are two octaves in the ordinary range. There are three kinds of bamboo flutes: C flute, D flute, E flute, F flute, G flute (also called Bang flute), A flute and B flute, and the timbre varies from low to high.
The flute is crisp, high-pitched, transparent and mellow, and solo and ensemble have their own characteristics and rich expressive force, so it is deeply loved by people. There are two main types of flutes, which are the main accompaniment instruments of Kunqu Opera and Bangzi, so they are customarily called "Qu Di" and "Bangdi".
To play the flute well, you must closely cooperate with Qi (force), Finger (method) and Tongue (head), and all three are indispensable.
Harp: Harp (English: harp; Methods: harpe；; German: harff; ; Latin: arpa) is a kind of stringed instruments, including arc neck (or "beam"), resonator, hardware device (its main function is equivalent to piano or violin, relaxing or tightening specific strings) and parallel strings. She has different shapes, different strings and different playing methods in every region, such as China, Myanmar, Ireland, continental Europe, Latin America and so on. (China's elegance is one of them. "Shi Gui" Li He once wrote Li Ping's elegance. )
Nowadays, the pedal harp used in the most common concert hall has a column besides the neck and the resonance box. The base of the harp has seven pedals, which are respectively tied to the lower ends of seven pedal rods in the cylinder, and then connected to the movements in the neck by the pedal rods, which are responsible for the lifting of seven notes (left foot si-do-re, right foot mi-fa-sol-la). There are more than 2,000 small parts interlocking in the dynamic disk, and then pull the small disk outside to change the length of the strings to get the required pitch (each pedal echoes an octave, and there are grooves with three positions that can be fixed. Each pedal is equipped with a spring, so you can step on the pedal with your foot, or release the pedal and change positions between grooves. It is precisely because the harp is a carefully calculated and designed musical instrument, coupled with wood and carvers, that it is expensive for a reason.
The strings pass through the resonance box and are fixed on the iron pin on the neck of the piano. Add up all the tuned strings, and their tension is 730 kg. This is why playing the harp will blister and grow cocoons! )
The number of strings and the size of the pedal harp vary according to different needs. The most common is 47 strings, including 6 octaves plus a group of top notes of do, re, mi, fa and sol, which weigh about 80 kg. Steel strings for the bottom one and a half octaves, narrow strings for midrange and nylon strings for treble); Because everyone has different preferences for sound, sometimes the highest octave or one and a half octaves; Some people don't like the crisp and bright timbre of nylon strings, but they all use narrow strings above midrange.
There are generally steel strings, narrow strings and nylon strings. The winner of the Israel Harp Competition is a little boy from a poor family in Romania. He said that the piano he practiced as a child had no money to string, so he could only use fishing line instead! How happy we are now. Although they are all made of nylon, the timbre is very different.
Harp, like other stringed instruments, needs to be tuned before each performance. Actors must be present at least 47 minutes before the performance or rehearsal. All 47 strings of the harp need tuning! When tuning, the harpist must wear a pair of headphones, which are connected to a tuning device that looks like a walkman. This device allows him to hear the pitch he wants, and his job is to make the sound of the strings sound just right for those pitches.
Mandolin: Mandolin is a plucked stringed instrument, which is similar to the lute and closely related. The body is half pear-shaped, the neck is short, and there are pins on the neck. The head of the piano is sickle-shaped and bent backwards. The sound hole is oval. Four groups of double strings (two pairs of strings) are made of steel wires, and the fixed strings are the same as those of the violin, namely G, d 1, a 1 and e2. Play with a pick. Its characteristic is that it needs to be played quickly and repeatedly, and the sound is kept continuous and bright through vibration.
[Edit this paragraph] Musical instrument history
The mandolin is a variant of the lute, originally evolved from the mandolin of the small harp in the18th century. Today, the most famous mandolin variety originated in Naples. /kloc-was improved by Italian mandolin manufacturer P Vinaccia in the 0/9th century, which laid a modern style. 18 and 19 century composers sometimes create works for mandolin. In Italy (especially in the south) and the United States, the mandolin is mainly a folk musical instrument. In America, it is often used in country music with guitar and banjo.
[Edit this paragraph] Musical instrument information
Family: stringed instruments
Range: two and a half octaves
Material: rosewood, metal string.
Size: about 60 cm long, including 33 cm people.
Origin: Mandolin evolved from a musical instrument called Datura in the15th century. a surname
Its shape is similar to pipa, and it has 4-5 groups of complex strings.
Category: stringed instruments, sound is produced by the vibration of strings.
Tip: Mozart used the mandolin in his opera Don Juan (1787). Under the girl's window, the mandolin expressed a romantic serenade.
[Edit this paragraph] Instrument type
1 Italian mandolin (post-blown mandolin, round back traditional type)
2 flat-backed mandolins, one model)
3 country music mandolin (F type)
4 electric mandolin
5 mandolin with two necks
Six other mandolins (mandolin banjo ...)
[Edit this paragraph] Mandolin music
As far as timbre is concerned, mandolin's voice is more delicate and delicate. Vivaldi's Concerto for the Double Mandolin is slightly more famous than the Concerto for the Lute, mainly because its second movement is widely circulated and is often selected by the Baroque collection. In fact, this melancholy and quiet adagio movement can only show its profound emotional charm if it is played between two dance-like allegro movements.
Banjo, grand piano, bagpipes and three-stringed instruments.
Guitar clarinet banjo Spanish guitar oboe Zhong Qin harp piano organ bass banjo Hawaiian guitar guzheng
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Allegro hu zheng Hu Ba Di Suona Sheng Bang Three-stringed Banhu Harp Xiao Ba Wu Guan Di Hu Ye Qin Qin.
There are many more, so I won't give examples. These are all from Baidu Encyclopedia. If you enter an entry, there will be many examples of related entries at the end of the article! You can go and have a look, for example:/view/view/361375.htm.