The late Ming Dynasty refers to the period from Jiajing to Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty (1522-1644). During this period, blue and white porcelain had its own characteristics. Shopkeeper Wang of Jingdezhen briefly summarized the characteristics of blue and white porcelain during this period. I hope it will be helpful to you. Help:
1. Jiajing (1522-1566)
(1) Typical utensils. The utensils of this period clearly reflect the late Ming Dynasty, when blue and white porcelain underwent another significant change. Typical vessels include seven blue and white vessels unearthed from tombs in Jingdezhen in the first year of Jiajing and the 41st year of Jiajing. A blue and white plate with dragon pattern on the front unearthed from the tomb of King Yizhuang in the 36th year of Jiajing reign in Nancheng County, Jiangxi Province. A blue and white flower-and-bird pattern bowl "made in the Jiajing Xinyou Year" collection in the Shanghai Museum. The year of Xinyou was the fortieth year of Jiajing (1561). The kiln sites include Jingdezhen Hutian, Guanyin Pavilion and Situli.
(2) Green material. Mainly made of green material, the color is purple, which is different from other dynasties. It is common for the color to be haloed and the patterns to be blurred, which is because the proportion of green material in the green material is too high or the heat is too high. There are many varieties of blue and white, including blue and white on a white ground, blue and white on a yellow ground, blue and white on a blue ground, blue and white on the outside, red on the outside and blue on the inside, and multicolored blue and white.
(3) Decoration. The painting method is mostly single-line flat painting. Good paintings pay attention to filling the color and do not flow outside the line, and the workmanship is meticulous. Poor paintings flow outside the outline line. The themes include twining flowers, dragons and phoenixes, flowers and birds, fish and algae, etc. Characteristics of the pattern: flower combination characters. Flower branches and pine branches are used to form blessings and longevity. Some flower branches have blank spaces to write, such as bumper crops, peace in the world, longevity and peace in the country, etc. There are many figures of the Eight Immortals, including Lu Chunyang, Laojun Alchemy, the dragon pattern begins with a dragon on the front, a baby playing in the garden, and the back of the child's head begins to become larger and wears a robe. The dragon pattern initially included the frontal dragon and the chi-tiger-dragon, which were widely used in Longqing and Wanli. Peony flowers and leaves resemble chicken feet, and are also commonly used in Bagua, Bajixiang and Ganoderma lucidum decorations.
(4) Body glaze. The glaze is not as delicate as that since Xuande, and is white and shiny. Although the glaze is finer, it is brighter and not as thick and green as the middle period. Some thick glazes are cloudy. Most of them are green glaze, and the glaze surface is not smooth enough, with hidden ripples.
(5) Shape. The general style is solemn. Increase in large items. Gourd-shaped bottles began in Zhengde and became popular at this time. There were also bottles with round sky and square, multi-corrugated bottles, square bottles, eight-square bottles, plum bottles with lids, etc. Bottles began to have live rings. The fruit boxes are square in shape. Most of the pot furnaces are bowl-type furnaces. Individual wine glasses are exquisite, clear and thin. There are statues of the Eight Immortals, Wenchang, longevity star, Zhenwu and so on.
(6) Recognition. There are many styles, and the auspicious ones include: Longevity, Good Luck, Longevity and Health, and Wanfu Youtong. The words of praise are: Wealth and good utensils, high-grade utensils, food and wealth are good utensils, and prosperity is everlasting. Special items include "wine", "soup", "tea", etc. There are also famous brands such as Dongshutang and Dongluoguan.
(7) Technology. If you don't pay attention to tire repair, the joints of bottles and cans are obvious, and some two, three, and four sections are connected. The dishes and bowls are rough and irregular, the bottom of the bowl is collapsed, and the bottom of the bowl is convex, commonly known as "steamed bun bottom." There are three kinds of square points in statues: the hand-shaped one, the stamped one next, and the combination of the two is rare.
2. Longqing (1567-1572)
(1) Typical utensils. Jiajing began to "officer-owned and civilian-fired", and the fine products in private kilns were as good as those in official kilns. The output of blue and white in this period is small, but the quality is good. A typical instrument is the blue and white Panzhi doll inkstone from the "Longqing 2nd Year" collection in the Nanjing Museum. The blue and white tablet of Shelong Qingming in Anwei Province.
(2) Green material. Mainly use Huiqing, part of the hair color is pure blue and stable, and the other part is gray. The varieties include folded ground blue and white, yellow ground blue and white, outer blue and inner blue and white, blue and white multicolored, red and green blue and white, light blue and white, etc.
(3) Decoration. The layout is cumbersome and sparse. The technique is single-line flat painting, and the coloring is done carefully so as not to spread outward. Decoration themes, such as Panzhi dolls, being granted the title of Marquis on horseback, and the title of Marquis and Duke, are the popular patterns in this period; the more common politicians are dragons and phoenixes on branches, group dragons, group phoenixes, crawling chilongs, group-shaped chilongs, and combinations of blue and white flowers and dark flowers. Records of zhi, birds swimming in lotus ponds, patterns composed of characters, etc.
(4) Body glaze and shape. The carcass is delicate, delicate and light. The glaze is greasy and bright, with white and green glistening. There are not many large pieces with honest shapes. In addition to common shapes, the typical shapes are polygonal, silver ingot, four-cornered, hexagonal, octagonal, etc. Stationery supplies include pen boxes, pen holders, inkstones, etc. Precious products include rhombus-shaped washbasins, handles and handles, and high handles.
(5) Recognition. There are many four-character and two-line regular script inscriptions of "Longqing Nian Zhi" and "Longqing Nian Zhi". The word "生" in the character "Long" is often written as "正", and the outer part of the inscription is single circle or unframed. The auspicious symbols include: Wan Fu You Tong, Fu Shou Kang Ning, Yong Bao Changchun, etc. The hymns include the best utensils for wealth, the best utensils for high quality, the best utensils for Changchun, and the best utensils for the next year.
3. Wanli (1573-1620)
(1) Typical utensils. There are many artifacts unearthed from tombs and cellars with clear dates in this period. Blue and white porcelain wins with more. Typical artifacts include the blue and white animal button-covered two-eared and three-legged furnace unearthed from the tomb of Wanli 21 in Xingan County, Jiangxi Province, and the blue and white Panzhi doll vase. Wanli blue and white porcelain unearthed from the Huifacheng site in Jilin. There are 162 pieces of late Wanli blue and white porcelain unearthed from the ancient Ying cellar in Zhengzhou.
(2) Green material. In the early days, the green material was used, and the good color was blue with purple in it. In the later stage, earth blue and stone green are mainly used, and the hair color is gray. Most of the blue and white blue and white have double hook lines to separate the water, reaching more than 2 color prices. Varieties include white ground blue and white, blue and white multicolored, and blue and white red. In the later period, light blue and white, and Ge glazed blue and white were widely used. They continued to Tianqi, and the color was light and elegant.
(3) Decoration. The layout is dense and messy, the theme is not apparent, and the brushes are weak.
In addition to common patterns, the themes include flowers and birds, clouds and dragons, Shoushan and Fuhai, clouds and cranes, celestial horses, chi tigers and dragons, fish and algae patterns, etc. The decorations of characters and stories mostly include the Eight Immortals celebrating their birthdays, Laozi preaching, Dongfang Shuo stealing peaches, Dongbo Night Journey to Yibi, Gaoshi pictures, and pictures of babies playing. Panzhi dolls are often seen in baby play pictures. The shoulder trims are often decorated with floral patterns on a brocade ground. Export porcelain decoration has an exotic flavor.
(4) Body glaze. The fetus soil is relatively fine, the degree of porcelain is good, and the fetus is thin. The glaze is fine and white, with green flashes in the white.
(5) Shape. The basic characteristics are that they are available in both thickness and thickness, and in both sizes. Large ones include fish tanks and embroidered piers; small ones include cricket jars and small square dishes. Pens, inkstones, boxes and other stationery are common. Various sets of boxes, three-legged stoves with holes, and three-legged stoves with double ears and covers are of special shape for this period. Epitaphs are also common.
(6) Technology. The early stage is more detailed, and the later stage is rougher. Circle feet are generally not formal enough.
(7) Recognition. Most of them write "Made in the Wanli Year of the Ming Dynasty", and a few write "Made in the Wanli Year of the Ming Dynasty"; most have six characters and two lines of regular script, and a few have six characters and three lines; there are also "Made in the Wanli Year of the Ming Dynasty" with four characters and two lines. There are two lines of eight characters: "Wanli year system, used by Bangri building" and "Wanli ninth year, used by Li Yazhi". There are many fake entrustments, including those from Xuande, Chenghua and Jiajing. A blue and white bowl with a climbing doll pattern from the Nanjing Museum. The inner bottom has the inscription "Jingnian Zhi of the Ming Dynasty" and the inner edge of the outer ring has the inscription "Made in the Chenghua Nian of the Ming Dynasty". The font is irregular and both models are fake. There are many auspicious words and eulogies, such as "Gold and Jade Mantang", "Dehua Changchun", "Yongbao Changchun", "Wealthy Treasures", "Yutang Good Treasures", "Shen Mansion Good Treasures", "Changchun Good Treasures", "Wuyue Mountain Man Good Treasures" etc., some of which are written on the decorative pattern. Some are written in the circle at the bottom. On individual plates and bowls, there are seal script inscriptions "Made in Wanli Year, Dehua Changchun" and "Jingzhao County Shoutang Ji" in regular script.
4. Taichang (1620-1621)
The Taichang Dynasty lasted only a few months. In the Jiangxi Ceramic History Exhibition held by the Jiangxi Provincial Museum, there is a blue and white flower pattern plate unearthed from the tomb of the first year of Taichang, which should be a Wanli product. There is a blue and white stove with entwining branches and lotus pattern, with the inscription "Made in the first year of Taichang", which is actually the eagle product of Prajapati in Beijing during the Anti-Japanese War.
5. Tianqi (1621-1627)
The quantity has decreased and the quality has declined, but the small bowls are still finer.
(1) Typical device. A Ge-glazed plum vase with blue and white deer and pine patterns was unearthed from the tomb of the fourth year of Tianqi in Jiangxi. A pair of blue and white dragon candlesticks from the Qiyuan Year of the Shanghai Museum. The motto of the device: "The Ming Dynasty is directly under the direct control of Weizhou Prefecture. Gunxiu Township, Xiaoxingli, Tanbin Auditorium, the steward of the big community, Huang Shungeng, a disciple of the family, the family member Sun, the ex-wife Cheng Zhushi, the male Huang Bozheng, the daughter-in-law Guan, and the female Shi'e At Shifeng, the granddaughter welcomes her younger brother. She worships the incense burner, vase, and candlestick in front of the incense table, praying for the early blessing of a son, good luck to the family, peace to the family, prolonged life, all the best, and good luck to the emperor tomorrow. The midsummer moon and the valley day stand." In addition, there are a number of artifacts with inscriptions on the Apocalypse in various places.
(2) Green material. The main color is Shiziqing, with a small amount returning to green. The color of Shizi Qing is fine and elegant, most of the blue is medium-grey, and the color of some blue and white flowers begins to be divided into shades. The varieties of blue and white are mostly glazed blue and white, light blue and white, and multicolored blue and white.
(3) The decoration and layout are sparse and simple, which changed the complicated and messy situation in Jiajing, Longqing and Wanli periods. The painting style is casual and elegant, with a breath of life. The brushwork is natural and vivid, with simple freehand brushwork and a few strokes of outline. It is very expressive and is a masterpiece of blue and white porcelain paintings from folk kilns. In addition to the commonly used flowers and flowers, the pattern sculptures are mostly pictorial. Commonly seen are lotus flowers, egrets, lions playing with balls, bogu pictures, elk, lying horses, flowers, radish, fish, turtles, crabs, snails, gods bestowing wealth, Arhats, Bodhidharma crossing the river with a reed, playing flute to attract phoenix, and babies. The characters in the baby play pictures are cartoon-like and extremely vivid. There are also many auspicious patterns, such as three levels in a row, three yuan in a row, lotus birthing a noble son, good news of many children, Ganoderma lucidum to support longevity, number one scholar, the word "happy", the word "Buddha", Red Cliff Fu, etc.
(4) Body glaze and shape. The tire is thin and light gray. Most are thin glaze, some are thick glaze, and the finish is strong. There are many small items of styling and many practical items. The rim of the bowl and plate is thin, and the bottom is thin and collapsed. The bowl has a jade wall-shaped bottom and soft lines. The plate has a folded edge and is polygonal. Among the carved vessels, goblets are more common than in previous dynasties. The special shape of the vessel is the blue and white dragon bell, which is exquisite and exquisite for appreciation. The Anwei She County Museum has a rare slab-shaped epitaph from the first year of the Apocalypse.
(5) Technology. Rough, not particular about repairing tires. The base of the bowl is mostly pointed. The cutter interface is obvious. There is sand on the bottom of the vessel and radioactive knife marks.
(6) Recognition. This dynasty is in the 7th year of the dynasty, and there are many styles. Inscriptions on the year of the stems and branches are popular, especially on incense burners, water purification bowls, and flower gulets. For example, see the bowl "The Emperor Mingqi Bingyin will stand on the auspicious day", the stove "Wu Gedong in the fifth year of Tianqi", and the "Yuan Tianqi Yuan" "Flower goblet made by Mi Shiyin." There were fake entrustments from Yongle, Xuande, Chenghua, Tianshun, Zhengde, Jiajing and other dynasties. Among them, only Tianqi had fake entrustments from Tianshun. The auspicious words include peace in the world, long life and wealth, ten thousand blessings, and eternal spring. The hymns include the best utensils of Yutang, the best utensils of wealth, the best utensils of Changchun, the best utensils of Tianlu, the best utensils of top grade, the best utensils of heaven, etc. The names of the halls include: Yusitang, Baiyutang, Zhushiju, etc. The special inserts include the characters "Xuan Kiln", "Mei", and a single circle with the characters "福". The icons include rabbit, Panchang, Fangsheng, silver ingot, window lattice style, etc.
6. Chongzhen (1628-1644)
(1) Typical utensils. This dynasty not only maintains the taste of the Ming Dynasty, but also breeds the style of the early Qing Dynasty. Typical vessels are a batch of offering vessels with Chongzhen dates. For example, the Guangdong Provincial Museum has a blue and white Arhat figure bowl-type furnace made in the Chongzhen year of the Ming Dynasty. The Chinese History Museum collects a blue and white mountain stone figure water purification bowl that has been worshiped for 12 years.
The Shanghai Museum has a three-legged incense burner with blue and white clouds and dragon patterns in the second year of Chongzhen. Lu Ming: "Feng Yunxi, a guest from Hanoi County, Huaiqing Prefecture, Henan Province, presented an incense burner to pray for smooth business and good luck. It was enshrined by the saint who built the pass on the auspicious day of Mengxia month in the second year of Chongzhen. ”
(2) Green material. Use stone green, bright colors are rare. Generally light in color, bluish gray. From Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, there were a number of blue and white flowers on the goblets and pen holders, with distinct layers of mixed water and light colors, and the color developed in the direction of verdant green. The varieties include blue and white with five colors, blue and white with underglaze red, and blue and white with purple.
(3) Decoration. The painting method is single line flat painting. The blue and white colors flow outward, and the brush is weak and hasty. The themes include flowers, birds, dragons, phoenixes, fish and algae, etc. There are more and more symbolic decorations, such as magpies climbing plum blossoms, phoenixes wearing peonies, grapes with broken branches, etc. Gaoshi's pictures include Tao Yuanming's love for chrysanthemums, Zhou Dunyi's love for lotus, Seven Sages in the Bamboo Grove, Tang Monk's Search for Buddhist Scriptures, Romance of the Western Han Dynasty, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, etc. The center of some bowls is decorated with small four-character phrases, such as number one scholar and title, title on the gold medal list, everlasting green, three yuan and grade, etc. On the blue and white porcelain jar it is written "A house that accumulates good deeds and has a mind based on the principles of heaven". The characteristics of the decoration are: the dragon on the front has disheveled hair, which influenced the early Qing Dynasty. Children with tattoos are out of proportion, with a large back of the head and short legs. There are many simple figures on the banks of the hills and rivers. The landscape and bracketed clouds in figure paintings are typical ornaments from successive generations.
(4) Body glaze and shape. The fetus is gray, rough and loose. The glaze color is white with green flashes, some are gray, some are white glaze, the glaze surface is uneven, and the carcass is both thick and thin, with the thicker being the most common. The types of utensils are relatively monotonous, with the majority being supply utensils. The bowl has an outturned mouth, a deep belly, a sand bottom, a large ring foot, and a thick bottom. Bowl-type incense burners are common, while barrel-type stoves have short legs that almost touch the table and have a sand bottom. The water purification bowl has a hollow mouth, a deep belly, and a small circle of feet. The bottom of the vat is: flat bottom, sand bottom, early time; concave circle foot, glaze bottom, late time.
(5) Technology. The workmanship is rough. The number of sauce glazes on the mouth of the vessel began to increase. There is a new technique of decorating the strips with dark flowers on top and bottom and painting flowers on green material in the middle. The exposed parts of the utensils are often kiln red. There are many small sand phenomena on the bottom of the vessel, and there are many spinning marks and jumping knife marks. The glaze means that the applied glaze is thin and the glaze is uneven. The bottom of the sand is pointed at the center, the root of the foot is pointed, and the foot is deep. Bowl with wall-shaped bottom.
(6) Recognition. Many of the offerings have inscriptions on the bodies, including the Ganzhi year number. A few plates, bowls and cups have the regular inscriptions "Ming Chongzhen Year System" and "Chongzhen Year System" on the bottom. Porcelain used for imperial examinations has been found in Nanjing many times. The inscriptions on the bottom of the vessels are: "Ji Mao Ke Zhi" (dated to the 11th year of Chongzhen, 1639 AD), "Geng Wu Ke set" (dated to the 3rd year of Chongzhen, 1630 AD), " "Bingzi Kezhi" (for the ninth year of Chongzhen, 1636 AD), "Renwu Kezhi" (for the fifteenth year of Chongzhen, 1642 AD), "Yingtianguiyou Kezhi" (for the sixth year of Chongzhen, 1633 AD) Year). The inscriptions include "Bai Yu Zhai", "Yu Xiang Zhai" and "Bo Gu Zhai". They were produced by Dongjiawu Kiln in Jingdezhen. They may be self-signed by a good craftsman and have the inscription "Xiang Feng" on the center of the bowl. Tang, Xi, Gong, Chun, Yu, etc., written on the bottom of the bowl are Xinguzhai, Congjuzhai, Qingya, Changchun, Pianyu, Songshiju, Juxiantang, Zheng, Ya, etc., which are made in the next year. The fake entrustment of Xuande and Chenghua year titles is the most common in Chongzhen.
Hope to adopt it, thank you