One. ? Related definition
1. luminaire: any device that can distribute, transmit or convert the light emitted by one or more light sources, including the necessary components for supporting, fixing and protecting the light sources (but excluding the light sources themselves), and the necessary circuit auxiliary devices and facilities for connecting them with the power supply.
2. Ordinary lamps: lamps that provide protection for accidental contact with live parts, but there are no special dustproof, solid foreign body-proof and waterproof lamps.
3. Movable light: a light that can be moved from one place to another after being connected to the power supply during normal use.
4. Fixed lamps: lamps that cannot be easily moved from one place to another, because they are fixed, so they can only be removed with tools.
5. Embedded lamps: lamps designated by the manufacturer to be completely or partially embedded in the installation surface.
6. Live parts: conductive parts that may cause electric shock during normal use. The center conductor shall be regarded as the live part.
7.EN safe ultra-low voltage (SELV- safe? Ultra low? Voltage): In a circuit isolated from the power supply by, for example, a safety isolation transformer or converter, the effective value of the AC voltage between conductors or between any conductor and the ground does not exceed 50V.
8.UL low-voltage lines: lines with an open-circuit voltage not exceeding the effective value of 30V AC voltage.
9.？ Basic insulation (EN): Insulation added to live parts to provide basic protection against electric shock. The withstand voltage shall be higher than 2U+ 1000V (U: local grid voltage).
10. supplemENtary insulation (en): independent insulation added to the basic insulation to provide electric shock protection when the basic insulation fails. The withstand voltage shall be above 2U+ 1750V (single layer).
1 1. double-layer insulation (EN): the insulation consisting of basic insulation and supplementary insulation, and the withstand voltage should be above 4U+2750V (that is, the sum of the withstand voltages of basic insulation and supplementary insulation).
12. ENhanced insulation (en): a kind of enhanced insulation, and its insulation effect is equivalent to double-layer insulation. Generally speaking, there is only one layer, but it can also be composed of multiple layers, and each layer cannot be clearly divided and measured separately. The withstand voltage should be above 4U+2750V.
13. Class? Class O lamp (EN): A lamp that only uses basic insulation as electric shock protection measures, and has no grounding protection measures.
14. Class? Class I lamp (EN): lamps with other protective measures besides electric shock protection, such as grounding.
15. Class? Class II lamps (EN): lamps with double insulation or additional insulation as electric shock protection measures. Its insulation effect does not depend on grounding or installation conditions.
16. Class? Tertiary lamp (EN): A lamp with ultra-low safe voltage (SELV) as protection against electric shock.
17. Common combustible materials (under normal circumstances? Flammable? Material): The ignition temperature of the material is at least 200℃, and at this temperature, the material will not be deformed or its strength will be reduced. Such as wood and wood materials with a thickness greater than 2mm.
18. Flammable materials (Is it easy? Flammable? Material): a material other than ordinary combustible materials and nonflammable materials. Such as wood fibers and wood materials with a thickness of less than 2 microns.
19. incombustible materials (incombustible? Materials): materials that can't support combustion. Such as metal, cement, etc.
20: Type Test (Type? Testing): The purpose of testing the prototype is to check whether the design of a given product meets the requirements of relevant standards. However, whether the products after the prototype test meet the requirements of the standard in the production stage needs to be guaranteed by test reports and related documents.
Two. ? Brief introduction of light bulb
1. Tungsten filament bulbs, including incandescent bulbs, quartz bulbs and halogen bulbs.
Commonly used incandescent bulbs are: types? a，B，C，G，R，T ,? European bulb base? –? E 14, E27. Among them, B 15, B22 can also be used in the UK; ? North American bulb base type? –? E 12，E 17，E26 .？ E- Edison (Edison screw); Type b bayonet (bayonet)
A.？ What types of quartz bulbs are commonly used? T(JC), Mr. JDR -C(GU 10).
2. Fluorescent tubes, commonly used are FL(T5, T8, T 12…), PL-S, PL-C, 2D and energy-saving lamps.
Note: For tungsten filament bulbs and FL fluorescent tubes, the usual representation method is: letters indicating types are added with Arabic numerals, such as A 19, B 10, C7, G25, S 1 1, T8 ..., where Arabic numerals indicate the approximate diameter of bulbs, such as A655.
Special case: the number behind the European standard R bulb is the actual size of the bulb, such as R50, R80…
Three. ? Classification of lamps
(a) according to the installation method:
Movable lights: table lamps, wall lamps, floor lamps? Fixed lamps: ceiling lamp (ceiling lamp), chandelier, wall lamp, embedded lamp and track lamp.
(2) the use environment:
1.EN specification
1) indoor use: use symbols? Indicates that the external surface of metal parts should be treated with anti-corrosion;
2) Outdoor use: Use symbols? Indicates that the external surface of metal parts should be treated with anti-corrosion; ? Special requirements: water spray test (that is, minimum 3.2mm water leakage hole is required), and the inner and outer surfaces of metal parts should be treated with anti-corrosion.
2.UL/CSA specification
1) dry environment (dry? Location): At most, the humidity is relatively high temporarily. Like living room, living room, kitchen? Such as indoor environment.
2) Tidal environment (wet? Location): At least moisture liquefaction occurs periodically. For example, indoor humid environment such as bathroom, cellar freezer, outdoor environment with cover such as balcony canopy and gate rain cover.
3) Wet environment (wet? Location): At least it will rain or splash water. For example, underground, underwater, all outdoor environments, car washes and other indoor environments that can be drenched with water.
Note: The main special requirements of wet environment and wet environment are: water spraying test (i.e. the minimum leakage hole is 3.2mm), the inner and outer surfaces of metal parts should be treated with anti-corrosion, and the conductive contacts of lamp holder should be corrosion-resistant (copper end piece).
(3) Classification by use standard
1. North American system: mainly UL/CSA standard system. The voltage is AC 100 V ~ 127 V, 60HZ, including some countries in North America and South America, as well as former American colonies such as Japan, the Philippines and Taiwan Province Province.
UL？ Laboratory. Test products according to CSA standards. cUL？ Mark is exported to Canada.
2. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC- International
An electrician? Commission system: including most countries and regions in Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa and Southeast Asia. The specifications listed are based on EN60598 series standards plus some special requirements of China (region) (such as voltage, plug type, etc.). ). China joined IEC on 1957, and is currently a member of IEC Council, Executive Committee and Conformity Assessment Bureau. The national standard GB7000 series of lighting industry corresponds to IEC60598 series.
Among them, IEC(EN) products can be subdivided into the following categories:
(1) According to the electric shock protection level:
A. class? Class 0 lamp, no representative symbol.
Features: Power supply voltage is above 50V, high voltage/single insulation/ungrounded.
B. class? Class I lamp, without representative symbol. Single-layer insulation structure, exposed touchable metal needs grounding. Class? Me? Can some parts of the lamp have a similar structure? Second, structure.
Features: Power supply voltage above 50V, high voltage/single insulation/grounding.
C. class? Class II lamp with symbol "?" Express delivery. Class II lamps are usually of double insulation structure, but some structures can be? III structure (such as the low-voltage part behind the transformer). (The built-in transformer should be designed as a secondary lamp).
Features: Power supply voltage is above 50V, high voltage/double insulation/ungrounded.
D. class? Three? Ban Kuang. Use the symbol "?" This means that the power supply is safe and ultra-low voltage SELV (lamp embedded in external transformer).
Features: Low voltage/single insulation/ungrounded power supply voltage below 50V.
(2) IPXX is distinguished according to the IP index of dustproof, solid foreign body prevention and moisture-proof ability.
The first digit: dustproof and solid foreign body prevention index, which is divided into seven grades: 0-6. The larger the number, the stronger the ability to prevent dust and solid foreign bodies.
0: unprotected;
1: prevent solid foreign bodies larger than 50mm;
2: Prevent solid foreign bodies larger than 12mm;
3. Prevent solid foreign bodies larger than 2.5mm;
4. Prevent solid foreign bodies larger than 1mm;
5: dustproof;
6: dustproof
The second digit: the index of moisture resistance, which is divided into nine grades from 0 to 8. The larger the number, the stronger the moisture-proof ability;
0: unprotected;
1: drip proof (vertical);
2: drip prevention (inclination 15 degrees);
3: waterproof (60 degree range);
4: water splash prevention;
5. Waterproof:
6. Prevent violent waves;
7: Anti-immersion effect;
8: Anti-diving influence.
Note: 1) The protection grade of ordinary lamps is IP20, so it is generally unnecessary to mark them.
2) The protection grade IP# of outdoor lamps is generally above IP23, which needs to be marked.
3) According to the flammability of the installation surface:
A applies only to lamps installed directly on nonflammable surfaces with the symbol "?" Express delivery.
B lamps suitable for installation on common combustible surfaces shall be marked with the symbol "?" Express delivery.
C use "?"if it can be installed on a common flammable surface and the heat insulation material may cover the lamp (i.e. embedded). ? Express delivery.
Four. ? Main electrical components
Material requirements:
UL/cUL/CAS specification: Current carrier (conductor) must be copper, copper alloy, nickel alloy or stainless steel.
EN Specification: Current-carrying parts (conductors) must be made of copper or copper alloy with at least 80% copper content, or materials with at least the same conductivity.
1. Lamp holder:
1. 1? UL/cUL/CAS specification (AC 120V? 60HZ)
Specifications are E26, E 17 and E 12, and ceramic and bakelite lamp holders are mostly used, but aluminum lamp holders cannot be used. E26 lamp holders are mostly equipped with switches. E 17 and E 12 lamp holders without switches. UL certification is required.
1.2? EN specification (AC 220 v ~ 230 v? 50 Hz)
The specifications are E 14, E27 screw caps, mostly plastic caps, ceramic caps, and less bakelite caps. E27 lampholders are generally resistant to temperature of 210℃ (below 60w), and ceramic lampholders are generally used for 100W. Generally speaking, the lamp holder has no switch. VDE or equivalent certificate is required.
1.3? SAA/ British standard (AC240V? 50 Hz)
B22 and B 15 bayonet lampholders are commonly used, regardless of polarity, and E27 and E 14 threaded lampholders are also used, generally without switches.
1.4? GB specification (AC220V? 50 Hz)
Commonly used are E 14, E27 screw caps and B22 bayonet caps. CQC certification is required.
Step 2: Transform
2. 1? UL/cUL/CAS specifications:
Rotary switches: such as lamp holder switch and base switch.
B, is it? Midway switch: the length from the midway switch to the socket position shall not be less than 20cm.
C, is it? Rectangular toggle switch: mostly used in quartz lamp, but also used by some desk lamps. General installation requirements are: upper opening and lower closing, front opening and rear closing, left opening and right closing, but the principle is to meet customer requirements.
D, is it? Dimmer: rotary: that is, gradually changing from dark to bright, stepless dimming. ? Three-digit formula: weak light → bright → off
E. Touch switch: four positions → low light → bright → strong light → off.
2.2? EN specification
A, lamp holder press the switch
B the installation direction of the base toggle switch is the same as that required by UL.
C, square toggle switch installation direction with UL requirements.
D, midway switch (unipolar system): generally, the length from the midway switch to the socket position should not be less than 20cm? Pedal switch (press switch or dimmer): The distance from the general socket to the pedal switch is not less than 30cm.
2.3? SAA/ British standard
SAA switches generally adopt double-pole switches, including base switches and midway switches (double-pole system), unless customers have special requirements; BS adopts unipolar system, which is the same as VDE.
2.4? GB specification
Use switches with CQC and CCC certification, push switches for desk lamps and clip lamps, and the length from the switch to the socket position is not less than 20cm for floor lamps; The distance from the socket position to the foot switch should not be less than 30cm.
3. Power cord:
3. 1? UL/cUL/CAS specification:? Generally, SPT-2 transparent pin hole plug with the size of power cord is used. The insert is required to be electroplated with copper and nickel, and the marked wire connection pin is L-pole and the striped wire connection pin is N-pole. The switch should cut the marked wire. There is also a black plug wire, with flat plugs and straight feet. The outer diameter of the N polar line is thick and straight, and the outer diameter of the L polar line is thin and smooth. Black and white leads are used in the lamp body. Usually, the black lead is connected to the L pole and the white lead is connected to the N pole.
The length of socket shall not be less than 6 feet from the socket position to the plug, and shall not be less than 1.80m according to company regulations. Generally, the connection methods are closed joint (nipple) and screw-in joint (toothpaste cover).
3.2? EN specification
Double-core double insulated wire, two-pin round plug. There are brown lines and blue lines in it, the brown line is connected to the L pole and the blue line is connected to the N pole; Three-core double insulated wire, three-pin round plug, with brown, blue and yellow-green leads, of which yellow-green leads are ground wires. When installing the switch, the live wire must be controlled. The outgoing length of power cord is required to be 1.85m, and the connection mode is generally terminal board.
3.3? SAA/ British standard
SAA adopts double insulated wires with plugs, the plugs are two flat feet (regardless of size), BS adopts double insulated BS specification wiring without plugs, BS plugs are designed as Class I, installed by production lines or customers, and the pins are serrated with three flat feet. The wire pressing coding screw in the plug is required to bear a torque of 0.5Nm, and the lead-out length of the power cord is the same as VDE.
3.4? GB specification
Use double insulated power cord with double straight pins and flat plugs, regardless of the size of the pins, without holes. The power cord must have CCC certification mark, and its socket length is the same as VDE requirements.
4. Transformer
4. 1? UL/cUL/CAS specification
The primary voltage of UL/CSA transformer is 120V, and the secondary voltage is generally 12V according to different needs. Because the secondary voltage is low and the current is large, the secondary outlet is relatively thick. Transformer needs UL/cUL/CAS certification.
4.2? EN specification
The primary input voltage is 230V, and the secondary output voltage is mostly12 V. The fuse is connected to the primary. VDE certification is required.
4.3? GB specification
Suppliers are required to have CQC or CCC certification.
The above is the knowledge about the structural design of led lamps, hoping to bring help to everyone. With the gradual development of LED lamps, LED lamps have gradually replaced some traditional light source products in public places such as auxiliary lighting in lighting engineering.
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