Nuerhachi, the emperor of Qing Dynasty, unified the ministries of Nuzhen in Northeast China, established the Eight Banners system of military and political integration, and established the post-Jin Dynasty. After Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne as emperor, he led the Qing army into the customs, unified the whole country, abolished the old name of "Nuzhen", and decided to call the clan "Manchu", which was only known as "Manchu" after the founding of the People's Republic of China.
Manchu is a brave and good at fighting. She has made contributions to defending the frontier of the motherland and stopping foreign aggression. During the reign of Kangxi, the children of the Eight Banners expelled the Russian invaders, and in Qianlong, they defeated the British colonists with people in Xizang. During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, a number of heroes like Chen Hanzhang and Guan Xiangying emerged.
Manchu people are also quite accomplished in culture and have made important contributions to the development of the motherland's culture. Cao Xueqin's Dream of Red Mansions is a world-recognized literary masterpiece. Linguist Luo Changpei and writer Lao She are all outstanding Manchu intellectuals.
Manchu, with a population of 982118. Mainly distributed in the three northeastern provinces, Liaoning Province is the most, and a small number are scattered in large and medium-sized cities throughout the country.
history of manchu has a long history, which can be traced back to Sushen people more than 2 years ago. Sushen people are the earliest ancestors of Manchu. In the Han Dynasty, it was called "Lou", in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it was called "Don't be lucky", in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was called "the end of the revolution" (the left revolution was the rest of the revolution), and in the Liao, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, it was called "Jurchen". Long-term living in the vast areas east of Changbai Mountain, Heilongjiang and Wusuli River basins. In the late 16th century, Nurhachi rose, and some Han Chinese, Mongols and Koreans were merged with jurchen as the main body, forming a new * * * isomorphism-Manchu.
Manchu has its own language and writing. Manchu belongs to Manchu branch of Manchu-Tungusic language family of Altai language family. Manchu was created with reference to Mongolian initials at the end of 16th century. Later, we added "circle" and "dot" to the borrowed Mongolian letter, which was called "Manchu with circles and dots" or "New Manchu". Because a large number of Manchu people moved to the Central Plains in the Qing Dynasty, they had close contacts with the Han nationality in economy, culture and life, and the Manchu people gradually used Chinese.
Manchu is mainly engaged in agriculture. Most Manchu people living in scattered cities are engaged in industry and cultural science. In the long process of historical development, Manchu compatriots have made important contributions to the founding of the motherland and the development of culture.
Mangshi Song and Dance
Manchu is also a nation that can sing and dance well in history. In the Sui Dynasty, the ancestors of Manchu (left and left) sent messengers to Chang 'an to see Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty. "The high-impedance (Wendi) worked hard to make the banquet before, and the messengers and their disciples danced, which was full of twists and turns." (Mo) (Zuo Ge Xie Zuo) Descendant Jurchen has such a custom: when a woman comes of age, she sings about her life experience, beauty and skills in order to find a partner. After the rise of Nurhachi, he also inherited the tradition of Manchu singing and dancing. During festivals, celebrations, wedding banquets, expeditions, triumphs, birthdays, sacrifices, etc., we should enjoy singing and dancing, among which "Mangshi Dance" is the most representative. This kind of folk dance mostly dances on New Year's Eve and festive days, with one sleeve on the forehead and the other sleeve on the back, hovering and posing, dancing in pairs, and others clapping their hands and singing to accompany the drums. After entering the court, Mangshi Dance changed from a self-entertainment dance to a performance celebration dance, renamed Qinglong Dance, with spectacular scenes and grand scale. Often, there are more than 6 people who play pipa, sanxian, Xiqin and Zheng, 1 3 people who accompany them and 5 8 people who dance. There are strict rules on dress. The accompanist wears an azurite robe and leopard skin jacket, the accompanist wears an embroidered robe and leopard skin jacket, and the dancer wears a yellow painted leather jacket, a black sheepskin jacket, and a royal costume. And wearing a variety of masks, doing horse riding and shooting. This kind of dance evolved from Manchu hunting and military career. In addition, there are "Savage Dance", "Aunt Fenli Dance", "Boy Dance", "Yangko Dance" and "Shaman Dance".
Manchu folk songs are also colorful, such as labor songs, folk songs, folk songs, children's game songs and love songs. Manchu people grew up in the "Youche Song" sung by their mother. "Babu Wow, Russia! Yo-yo, Babu Wow ... "This song has been handed down from generation to generation and is a household name. Manchu folk songs are also very distinctive. For example, the "official blowing" on the way to the wedding reception, the happy song "Lacongqi" sung when the wedding ceremony was in trouble, the sad tone in the funeral ceremony and a large number of sacrificial songs were all very touching. Manchu folk songs are mostly pentatonic scales with concise structure, smooth melody and sincere feelings.
Up to now, traditional folk songs and dances with strong ethnic characteristics are still preserved in remote Manchu inhabited areas such as Aihui. At the same time, this splendid cultural heritage has also been paid attention to. After excavation and sorting, the bold and empty dance has entered the stage again, creating a new era of Manchu dance art.
Talking about Qipao
Qipao is one of the modern popular clothes, and enjoys a high reputation in the international clothing window. Cheongsam evolved from ancient Manchu costumes.
cheongsam, which is called "Yijie" in Manchu. In ancient times, it generally referred to the clothes worn by men and women in the Eight Banners of Manchuria, Mongolia and Han Army.
There are several characteristics in the early Qing dynasty: no collar, arrow sleeves, left slit, four slits and waist. Arrow sleeve is a narrow cuff with a semicircular sleeve head, which looks like a horseshoe, also known as "horseshoe sleeve". Horseshoe sleeves are raised on weekdays, and put down during hunting to cover the back of the hand, which can keep out the cold in winter. Four slits, that is, the robe is placed back and forth, left and right, and slit to the knee. Left leg and waist, tight and warm, a bunch of belts, when walking pigs, you can put dry food and utensils into the front. Men's robes are mostly blue, gray and cyan, and women's flags are mostly white.
another feature of Manchu cheongsam is that it has a waistcoat. The waistcoat has a pair of lapels, a twisted lapel, a pipa lapel and a straight lapel. Wearing a waistcoat and riding a horse is very lean and neat.
After the Manchu moved to Liaoshen and entered the Central Plains, they were coupled with the Han people in the same field. Influenced by the Han people's "big collar and big sleeves" costumes, they changed from arrow sleeves to trumpet sleeves, and the four slits evolved into left and right slits.
by the 193s, Manchu men and women wore straight, wide-breasted, long-sleeved robes. Women's cheongsam hem to (left bone and right trunk) (calf), embroidered with floral patterns. Men's cheongsam hem and ankle, no ornamentation. After the 194s, the Manchu men's cheongsam was abandoned due to the impact of the new fashion at home and abroad. The women's cheongsam changed from wide sleeves to narrow sleeves, and the straight tube became tight and close to the waist. The hips were slightly larger, and the hem was recycled, reaching to the ankle. Gradually formed today's various cheongsam styles that pay attention to color decoration and the beauty of human lines. Because cheongsam is very suitable for China women's figure, virtuous personality and national temperament, this traditional dress originated from Manchu gradually became a treasure house of Chinese national culture, and was favored and appreciated by women at home and abroad.
flavor cake
cake is the main food of Manchu people in peacetime and festivals. The cake is made of sticky rice. There are bean flour cakes, Su Ye cakes and sticky cakes. Bean noodle cake is made by grinding yellow rice and yellow rice into fine flour, and then adding bean flour to steam it. This kind of cake is golden in color, sticky and delicious. Su Ye Bobo is made of sticky sorghum flour and bean paste, which is wrapped with Su Ye and steamed. It has a special aroma of Su Ye and a unique flavor. Sticky cakes and cakes are ground into flour after soaking in rhubarb rice, and steamed with some bean paste in the middle of yellow wheat. This kind of cake can be eaten fried in oil or dipped in sugar. It is both fragrant and sweet.
Manchu's pastry is very resistant to hunger, easy to carry and unique in flavor, and it is still quite popular food today.
Sour soup is also a traditional food of Manchu. It is made of corn flour after fermentation. First, soak the corn in water, grind it into the water surface, then use a cloth bag to remove the dregs, and put the water surface in a bucket for fermentation. When it tastes sour, squeeze it into noodles with a leaky bucket or a machine and cook it. Sometimes the fermentation is too large and slightly sour, so it is also called "smelly rice". In Liaoning, it is called "(left fire and right fork) Zi". Northeast urban and rural areas, there is also a (left fire and right fork) sub-museum, specializing in "smelly rice."
Saqima is a famous Manchu pastry in China. Its predecessor was a traditional pastry of Manchu nationality-Cuobaobo. To make the dough, first put the steamed rice on the cake-beating stone and beat it into dough repeatedly with a wooden hammer, then dip it in yellow bean and rub it into strips, then cut it into pieces after frying, and then serve with a thick layer of cooked yellow bean. Rubbing a cake is an important offering of Manchu in the past, so it is also called "playing cake Mudan sliver". Later, the cooked bean flour was replaced by white sugar, which became "sugar-wrapped" and changed its name to Saqima. People also called it sugar-paste cake. This kind of cake has good color, fragrance, taste and shape, and is deeply loved by people.
there are many kinds of Manchu cakes, each with its own characteristics. Golden steamed corn buns, crispy fried dumplings, soft rice cakes, delicate large pots of cakes, in addition, there are golden silk cakes, sun cakes, cold cakes, wine cakes, spring cakes, etc., which are numerous and lead the way, all of which are traditional Manchu flavors.
the custom of "becoming an outlaw"
Manchu people call the birth of a baby "becoming an outlaw". When a woman is in labor, she rolls up the kang mat, puts a stone on the sweep, lays some straw on the kang, and gives birth to the child on the grass, so it is called "falling grass". This custom has a strong primitive and rugged heritage of hunting nations. Hay can protect against both moisture and cold.
If a boy is born, a wooden bow and arrow, commonly known as "Childe Arrow", will be hung at the front door of the house. This is not a real bow and arrow, but a bow made of branches and three arrows wrapped in red cloth, wishing the child to become a man who rides and shoots well when he grows up and becomes famous. If a girl is born, a red cloth strip is hung on the right side of the gate to symbolize good luck. Hanging red cloth strips gradually evolved into the symbol of delivery room. No one is allowed to break into the delivery room, because strangers will take the milk away, which is called "milk collection". If a stranger accidentally intrudes, he has to make a bowl of soup and send it, which is called "returning milk". When a child is born, a person with great ability, good personality and good looks should be invited to the delivery room first, which is called "stepping on life". It is said that children grow up to be like whoever steps on them.
On the third day after the baby was born, please ask an old lady with prestigious children to bathe the baby. Bathing is carried out in a big copper basin, which is filled with Sophora branches, mugwort and hot water. The old lady held the child in one hand and bathed the child in the other. Singing while washing: "Wash your hair and be a prince; Wash your waist, each generation is taller than the next; Wash your face, be a magistrate, wash your ditch, and be a magistrate. " Finally, the old lady hit the baby three times with a green onion, and said, "One dozen is clever, two dozen are clever, and three dozen are clear." After the fight, the child's father threw onions on the house, and relatives and friends celebrated together.
After the child is full moon, the "Gongzi Arrow" and the red cloth hanging on the door are put back and tied on the children's rope, and placed in the children's bag on the north side of the middle of the Western Wall, next to which "Buddha's mother" is worshipped, which is the god of baby-keeping. Every spring and autumn, Manchu families have to offer sacrifices to Buddha's mother for blessing. At the time of sacrifice, the children and grandchildren were pulled from the throne to the willow branches in the courtyard. Unmarried men and women in the family and women with children bowed down before the case, and everyone bowed down. Shaman dipped willow branches in water and sprinkled it on the child's head, and asked the child to smoke it in front of the incense tray, in order to exorcise evil spirits. Then he took off the colorful threads on the children's ropes and put them around the child's neck. After three days, take back the colorful thread and store it in the children's bag. Because multicolored thread is called "lock thread", this custom is called "changing lock".
It is a traditional method for Manchu people to take a leisurely ride after the full moon. The leisure car is made of thin wooden boards, 2 meters long and 1. 5 meters wide, with round ends, a bottom and a ship-like style. Tie the child to the beam with four ropes, with a certain distance from the ground, and put the child in the recreational vehicle. It's very light for a baby to cry and shake it if it doesn't cry. The mother can also do some housework. The Manchu family gave birth to the first boy, and the leisure car was given by grandma's family.
In order to prevent the child from tumbling and falling off the leisure car, and considering that the archery arm is straight and the position of the riding leg is correct after the child grows up, the elbow, knee and ankle of the child are tied with belts, so that the child can only lie on his back. Therefore, Manchu teenagers are physically fit and rarely stoop. The Manchu people take a flat head as their beauty, so they usually put millet or sorghum as pillows under their children's heads, commonly known as "sleeping flat head".