What is witchcraft? The word "witchcraft" has never been used. The speaker may have participated in the divination of the Book of Changes. ("Book of Changes" divination is borrowing the old, and has nothing to do with witchcraft. ) It's all fake. Method, that is, bewitch. The ancient sound method attracts ghosts (saying: "The ghost of death is also the method." ) and curse, is a curse. The so-called "witchcraft" is the art of witchcraft and ghosts or witchcraft and curses. Hanshu said that witchcraft originated from witches. The technology of witchcraft comes from shaman witchcraft believed by Huns. (Shaman, jurchen language, refers to witchcraft. "Three Dynasties North Alliance": "Shaman (Shaman) is also a witch in Jurchen language, as flexible as a god." Its origin is very old, and it is widely believed by people in the North and East Lake (Tunguska). )?
The specific method of witchcraft is to make a puppet out of paulownia and write the name, date of birth and so on of the cursed person. Put it on it, and then bury it in or near the cursed person's residence by magic and curse. Practitioners believe that through such magic, the souls of the cursed can be controlled or ingested. ?
In the late Warring States and Han Dynasties, due to the migration and mixed residence of ethnic groups, the wind of witchcraft permeated the Central Plains and gradually spread from the lower level to the upper level. Zou Yan, a famous wizard at the end of the Warring States Period, was a great wizard. The Story of the Spring and Autumn Period written by Dong Zhongshu, a great scholar in Dongwu period, also contains witchcraft of five elements and praying for rain. Confucianism has always been famous for its rationality, but China Confucianism believes in witchcraft. It can be seen that witchcraft penetrated widely at that time. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Queen Chen Ajiao fell out of favor and cursed her opponent Wei Zifu with witchcraft. When Liang Wudi realized it, she was deposed, and more than 300 people, including the witch's uncle and imperial secretary, were implicated. ("Historical Records Family of consorts" records that "(Empress Chen) heard about Wei Zifu's great fortune and how many people died. The angrier you are. Empress Chen was so impressed by this woman's flattery that she abolished Empress Chen and made Wei Zifu Queen. "As the saying goes,' Nu Da compels Taoism', and Sima Zhen's Seeking Seclusion: Han Shu says,' Nu Da Chu Fu and others sit and curse for the queen, and 300 people are associated with it. "") but the impact of the case is still small. ?
The witch disaster, which began in November of the first year of Zhenghe, lasted for several years. The dead included Crown Prince, Queen Wei, Prime Minister Gong Sunhe, Liu Quli, Princess, Princess and Sun, and many ministers and important figures, such as Jiang Chong, Shi De, Ren An, Bao Shengzhi, Ren Tian and Zhu Anshi. As a result, there was a serious political crisis in the upper strata of the Han empire, which led to unprecedented political changes in the later period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. ?
2?
The occurrence of voodoo chaos includes four stages:?
(1) brewing and preparation?
(2) What is the trigger point of the event?
(3) The contradiction intensified into Beijing unrest?
(4) Rehabilitation and cleaning?
During the period of Emperor Wudi and Tian Han, epidemics prevailed in China. This epidemic may have originated from the biological warfare launched by the Huns. Because Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty launched a large-scale strategic attack on Xiongnu, Xiongnu Wang Ting moved to Mobei. In order to stop the Han army, the Huns used the shaman witchcraft of "tiger martial arts". One of the methods of "cursing the army" in this witchcraft is to bury the infected horses, cattle and sheep in the water source where the Han army passes, or release the infected horses infected with highly toxic viruses to the Han army, so that the Han army can infect people and animals. ("History of the Western Regions" and Notes) The epidemic disease returned to Chang 'an with the return of the division. Huo Qubing, a generation famous soldier, died young at the age of 28. He must have suffered from an incurable disease. (After the first year of the Yuan Dynasty, Xiongnu Khan died in the youth, and probably died of epidemic disease. Emperor Gaozu Zhao Di also died of illness at the age of 21. )?
After the middle and late period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, epidemics prevailed in China. (Zhang Hua's "Natural History" Note: During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, people from the western regions with weak water and sandy soil crossed the weak water to burn incense. The emperor said it would last forever, and it wasn't China who lacked it, so he did it unceremoniously. After a long stay, the emperor was fortunate to go to the forest garden, and he made a thousand rides in the west and played its fragrance. The emperor took it and saw that it was as big as a swallow's egg, with three pieces, similar to dates. The emperor was unhappy, in order to pay the foreign library. After the Great Plague in Chang 'an, all the palaces were plagues. The emperor did not raise music, and the western envoys begged for it. Please burn a tribute to alleviate the epidemic. The emperor had to listen, and it was not good for the patients in the palace to bask in the sun. In Chang 'an, thyme smells the fragrance. People in the Han Palace were infected with the epidemic. In his later years, Emperor Wu also contracted many diseases. "How evil the Spring and Autumn Period is", "I thought the left and right were spells." I suspect that I am enchanted. ?
According to the historical records of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: In the second year of Tian Han (99 BC), "autumn, those who stop the witch temple will be searched." The so-called "big search", the minister praised: "'search' means traitors." Jin Zhuo's Note: "Search for' witchcraft'." ?
Witchcraft cases occurred in the context of epidemics. ?
3?
The first victim of the witchcraft case was the famous Gongsun 'ao family with outstanding military achievements. Gong Sun 'ao is a good friend of Wei Qing, who made many expeditions to Xiongnu and sealed Hou. In the first month of the first year of Taishigong, Gongsun Ao took his wife as a witch and beheaded her. ?
In the second year of Zheng He (9 1 BC), it was reported that Sun Jingsheng, the son of Prime Minister Gong Sunhe, cursed the emperor with witchcraft. ?
GongSunHe, a samurai, was a good friend of Wei Qing when he was young. Follow Wei Qing to conquer Xiongnu for many times, and seal Hou with meritorious military service. He married Wei Zifu's sister Junru, and had a brother-in-law relationship with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, so he was once highly valued. First of all, he is a servant. In the second year of Tai Chu (BC 103), he succeeded Shi Qing as Prime Minister. His son, Gongsun Jingsheng, took over the position of his servant, and his father and son lived next to each other in the official position, which was a favor to Moby. ?
However, Gong Jingsheng was "partial to one family", "defiant and law-abiding" and misappropriated "19 million yuan of Beiyang Army" without authorization. He was arrested after the incident. GongSunHe asked Liang Wudi to redeem his son, and asked him to hunt down Zhu Anshi, a warrior of Yangling who had been wanted for a long time but had not been brought to justice, in exchange for his son. ?
After being captured by GongSunHe, Zhu Anshi laughed at the sky and said, You kill me, and I will destroy your family. So he wrote the first report letter in prison, "accuse Jingsheng of adultery with Yang Shi Princess, and make people worship witches, bury my spouse in Ganquan Palace, and wish the emperor a bad word." ?
According to the report, the whole family of Emperor Wu Zhao Gongsun He "has a case in the palace and committed crimes against the poor." ?
This is the origin of the witchcraft case. Princess Zhu Yi, Yang Shi Princess and Wei Hou Eva, the son of Wei Qing, were all involved in the case of GongSunHe. ?
"In the first month of the spring of Zheng He's second year, the Prime Minister was imprisoned." Father and son died in prison, and the whole family died. (The Biography of Hanshu GongSunHe) GongSunHe's wife is Wei Ruyun's sister and Wei Qing's brother-in-law. Yang Shi Princess is the daughter of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and Wei Ruyun. A few months later, Wei Ruyun's daughter "Princess Zhu Yi and Yang Shi Princess both died of witchcraft". ?
The case of GongSunHe became the fuse to ignite the witch case and Chang 'an coup. ?
4?
When the GongSunHe case was rectified, Emperor Wu was already ill. "When you are sick, you will spend the summer in Ganquan Palace", and Chang 'an "only the queen and the prince are here". However, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did not trust them, and entrusted the responsibility of correcting the case of Gong Sunhe to the new prime minister Liu Quli and the suggestion Zhang Jiangxi. The case was investigated by Jiang Chong, a favorite with a complicated and suspicious political background. ?
Jiang Chong, a native of Handan and Zhao, was born as a street rascal. When he was young, he married his beautiful sister to Dan of Zhao State and became a guest of Zhao State. Later, he had a nasty affair with Prince Zhao, that is, he went to Chang 'an to report all kinds of illegal acts of Prince Dan. ?
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty illegally ruled Liu Zhuwang and his family. According to Jiang Chong's report, Prince Zhao was found guilty and died in prison. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty praised Jiang Chong and appointed him as an official to the Huns. Before going to the mission, Liang Wudi asked him what his plan was. He said that everything should be prepared temporarily. Jiang Chong lived in Xiongnu for nearly a year. After he came back, he was reused. Liang Wudi appointed him as an imperial adviser with no fixed abode, "pointing directly at the embroidered clothes messenger", in charge of public security in the capital, "supervising three auxiliary thieves, forbidding inspection and exceeding the system". ?
When Jiang Chong was in office, he inspected the prince and his children severely and illegally, and dared to confront difficulties, so he won the appreciation of Emperor Wu. "I am honest and straightforward, and I am not loyal to the law. I like what I said. " For example, Jiang Chong once "illegally buried" princess royal, the aunt of Emperor Wu who was running around Chidao. He also punished the prince's messenger who galloped on the imperial road. The prince personally interceded, and Jiang Chong also lost face. ?
After the case of GongSunHe ended, Emperor Wu was trapped by epidemic disease and lived in Ganquan Palace, far away from Chang 'an. Seeing that Emperor Wu was old, Jiang Chong was afraid of revenge after the death of the Prince. With the support of Prime Minister Liu Quli, he decided to use the case of GongSunHe to frame the Prince and Wei Ruyun. "History of Han Jiang Chong Biography" notes: "(Jiang Chong) is obsessed with witchcraft". "So God used it as an emissary to cure witchcraft." He met Emperor Wu and said that the reason why Emperor Wu was ill was witchcraft. So Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty authorized Jiang Chong to set up a special project to further investigate witchcraft. ?
The investigation of the case is getting bigger and bigger, so that Emperor Wu "suspects that both sides are curses". Jiang Chong took the opportunity to instruct Hu Wu and Tan He to deceive Emperor Wu, saying, "There are many evils in the palace. If you don't get rid of it, it will never get worse. " Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty believed his words, ordered Jiang Chong to enter the palace for poor governance, and sent Hou Han, Zhang Qian and Huang Men (official) Su Wen to assist Jiang Chong in supervision. ?
5?
After Jiang Chong was instructed to investigate the witchcraft cases in Chang 'an on a large scale, he was dissatisfied with the Weishi Group for a long time, so he appointed a group of wizards from Xiongnu and the Western Regions. It is worth noting that most of these witches came from Xiongnu, the enemy of the Han Dynasty. "Witch Hu" colluded with Jiang Chong and framed and dragged tens of thousands of people to death. By investigating "witchcraft", a Chang 'an city is in a filthy state. Finally, the investigation pointed to the prince Wei and the palace. Hanshu records:?
"Hu Wuhui was accused of digging for a mate, catching the law and night vision, damn it, making a dirty order, needing to be admitted, burning iron tongs and forcing it. The people turned to witchcraft, and the officials collapsed against the law, and tens of thousands of people sat around the dead. " ?
Jiang Chong personally led Hu Wu into the palace to search. "Go to the palace to go to the province, and the bad king will sit and dig the ground." "Fill the harem, treat Mrs. Xing first, then treat the queen and the womb, and dig the ground. There is no place for the prince and the queen to re-bed." ?
As a result, Jiang Chong really dug up Mu Tong people and silk books with spells in his wife's womb. He proudly declared: "There are many child lovers in my wife's womb, as well as silk books. If you don't say anything, you should act. " ?
In fact, all witches and dolls found in the Thai Palace and the Imperial Palace were set in advance by Jiang Chong at the instigation of Hu witches and imperial secretaries. Yan Shigu quoted the cloud of "Three Volts and Nineties" in Hanshu: "(Ginger) buried it as a witch's work." Zhang Yan said, "(Jiang) the witch hunters and the people who sacrificed at night made Hu Yao see a ghost and tricked him into giving up drinking and having a place to live." "。 "Tao:' Catch the night shrine, catch people to see ghosts, and (Jiang) sent a witch to the shrine to sacrifice, falsely accusing it." (Biography of Wu Han Wu Zi Shi Liu Yuxin):
"(Jiang) fill in the canon to cure witchcraft, knowing its meaning, Bai Yan Palace has the spirit of law, enters the palace to save the province, and the bad throne digs the ground. The envoys were assisted by Hou Han, Zhang Qian and Huang Men. Fill it up, dig it out in the womb, and you'll get a child molester. " Wang Xianqian's Han Shu Bu: "I dug six bronze men, all of whom were acupuncture." )?
6?
Seeing that unfair things were about to happen to Luo Zhi and his mother, Wei Ruyun, the prince was very anxious, but he still consulted his left and right assistants. The young prince Shide suggested that Liu kill Jiang Chong. He said:?
"Previously GongSunHe father and son, two princesses and Wei Heng family were framed and killed. Now Hu Wu has come to frame the prince and dug up the puppet. The emperor won't know that this was set by Hu Wu, and he will think that we are really cursing him, and we can't confess. We'd better kill Jiang Chong and Hu Wu instead of waiting for death. Did the prince forget that Hu Hai, the former prince of Qin Shihuang, died unjustly? " ?
〒 "The former Prime Minister and his son, two princesses, and the Wei family have all sat. Now, witches and messengers must dig up the ground for inspection. I don't know the evil of witchcraft, but it will be true and self-evident. ?